Pentacrinites

Pentacrinites; Temporal range: Hettangian-Bathonian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	A drawing of Pentacrinites
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Echinodermata
Class:	Crinoidea
Order:	Isocrinida
Family:	†Pentacrinitidae
Genus:	†Pentacrinites; Blumenbach, 1804
Species
	P. fossilis Blumenbach, 1804 (type) = P. britannicus ; P. dargniesi (Hess, 1972) = Extracrinus dargniesi ; P. dichotomus (McCoy, 1848) ; P. doreckae Simms, 1989 ; P. quenstedti Oppel, 1856 = Pentacrinus quenstedti ;

Pentacrinites is an extinct genus of crinoids that lived from the Hettangian to the Bathonian of Asia, Europe, North America, and New Zealand. Their stems are pentagonal to star-shaped in cross-section and are the most commonly preserved parts.[1] Pentacrinites are commonly found in the Pentacrinites Bed of the Early Jurassic (Lower Lias) of Lyme Regis, Dorset, England.[2] Pentacrinites can be recognized by the extensions (or cirri) all around the stem, which are long, unbranching, and of increasing length further down, the very small cup and 5 long freely branching arms.[3]

Description

Like most echinoderms, Pentacrinites was composed of numerous calcite plates which were arranged into different body parts. Pentacrinites had 3 kinds of body parts: arms, cup (calyx or theca) and stem. The stem consisted of a stack of numerous 5-sided beads (or columnal plates) with a canal at their centre. The stem had flexible appendages (or cirri) that were used to attach an individual. These cirri themselves were connected to specialized columnals called nodals, leaving oval scars after breaking off. The cirri consisted of diamond-shaped plates with a central canal, less flatted further from the stem.[4] The cup-shaped calyx was very small and consisted of two bands of five plates. These were the bases of the five arms. The top of the calyx was covered by numerous small polygonal plates and the mouth and anus were found on this surface.

The arms divide frequently, like tree branches, so that at the top end there could be over 50 branches in all. The arms were formed of piles of calcite plates. The arms carried many thin feeding branches (or pinnae, like a fern frond). These pinnae had tube feet, that were covered in mucus, reached into the water and caught plankton. These arms were not very mobile. The arms plates of the arms have an insertion, that formed a grove that ran along the length of the arm and onto the calyx. This served to transport the food particles to the mouth.[3]

Taxonomy

Pentacrinites dichotomus

Pentacrinites may have evolved from early, free living isocrinids, which occur today on the sea floor.[3]

Reassigned species

P. caputmedusae = Cenocrinus asterius
P. subteres = Balanocrinus subteres
P. subteroides = Balanocrinus subteroides

Ecology

Pentacrinites is a floating sea lily that was attached to driftwood during its adult life. This pseudo-planktonic lifestyle enabled it to exploit food unavailable to other crinoids.[5]

Distribution

Pentacrinites became extinct and has left no direct living descendants. Its remains have been found in many different locations, suggesting it occurred throughout the world’s oceans. Free living isocrinids however, still populate the seas, usually at over 150m deep.[3]

P. doreckae is known from the Lower Jurassic (Hettangian and Sinemurian).
P. fossilis occurs in the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian).
P. dichotomus has been found in the Lower Jurassic (Toarcian).
P. dargniesi was collected from the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian and Bathonian).[4]

gollark: If the vetting people actually knew whether ideas would succeed they would be in venture capital or running their own startups.

gollark: Plausibly, but I mean that they probably aren't a large enough fraction of the economy to affect cost of living significantly.

gollark: I do not think grants are actually big enough to nudge that much.

gollark: > extreme poverty declines, fewer people are dying of malaria and such, etc.

gollark: A lot of things *are* actually still improving. The economy continues to grow somewhat, extreme poverty declines, fewer people are dying of malaria and such, etc.

References

Hamilton, R. 1975. Fossils and Fossil Collecting. London: Hamlyn Publishing.
Davies, G. M. 1964. The Dorset Coast: A Geological Guide. London: A & C Black.
Natural History Museum. "Pentacrinites fossilis - Taxonomy". NHM Website.
Hunter, A.W.; Oji, T.; Okazaki, Y. (2011). "The occurrence of the pseudoplanktonic crinoids Pentacrinites and Seirocrinus from the Early Jurassic Toyora Group, western Japan". Paleontological Research. 15 (1): 12–22. doi:10.2517/1342-8144-15.1.012.
Simms, M.J. (1999). "22 –Pentacrinites from the Lower Jurassic of the Dorset Coast, Southern England". In Hess, H.; Brett, C.E.; Ausich, W.I.; et al. (eds.). Fossil Crinoids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521524407. Retrieved 2014-01-27.

Sources

Fossils (Smithsonian Handbooks) by David Ward (Page 172)

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] Hamilton, R. 1975. Fossils and Fossil Collecting. London: Hamlyn Publishing.

[2] Davies, G. M. 1964. The Dorset Coast: A Geological Guide. London: A & C Black.

[nhm-3] Natural History Museum. "Pentacrinites fossilis - Taxonomy". NHM Website.

[HOO-4] Hunter, A.W.; Oji, T.; Okazaki, Y. (2011). "The occurrence of the pseudoplanktonic crinoids Pentacrinites and Seirocrinus from the Early Jurassic Toyora Group, western Japan". Paleontological Research. 15 (1): 12–22. doi:10.2517/1342-8144-15.1.012.

[5] Simms, M.J. (1999). "22 –Pentacrinites from the Lower Jurassic of the Dorset Coast, Southern England". In Hess, H.; Brett, C.E.; Ausich, W.I.; et al. (eds.). Fossil Crinoids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521524407. Retrieved 2014-01-27.