1,2-Dichlorobenzene

1,2-Dichlorobenzene, or orthodichlorobenzene (ODCB), is an organic compound with the formula C6H4Cl2. This colourless liquid is poorly soluble in water but miscible with most organic solvents. It is a derivative of benzene, consisting of two adjacent chlorine atoms.

1,2-Dichlorobenzene[1]
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
Ball-and-stick model of 1,2-dichlorobenzene
Names
IUPAC name
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
Other names
ortho-Dichlorobenzene, o-Dichlorobenzene, odcb, o-Dichlorobenzol
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.002.206
EC Number
  • 202-425-9
KEGG
UNII
Properties
C6H4Cl2
Molar mass 147.01 g/mol
Density 1.30 g/cm3
Melting point −17.03 °C (1.35 °F; 256.12 K)
Boiling point 180.19 °C (356.34 °F; 453.34 K)[2]
0.01%[3]
Vapor pressure 1 mmHg (20° C)
-84.26·10−6 cm3/mol
Hazards
Safety data sheet External MSDS
Ingestion hazard Toxic if swallowed in big quantities.
Inhalation hazard Causes respiratory tract irritation
Eye hazard Causes eye irritation
Skin hazard Causes skin irritation
Flash point 66 °C (151 °F; 339 K)
Explosive limits 2.2%-9.2%[3]
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
500 mg/kg (oral, rat, rabbit)
2000 mg/kg (oral, guinea pig)
4386 mg/kg (oral, mouse)[4]
1000 ppm (guinea pig, 20 hr)
800 ppm (guinea pig, 24 hr)
821 ppm (rat, 7 hr)[4]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
 C 50 ppm (300 mg/m3)[3]
REL (Recommended)
 C 50 ppm (300 mg/m3)[3]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
 200 ppm[3]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

It is mainly used as a precursor chemical in the synthesis of agrochemicals, as a preferred solvent for dissolving and working with fullerenes, as an insecticide, and in softening and removing carbon-based contamination on metal surfaces.

Production and uses

1,2-Dichlorobenzene is obtained as a side-product of the production of chlorobenzene:

C
6H
5Cl + Cl
2 → C
6H
4Cl
2 + HCl

The reaction also affords the 1,4- and small amounts of the 1,3-isomer. The 1,4- isomer is preferred over the 1,2- isomer due to steric hindrance. The 1,3- isomer is uncommon because it is a meta- compound, while chlorine, like all halogens, is an ortho/para- directors in terms of electrophilic aromatic substitution.

It is mainly used as a precursor to 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, an intermediate in the synthesis of agrochemicals.[5] In terms of niche applications, 1,2-dichlorobenzene is a versatile, high-boiling solvent. It is a preferred solvent for dissolving and working with fullerenes. It is an insecticide for termites and locust borers, historically used by the United States Forest Service to combat widespread bark beetle outbreaks.[6]

1,2-Dichlorobenzene is also used in softening and removing carbon-based contamination on metal surfaces.[7]

Safety

Data from human exposure to 1,2-dichlorobenzene shows that concentrations of 100 ppm have been reported to cause sporadic irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract.[8] The Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health have set occupational exposure limits at a ceiling of 50 ppm, over an eight-hour workday.[9]

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See also

References
  1. Merck Index, 11th Edition, 3044
  2. Roháč, Vladislav; Růžička, Vlastimil; Růžička, Květoslav; Aim, Karel (September 1998). "Measurements of Saturated Vapor Pressure above the Liquid Phase for Isomeric Dichlorobenzenes and 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 43 (5): 770–775. doi:10.1021/je9701442. ISSN 0021-9568.
  3. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0189". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  4. "o-Dichlorobenzene". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 4 December 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  5. Gerald Booth (2007). "Nitro Compounds, Aromatic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005.
  6. stensland8 (25 July 2011). "Battle of the Beetles". Retrieved 22 April 2018 – via YouTube.
  7. Technical Order 2J-1-13
  8. "CDC - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): o-Dichlorobenzene - NIOSH Publications and Products". www.cdc.gov. 16 November 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
  9. "CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards -o-Dichlorobenzene". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
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