Operation Husky order of battle

Operation Husky order of battle is a listing of the significant military and air force units that were involved in the campaign for Sicily, July 10 – August 17, 1943.

Allied forces

Allied Forces Headquarters - Mediterranean
Supreme Commander: General Dwight D. Eisenhower

Allied 15th Army Group

The Allied 15th Army Group was under the command of General Sir Harold Alexander[1].

U.S. Seventh Army
Waiting to load Tanks in La Pècherie French base in French Tunisia.
American and British troops landing near Gela, Sicily, July 10, 1943.

The U.S. Seventh Army was commanded by Lieutenant General George S. Patton.

  • 1st Ranger Battalion
  • 3rd Ranger Battalion
  • 4th Ranger Battalion
  • 70th Tank Battalion
  • 753rd Tank Battalion
  • 601st Tank Destroyer Battalion
  • 813th Tank Destroyer Battalion - two platoons
  • 39th Engineer Regiment
  • 540th Engineer Shore Regiment
  • 5th Armored Artillery Group
  • 17th Artillery Regiment
  • 36th Artillery Regiment
  • 77th Artillery Regiment
  • 178th Artillery Regiment
  • Free French 4th Moroccan Tabor
U.S. II Corps

The U.S. II Corps was commanded by Lieutenant General Omar Bradley.

U.S. Provisional Corps

(Headquarters activated on 15 July 1943)[2] Commanded by Major General Geoffrey Keyes.

British Eighth Army

The British Eighth Army was under the command of General Sir Bernard Montgomery. The British 46th Infantry Division formed a floating reserve, but it did not participate in the Sicily campaign.

Army Troops

British XIII Corps

The XIII Corps was commanded by Lieutenant-General Miles Dempsey.

British XXX Corps

The XXX Corps was commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Oliver Leese.

Allied Mediterranean Naval Command

The Naval forces were under the command of Admiral of the Fleet Sir. A Cunningham and was divided into several Task Forces.[1]

Covering Force

The role of the covering force was to prevent the Italian Navy from attacking the invasion forces.

Eastern Naval Task Force

Eastern Naval task Force transported the Eastern Task Force (8th British Army) and provided Naval gunfire support.[1]

Western Naval Task Force

The Western Naval Task Force transported the Western Task Force (7th U.S. Army) and provided Naval gunfire support.[1][15]

Allied Air Forces

At the time of Operation Husky, the Allied air forces in the North African and Mediterranean Theatres were organized as the Mediterranean Air Command (MAC) under the command of Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder of the Royal Air Force. The major subdivisions of the MAC included the Northwest African Air Forces (NAAF) under the command of Lt. General Carl Spaatz of the U.S. Army Air Forces, the American 12th Air Force (also commanded by Gen. Spaatz), the American 9th Air Force under the command of Lt. General Lewis H. Brereton, and units of the British Royal Air Force (RAF).

Also supporting the NAAF were the RAF Middle East Command, Air Headquarters Malta, RAF Gibraltar, and the No. 216 (Transfer and Ferry) Group, which were subdivisions of MAC under the command of Tedder. He reported to the Supreme Allied Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower for the NAAF operations, but to the British Chiefs of Staff for RAF Command operations. Air Headquarters Malta, under the command of Air Vice-Marshal Sir Keith Park, also supported Operation Husky.

The "Desert Air Task Force" consisting of American B-25 Mitchell medium bombers (the 12th and 340th Bombardment Groups) and P-40 Warhawk fighter planes (the 57th, 79th, and 324th Fighter Groups) from the 9th Air Force served under the command of Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham of the Northwest African Tactical Air Force. These bomber and fighter groups moved to new airfields on Sicily as soon as a significant beachhead had been captured there.

In the MAC organization established at the Casablanca Conference in January 1943, the 9th Air Force was assigned as a subdivision of the RAF Middle East Command under the command of Air Chief Marshal Sir Sholto Douglas.[17][17][18][19][20]

Mediterranean Air Command (Allied)

Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder had his headquarters in Algiers, Algeria.[21]

Principle Sicilian targets of the Northwest African Air Forces for Operation Husky.
Northwest African Air Forces

Lt. General Carl Spaatz had his headquarters for the Northwest African Air Forces in Maison-Carrée, Algeria[21]

Northwest African Strategic Air Force

Maj. General James H. Doolittle, in command of the Northwest African Strategic Air Force, had his headquarters in Constantine, Algeria[21]

  • 5th Bombardment Wing (Heavy)
    Northwest African Coastal Air Force

    Air Vice-Marshal Sir Hugh Lloyd also had his headquarters in Algiers.[21]

    See also: Northwest African Coastal Air Force
    Source[23][24]
    British Units American Units
    RAF Units 52nd Fighter Group
    Lt. Colonel James Coward
    • 2nd Squadron, Spitfires
    • 4th Squadron, Spitfires
    • 5th Squadron, Spitfires
    Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm Units
    Torpedo Spotter Reconnaissance     		81st Fighter Group
    Lt. Colonel Michael Gordon

    Oran, Algeria Sector:
    92nd Squadron, P-39 Airacobra fighter planes
    1st Air Defense Wing:
    91st Squadron, P-39 Airacobras
    93rd Squadron, P-39 Airacobras

    Bone, Algeria Sector: 350th Fighter Group
    Lt. Colonel Marvin McNickle
    2nd Air Defense Wing:

    No. 153 Squadron, Beaufighters

    		 480th Antisubmarine Group
    Colonel Jack Roberts

    Notes:

    1. The 1st and 2nd Antisubmarine Squadrons were assigned to NACAF for administration and placed under the operational control of the U.S. Navy Fleet Air Wing 15 of the Moroccan Sea Frontier commanded by Rear Admiral (United States) Frank J. Lowry
    2. Air Ministry was asked to provide two additional Wellington patrol squadrons. Asked? This is supposed to be an accurate historical document. Many things get asked for, but many less get provided.
    Northwest African Tactical Air Force

    Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham had his headquarters in Hammamet, Tunisia[21]

    See also: Northwest African Tactical Air Force

    Air Vice Marshal Harry Broadhurst

    Air Commodore Laurence Sinclair[25][26]

    For Operation Husky, No. 242 Group, originally a component of NATAF in February 1943, was assigned to the Northwest African Coastal Air Force (NACAF). At the same time, Air Headquarters, Western Desert became known as the Desert Air Force. All of the fighter units of Desert Air Force formed No. 211 (Offensive Fighter) Group commanded by Air Commodore Richard Atcherley on April 11, 1943 in Tripoli. The 99th Fighter Squadron was assigned to the XII Air Support Command on May 28, 1943, and later made a part of the 33rd Fighter Group.

    Northwest African Troop Carrier Command

    United States Paul Williams, in Tunisia

    See also: Northwest African Troop Carrier Command
    51st Troop Carrier Wing
    Brig. General Ray Dunn    		 52nd Troop Carrier Wing
    Colonel Harold Clark    		 RAF Detachment
    60th Troop Carrier Group
    Lt. Colonel Frederick Sherwood

    10th Squadron, C-47 Skytrains
    11th Squadron, C-47s
    12th Squadron, C-47s
    28th Squadron, C-47s

    		 61st Troop Carrier Group
    Colonel Willis Mitchell
      • 14th Squadron, C-47s
      • 15th Squadron, C-47s
      • 53rd Squadron, C-47s
      • 59th Squadron, C-47s
    		 No. 38 Wing

    Air Commodore William Primrose

    62nd Troop Carrier Group
    Lt. Colonel Aubrey Hurren

    4th Squadron, C-47 Skytrains
    7th Squadron, C-47s
    8th Squadron, C-47s
    51st Squadron, C-47s

    		 313th Troop Carrier Group
    Colonel James Roberts, Jr.

    29th Squadron, C-47s
    47th Squadron, C-47s
    48th Squadron, C-47s
    49th Squadron, C-47s
    An Albemarle towing a Horsa glider.
    64th Troop Carrier Group
    Colonel John Cerny

    16th Squadron, C-47 Skytrains
    17th Squadron, C-47s
    18th Squadron, C-47s
    35th Squadron, C-47s

    		 314th Troop Carrier Group
    Colonel Clayton Stiles

    32nd Squadron, C-47s
    50th Squadron, C-47s
    61st Squadron, C-47s
    62nd Squadron, C-47s
    Information in table taken from:

    1) Participation of the Ninth and
    Twelfth Air Forces in the Sicilian Campaign,
    Army Air Forces Historical Study No. 37
    Army Air Forces Historical Office Headquarters,
    Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, 1945.

    		 316th Troop Carrier Group
    Colonel Jerome McCauley

    36th Squadron, C-47 Skytrains
    44th Squadron, C-47s
    45th Squadron, C-47s

    		 Information in table taken from:

    2) Maurer, Maurer, Air Force
    Combat Units Of World War II,
    Office of Air Force History,
    Maxwell AFB, Alabama, 1983.

    To help carry out transport and supply operations for Operation Husky, in mid-1943 the American 315th Troop Carrier Group (34th & 43rd Squadrons) had been flown from England to Tunisia. There it was assigned to the Mediterranean Air Transport Service, and along with NATCC, this was a subdivision of the Mediterranean Air Command.

    Northwest African Photographic Reconnaissance Wing

    Colonel Elliott Roosevelt had his headquarters at La Marsa, Tunisia

    • Northwest African Photographic Reconnaissance Wing
      • 3rd Photographic Group, Lt. Colonel Frank Dunn
        • 5th Combat Mapping Squadron, P-38 Lightnings
        • 12th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron, P-38 Lightnings
        • 12th Weather Detachment
        • 15th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron, B-17 Flying Fortresses
        • 13th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron photo intelligence squadron
      • No. 60 Squadron SAAF Det., Mosquitos
      • No. 540 Squadron RAF Det., Mosquitos
      • No. 680 Squadron RAF, Spitfires
      • 2/33 Groupe (French), P-38 Lightnings (F-5 reconnaissance planes)
    Northwest African Air Service Command

    Brig. General Delmar had his headquarters in Dunton, Algiers.[21]

    See also: Northwest African Air Service Command
    Northwest African Training Command

    Brig. General John K. Cannon,
    U.S. APO 525[21]

    See also: Northwest African Training Command
    Air Headquarters Malta

    Air Vice-Marshal Keith Park, the commander of Air Headquarters Malta, had his headquarters in Valletta, Malta[27]

    No. 216 (Transport and Ferry) Group

    Air Commodore Whitney Straight, Headquarters at Heliopolis, Egypt[27]

    See also: No. 216 Group RAF
    RAF Gibraltar

    Air Vice Marshal Sturley Simpson had his headquarters in Gibraltar

    See also: RAF Gibraltar
    Middle East Command

    Air Marshal Sir Sholto Douglas Headquarters at Cairo, Egypt[21]

    See also: RAF Middle East Command
    No. 201 (Naval Co-operation) Group

    Air Vice Marshal Thomas Langsford-Sainsbury, Headquarters at Alexandria, Egypt

    See also: No. 201 Group RAF

    No Wing assignment: 701 Naval Air Squadron (FAA), Walrus Air-Sea Rescue

    Note: RAF=Royal Air Force; RAAF=Royal Australian Air Force; SAAF=South African Air Force; FAA=Fleet Air Arm (Royal Navy); Det.= "detachment"

    Air Headquarters Air Defences Eastern Mediterranean

    Air Vice Marshal Richard Saul

    No. 209 (Fighter) Group
    Group Captain R.C.F. Lister    		 No. 210 (Fighter) Group
    Group Captain John Grandy    		 No. 212 (Fighter) Group
    Air Commodore Archibald Wann    		 No. 219 (Fighter) Group
    Group Captain Max Aitken
    No. 46 Squadron RAF Det., Beaufighters No. 3 Squadron SAAF, Hurricanes No. 7 Squadron SAAF, Hurricanes No. 46 Squadron RAF, Beaufighters
    No. 127 Squadron RAF, Hurricanes and Spitfires No. 33 Squadron RAF, Hurricanes No. 41 Squadron SAAF, Hurricanes No. 74 Squadron RAF, Hurricanes
    No. 89 Squadron RAF, Beaufighters No. 80 Squadron RAF, Spitfires No. 238 Squadron RAF, Hurricanes
    No. 213 Squadron RAF, Hurricanes No. 94 Squadron RAF, Hurricanes No. 335 Squadron RAF, Hurricanes
    No. 274 Squadron RAF, Hurricanes No. 108 Squadron RAF Det., Beaufighters No. 336 Squadron RAF, Hurricanes
    No. 123 Squadron RAF, Hurricanes No. 451 Squadron RAAF, Hurricanes
    No. 134 Squadron RAF, Hurricanes
    No. 237 Squadron RAF, Hurricanes
    No. 1563 Met. Flight, Gloster Gladiators
    No. 1654 Met. Flight, Gladiators

    Notes:
    SAAF=South African Air Force; RAAF=Royal Australian Air Forces; Det.=Detached; Met.=Meteorological.

    U.S. 9th Air Force

    Major General Lewis H. Brereton had his headquarters in Cairo, Egypt[21]

    • IX Advanced Headquarters in Tripoli, Libya[21]
    • IX Fighter Command Headquarters in Tripoli[21]
    • IX Bomber Command Headquarters at Benghazi, Libya[21]
      • 98th Bombardment Group, B-24D Liberator II
        • 343rd Squadron, Lete Airfield, Libya
        • 344th Squadron, Lete Airfield
        • 345th Squadron, Benina Airfield
        • 415th Squadron, Benina Airfield
      • 376th Bombardment Group, B-24D Liberator II, Berka, Libya

    Axis Forces

    Armed Forces Command

    Commanded by Generale d'Armata Alfredo Guzzoni

    German
    • 15th Panzergrenadier Division
      Commanded by Generalmajor Eberhard Rodtfrom June 5. One third of the division (a reinforced infantry group) was attached to Italian XVI Corps and the rest to Italian XII Corps until the activation of XIV Panzer Corps on 18 July.[28]
      • 215th Panzer Battalion-17 Tiger I tanks
      • 104th Panzergrenadier Regiment
      • 115th Panzergrenadier Regiment
      • 129th Panzergrenadier Regiment
      • 33rd Artillery Regiment
      • 315th Antiaircraft Battalion
      • 33rd Pioneer Battalion
    • Luftwaffe Panzer Division Hermann Göring
      Commanded by Generalleutnant Paul Conrath. Attached to Italian XVI Corps until the activation of XIV Panzer Corps on 18 July.[28]
      • 1st Panzergrenadier Regiment "Hermann Göring"
      • Panzer Regiment "Hermann Göring"
        • 1 Panzer Battalion "Hermann Göring"
        • 2 Panzer Battalion "Hermann Göring"
      • Panzer Reconnaissance Battalion "Hermann Göring"
      • Panzer Artillery Regiment "Hermann Göring"
      • Panzer Pioneer Battalion "Hermann Göring"
      • Antiaircraft Regiment "Hermann Göring"
    • 382nd Panzergrenadier Regiment
    • 926th Fortress Battalion

    Italian 6th Army

    The Italian 6th Army was under the command of Generale d'Armata Alfredo Guzzoni.[nb 1]
    German Army Liaison Officer: Generalleutnant Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin

    Italian XII Corps
    • Italian XII Corps, Generale di Corpo d'Armata Mario Arisio, from 12 July: Generale di Corpo d'Armata Francesco Zingales
      • 26 Mountain Infantry Division Assietta, General Francesco Scotti, from 26 July: General Ottorino Schreiber
        • 29th Infantry Regiment
        • 30th Infantry Regiment
        • 17th "Blackshirts" Legion
        • 25th Artillery Regiment
        • CXXVI Mortar Battalion
        • Engineer Battalion
      • 28 Infantry Division Aosta, General Giacomo Romano
        • 5th Infantry Regiment
        • 6th Infantry Regiment
        • 171st "Blackshirts" Legion
        • 22nd Artillery Regiment
        • XXVIII Mortar Battalion
        • Engineer Battalion
      • 202 Coastal Division
        • 124th Coastal Infantry Regiment
        • 142nd Coastal Infantry Regiment
        • 43rd Artillery Group (26x batteries, ad hoc regiment)
      • 207 Coastal Division
        • 138th Coastal Infantry Regiment
        • 139th Coastal Infantry Regiment
        • 51st Artillery Group (12x batteries, ad hoc regiment)
      • 208 Coastal Division
        • 133rd Coastal Infantry Regiment
        • 147th Coastal Infantry Regiment
        • 28th Artillery Group (6x batteries, ad hoc regiment)
      • 136th Coastal Infantry Regiment
      • Palermo Harbour Garrison
      • 10th Bersaglieri Regiment
      • 177th Bersaglieri Regiment
      • Corps Artillery
        • 30x batteries
      • 1st Tank Company "Fiat 3000" (Fiat 3000 tanks), static defenses at airfields
      • Mobile Groups, were small battlegroups build up from corps assets for tactical action.[30]
        • Mobile Group "A", initially at Paceco, Lieutenant Colonel Renato Perrone
          • XII Tank Battalion "L" Headquarter
          • 4th Company, CII Tank Battalion "R35" (Renault R35 tanks)
          • 1st Company, CXXXIII Semovente Battalion "47/32" (Semovente 47/32)
          • Coastal Infantry Company (motorized)
          • Artillery Battery (75/27 mod. 06 guns)
          • Anti-aircraft Artillery Section (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)
        • Mobile Group "B", initially at Santa Ninfa, Lieutenant Colonel Vito Gaetano Mascio
          • CXXXIII Semovente Battalion "47/32" Headquarter
          • 6th Company, CII Tank Battalion "R35" (Renault R35 tanks)
          • 3rd Company, CXXXIII Semovente Battalion "47/32" (Semovente 47/32)
          • 2x Coastal Infantry Companies (motorized)
          • Bersaglieri Platoon, on motorcycles
          • Artillery Battery (75/27 mod. 06 guns)
          • Anti-aircraft Artillery Section (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)
        • Mobile Group "C", initially at Portella Misilbesi, Lieutenant Colonel Osvaldo Mazzei
          • CII Tank Battalion "R35" Headquarter
          • 5th Company, CII Tank Battalion "R35" (Renault R35 tanks)
          • Coastal Infantry Company (motorized)
          • Anti-tank Company (47/32 mod. 35 anti-tank guns)
    Italian XVI Corps
    • Italian XVI Corps, Generale di Corpo d'Armata Carlo Rossi
      • 4 Infantry Division Livorno (Initially held as Army Reserve[31])
        Commanded by General Domenico Chirieleison
        • 33rd Infantry Regiment
        • 34th Infantry Regiment[32]
        • 28th Artillery Regiment (with 3x AA batteries, the standard was 2)
        • IV Semoventi Battalion "47/32" (Semovente 47/32)
        • Engineer Battalion
        • Assault Battalion
      • 54 Infantry Division Napoli, General Giulio Cesare Gotti Porcinari
        • 75th Infantry Regiment
        • 76th Infantry Regiment
        • 173rd "Blackshirts" Legion
        • 54th Artillery Regiment
        • Engineer Battalion
      • 206 Coastal Division
        • 122nd Coastal Infantry Regiment
        • 123rd Coastal Infantry Regiment
        • 146th Coastal Infantry Regiment
        • 44th Artillery Group (14 xbatteries, ad hoc regiment)
        • CXXXIII Semovente Battalion "47/32" (Semovente 47/32)
      • 213 Coastal Division
        • 135th Coastal Infantry Regiment
        • Catania Harbour Garrison
        • 22nd Artillery Group (12x batteries, ad hoc regiment)
      • XVIII Coastal Brigade
        • 134th Coastal Infantry Regiment
        • 178th Coastal Infantry Regiment
        • 9x artillery batteries
      • XIX Coastal Brigade
        • 140th Coastal Infantry Regiment
        • 179th Coastal Infantry Regiment
        • 4x artillery batteries
      • Corps Artillery
        • 19x batteries
      • Mobile Groups, were small battlegroups build up from corps assets for tactical action.
        • Mobile Group "D", initially at Misterbianco, Lieutenant Colonel Massimino D'Andretta
          • CI Tank Battalion "R35" Headquarter
          • 3rd Company, CI Tank Battalion "R35" (Renault R35 tanks)
          • Infantry Company
          • Machine Gun Company, on motorcycles
          • Anti-tank Company (47/32 mod. 35 anti-tank guns)
          • Artillery Battery (75/18 mod. 34 howitzers)
          • Anti-aircraft Artillery Section (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)
        • Mobile Group "E", initially at Niscemi, Captain Giuseppe Granieri
          • 1st Company, CI Tank Battalion "R35" (Renault R35 tanks)
          • Coastal Infantry Company
          • Machine Gun Company, on motorcycles
          • Anti-tank Company (47/32 mod. 35 anti-tank guns)
          • Artillery Battery (75/18 mod. 34 howitzers)
          • Anti-aircraft Artillery Section (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)
        • Mobile Group "F", initially at Rosolini
          • 2nd Company, CI Tank Battalion "R35" (Renault R35 tanks), minus 1x platoon
          • Coastal Infantry Company
          • Machine Gun Company, on motorcycles
          • Anti-tank Company (47/32 mod. 35 anti-tank guns)
          • Artillery Battery (75/27 mod. 06 guns)
        • Mobile Group "G", initially at Comiso
          • Blackshirt Battalion Headquarter
          • 1x platoon from the 2nd Company, CI Tank Battalion "R35"
          • Anti-tank Company (47/32 mod. 35 anti-tank guns)
          • Artillery Battery (75/18 mod. 34 howitzers)
        • Mobile Group "H", initially at Caltagirone, Lieutenant Colonel Luigi Cixi
          • 131st Tank Infantry Regiment Headquarter
          • 2nd Tank Company "Fiat 3000" (Fiat 3000 tanks)
          • Anti-tank Company (47/32 mod. 35 anti-tank guns)
          • Artillery Battery (75/18 mod. 34 howitzers)
          • Mortar Platoon (81/14 mod. 35 mortars)

    The major harbors garrisons were under command of the Italian Navy. Hence, they were not part of the Italian 6th Army, but under the command of General Guzzoni, who was also the Chief of Joint Command.

    • Augusta-Siracusa Harbours
      • 121st Coastal Infantry Regiment
      • Navy Battalion
      • Air Force Battalion
      • 24x artillery batteries (coastal and AA batteries included)
    • Trapani Harbour
      • 137th Coastal Infantry Regiment
      • 12x artillery batteries (coastal and AA batteries included)
    • Messina-Reggio Calabria Harbours
      • 116th Coastal Infantry Regiment
      • 119th Coastal Infantry Regiment
      • Blackshirt Legion
      • Cavalry Battalion (on foot)
      • 55x artillery batteries (coastal and AA batteries included)
    XIV Panzer Corps

    Activated 18 July[33] to take command of 15th Panzergrenadier Division, the Hermann Göring Division, the newly arrived 1st Parachute Division and the 29th Panzergrenadier Division which started to arrive in Sicily 18 July., General der Panzertruppe Hans-Valentin Hube.

    • German 1st Parachute Division, Generalleutnant Richard Heidrich. The 1st Parachute Regiment was held in reserve at Naples. Commenced arrival by air on 12 July[34]
      • 3rd Parachute Regiment
      • 4th Parachute Regiment
      • 1st Parachute Machine-Gun Battalion
      • I/1st Parachute Field Artillery Regiment
      • 1st Parachute Pioneer Battalion
    • German 29th Panzergrenadier Division, Generalmajor Walter Fries. Commenced arrival in Sicily 18 July[35]
      • 129th Panzer Battalion
      • 15th Panzergrenadier Regiment
      • 71st Panzergrenadier Regiment
      • 29th Artillery Regiment
      • 313th Antiaircraft Battalion
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    gollark: True, true.
    gollark: That is not interpretation because you can cache the compiled result.
    gollark: Is there no way to embed GHC or something to compile on demand?
    gollark: Append would, er, put stuff on the end somehow. You'd have to rebalance lots.

    See also
    • Operation Husky

    Notes
    Footnotes
    1. On 17 July Guzzoni delegated tactical command to Hube of any areas containing German troops. On 30 July Guzzoni gave Hube command of the whole front[29]
    Citations
    1. Niehorster, Leo. "World War II Armed Forces — Orders of Battle and Organizations". Retrieved October 27, 2018.
    2. Molony, p. 108.
    3. Richard A. Rinaldi, Royal Engineers, World War II at Orbat.com Archived 2014-12-04 at the Wayback Machine
    4. Molony, p. 81n.
    5. Molony, p. 177n
    6. Molony, p. 102n
    7. Molony, p. 152n.
    8. Molony, p. 79n.
    9. Molony, p. 95n.
    10. Molony, p. 94n.
    11. Molony, p. 117n
    12. Molony, p. 115n.
    13. Molony, p. 82n.
    14. Molony, p. 234n.
    15. "World War II War Diaries, 1941-1945, JOSS Operation Plan No. 118-43". Fold3. June 20, 1943. pp. 9–11. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
    16. "World War II War Diaries, 1941-1945, JOSS Operation Plan No. 109-43". Fold3. June 20, 1943. p. 612. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
    17. Craven, Wesley F. and James L. Cate. The Army Air Forces in World War II, Volume 2, Chicago, Illinois: Chicago University Press, 1949 (Reprinted 1983, ISBN 0-912799-03-X).
    18. Richards, D. and H. Saunders, The Royal Air Force 1939-1945 (Volume 2, HMSO, 1953).
    19. Howe, George F., Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West, Center of Military History, Washington, DC., 1991.
    20. Army Air Forces Historical Office Headquarters, Participation of the Ninth & Twelfth Air Forces in the Sicilian Campaign, Army Air Forces Historical Study No. 37, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, 1945.
    21. Secret Document 161, Location of units in the Royal Air Force, 34th issue, July 1943, Royal Air Force Museum accession number PR02859.
    22. No. 242 Group was originally a part of the Northwest African Tactical Air Force but which was later transferred to NACAF
    23. Participation of the Ninth & Twelfth Air Forces in the Sicilian Campaign, Army Air Forces Historical Study No. 37, Army Air Forces Historical Office Headquarters, Maxwell AFB, Alabama, 1945
    24. Maurer, Maurer, Air Force Combat Units Of World War II Office of Air Force History, Maxwell AFB, Alabama, 1983.
    25. Participation of the Ninth & Twelfth Air Forces in the Sicilian Campaign, Army Air Forces Historical Study No. 37, Army Air Forces Historical Office Headquarters Maxwell AFB, Alabama, 1945.
    26. Maurer, Maurer, Air Force Combat Units Of World War II, Office of Air Force History Maxwell AFB, Alabama, 1983
    27. Secret Document 161, Location of units in the Royal Air Force, 34th issue, July 1943, Royal Air Force Museum accession number PR02859.
    28. Molony, pp. 43-45.
    29. Molony, p. 44.
    30. Faldella, Emilio (1956). Lo sbarco e la difesa della Sicilia. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
    31. Jowett & Andrew (2001), p. 4
    32. 34th Regiment at Gela
    33. Molony, p. 43.
    34. Molony, p. 93.
    35. Molony, p. 45.

    References
    • Juno Beach Centre - Canadian Army units in Sicily
    • Bovi, Lorenzo (2013), Sicilia.WW2: foto inedite (in Italian), Siracusa, Italy: Morrone, ISBN 978-88-97672-59-3
    • Costanzo, Ezio (2008). The Mafia and the Allies: Sicily 1943 and the Return of the Mafia. New York: Enigma Book.
    • Costanzo, Ezio (2003). Sicilia 1943. Lo sbarco alleato (in Italian). Le Nove Muse Editrice, Italy.
    • Hoyt, Edwin P. (2007) [2002]. Backwater War: The Allied Campaign in Italy, 1943-45. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. pp. 228–229. ISBN 978-0-8117-3382-3.
    • Jowett, Philip S. (2001). The Italian Army 1940-45. (3) Italy 1943–1945. Men-At-Arms 353. illustrated by Stephen Andrew. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-866-6.
    • Molony, Brigadier C.J.C.; with Flynn, Captain F.C. (R.N.); Davies, Major-General H.L. & Gleave, Group Captain T.P. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO:1973]. Butler, Sir James (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume V Part 1: The Campaign in Sicily 1943 and The Campaign in Italy 3rd September 1943 to 31st March 1944. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-069-6.
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