Ndonga dialect
Ndonga, also called Oshindonga, is a Bantu language spoken in Namibia and parts of Angola. It is a standardized dialect of the Ovambo language, and is mutually intelligible with Kwanyama, the other Ovambo dialect with a standard written form. With 810,000 speakers, the language has the largest number of speakers in Namibia.
Ndonga | |
---|---|
ndonga | |
Native to | Namibia and southern Angola |
Region | Ovamboland |
Native speakers | 810,000 (2006)[1] |
Niger–Congo
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | ng |
ISO 639-2 | ndo |
ISO 639-3 | ndo |
Glottolog | ndon1254 [2] |
R.22 [3] | |
Linguasphere | 99-AUR-lc |
Martti Rautanen translated the Bible into the Ndonga standard.[4]
Phonology
Consonants
Oshindonga contains the following consonant phonemes:
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | voiceless | m̥ | n̥ | ŋ̊ | |||
voiced | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | ||
voiced | b | d | g | ||||
affricate | ts | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | θ | s | ʃ | x | h |
voiced | v | ð | z | ʒ | ɣ | ||
Approximant | central | w | j | ||||
lateral | l |
Prenasalized sounds are listed below:
- [m̥p]
- [mb]
- [ɱv]
- [n̥θ]
- [nð]
- [n̥ʃ]
- [n̥t]
- [nd]
- [nz]
- [n̥ts]
- [ŋk]
- [ŋɡ]
Oshindonga also contains many other consonant compounds, listed below:
- [m̥pʰ]
- [n̥tʰ]
- [n̥kʰ]
- [m̥pʰw]
- [n̥tʰw]
- [n̥kʰw]
- [n̥dz]
- [n̥tsʰ]
- [ndʒ]
- [xw]
- [tsʼ] (voiceless, ejective, alveolar affricate)
- [psʲ] (voiceless, palatalized, labio-alveolar affricate)
gollark: In many situations this might work better than having politicians vote.
gollark: If elected as supreme world dictator, I will decide on things via the random number generator on my phone.
gollark: Using my own entirely reliable self-estimation of my skills I determined that I'm among the most competent possible world leaders.
gollark: This is why I should become world dictator.
gollark: What about the immortal ones?
References
- Ndonga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Ndonga". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- "Namiweb.com". Namibweb.com. Archived from the original on 2013-02-13. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
- Fivaz, Derek (2003). A Reference Grammar of Oshindonga (2 ed.). Windhoek: Out of Africa Publishers.
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