Bena language
Bena is a Bantu language spoken by the Bena people of the Iringa region of Tanzania.
Bena | |
---|---|
Ekibena | |
Native to | Tanzania |
Ethnicity | Bena |
Native speakers | 670,000 (2001)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | bez |
Glottolog | bena1262 [2] |
G.63 [3] | |
Linguasphere | 99-AUS-ub incl. varieties 99-AUS-uba...-ubg |
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | |||
voiced | b | d | ɡ | ||||
prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | ||||
Affricate | ts | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | h | |||
voiced | v | ||||||
prenasal | ⁿs | ||||||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
Approximant | l | j | w |
Voiceless sounds almost always occur as aspirated stops; [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ].
- /v/ can be realized as [ʋ] intervocalically.
- [ɖ] can occur as an allophone of /d/ before long non high vowels.
- [x] can occur as an allophone of /k/, /h/ in the Maswamu dialect.
- [cç, tʃ] can occur as allophones of /ts/, in the Twangabita dialect.
- [ⁿz] can occur as an allophone of /ⁿs/.
- [ɟ] can occur as an allophone of /j/ in the Maswamu dialect.
- [β, ʋ] can occur as allophones of /w/ among some speakers.
- Prenasalised stops may be devoiced when occurring word-finally (ex. /ᵐb/ ~ [ᵐb̥]).
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i iː | u uː | |
Mid | ɛ eː | o oː | |
Low | a aː |
- /i, u/ before non-rounded vowels are recognized as glides [j, w].[4]
gollark: Oh, I just had a really cool idea; you can *read* strategies too, and mostly they're deterministic, so just check the move sequences you see against every other strategy, guess which one is in use, and.... do... something?
gollark: No idea.
gollark: I suppose if you clone the beeoids enough then you won't have to worry about them.
gollark: I suppose you could ignore this.
gollark: MANY people considered this, but the issue is grudger incursions being activated by any 1 used in signalling.
References
- Bena at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Bena (Tanzania)". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- Morrison (2011)
- Morrison, Michelle Elizabeth (2011). A Reference Grammar of Bena (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). Rice University. hdl:1911/70359.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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