Naro language
Naro /ˈnɑːroʊ/, also Nharo, is a Khoe language spoken in Ghanzi District of Botswana and in eastern Namibia. It is probably the most-spoken of the Tshu–Khwe languages. Naro is a trade language among speakers of different Khoe languages in Ghanzi District. There exists a dictionary.
| Naro | |
|---|---|
| Nharo | |
| Native to | Botswana, Namibia |
| Ethnicity | Ncoakhoe |
Native speakers | roughly 10,000 (2011)[1] 8,000 in Botswana (2014)[2] and 1,000 in Namibia (2011)[1] about as many L2 speakers in Botswana[1] |
Khoe
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | nhr |
| Glottolog | naro1249[3] |
Phonology
Naro has the following consonant inventory, in the IPA of Miller (2011) and the orthography of Visser (2001):[4]
| Labial | Dental click |
Alveolar | Lateral click |
Palatal click |
Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stop | affricate | click | |||||||
| Aspirate | ph /pʰ/ | ch /ǀʰ/ | th /tʰ/ | tsh /tsʰ/ | qh /ǃʰ/ | xh /ǁʰ/ | tch /ǂʰ/ | kh /kʰ/ | |
| Tenuis | p /p/ | c /ǀ/ | t /t/ | ts /ts/ | q /ǃ/ | x /ǁ/ | tc /ǂ/ | k /k/ | |
| Voiced | b /b/ | dc /ᶢǀ/ | d /d/ | z /dz/ | dq /ᶢǃ/ | dx /ᶢǁ/ | dtc /ᶢǂ/ | gh /ɡ/ | |
| Nasal | m /m/ | nc /ᵑǀ/ | n /n/ | nq /ᵑǃ/ | nx /ᵑǁ/ | ntc /ᵑǂ/ | |||
| Glottalized | cʼ /ᵑǀˀ/ | qʼ /ᵑǃˀ/ | xʼ /ᵑǁˀ/ | tcʼ /ᵑǂˀ/ | |||||
| Fricated | cg /ǀχ/ | tg /tχ/ | tsg /tsχ/ | qg /ǃχ/ | xg /ǁχ/ | tcg /ǂχ/ | (kg /kχ/) | ||
| Fricated ejective | cgʼ /ǀχʼ/ | tsʼ /tsʼ/ | qgʼ /ǃχʼ/ | xgʼ /ǁχʼ/ | tcgʼ /ǂχʼ/ | kgʼ /kχʼ/ | |||
| Fricative | f /f/ | s /s/ | g /x/ | h /h/ | |||||
| Flap | r /ɾ/ | ||||||||
Kg and kgʼ only contrast for some speakers: kxʼám "mouth" vs. kʼáù "male". The flap r is only found medially except in loan words. An l is only found in loans, and is generally substituted by /ɾ/ medially and /n/ initially. Medial [j] and [w] may be /i/ and /u/; they occur initially only in wèé "all, both" and in yèè (an interjection).
Naro has five vowel qualities, a e i o u, which may occur long (aa ee ii oo uu), nasalized (ã ẽ ĩ õ ũ), pressed (a, e, i, o, u), or combinations of these (ã etc.). There are three tones, written á, a, à. Syllables are of the maximal form CVV, where VV is a long vowel, diphthong, or combination of vowel and m, and may take two tones: hḿm̀ "to see"; hm̀m̀ a xám̀ "to smell". The only consonant that can occur finally is m, except that long nasal vowels such as ãã may surface as [aŋ] ([ŋ] does not otherwise occur). Syllabic /n/ also occurs, as in nna.
Below is an overview of Naro clicks in both orthography and IPA (Visser 2001). The dental click is represented by c. alveolar click by q, palatal click by tc, and lateral click by x. All examples are from Visser (2001).
| Orthography | IPA | Example | Orthography | IPA | Example | Orthography | IPA | Example | Orthography | IPA | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c | ǀ | cõose 'owl' | q | ǃ | qaò 'rise (sun, moon)' | tc | ǂ | tcúú 'head' | x | ǁ | xòa 'cave' |
| cg | ǀχ | cgàa 'flesh' | qg | ǃχ | qgóé 'to run' | tcg | ǂχ | tcgáí 'eye' | xg | ǁχ | xgóà 'angry' |
| cg' | ǀχʼ | cg'õè 'name' | qg' | ǃχʼ | qg'áó 'neck' | tcg' | ǂχʼ | tcg'áì 'sharp, spicy' | xg' | ǁχʼ | xg'ari 'to squeeze' |
| ch | ǀʰ | cóá 'child' | qh | ǃʰ | qhàò 'people, tribe, kind' | tch | ǂʰ | tchàà 'wide' | xh | ǁʰ | xhãya 'West, Namibia' |
| c' | ǀ̃ˀ | c'áò 'blood' | q' | ǃ̃ˀ | q'óà 'afraid' | tc' | ǂ̃ˀ | tc'ubi 'egg' | x' | ǁ̃ˀ | x'áà 'light (n.)' |
| dc | ǀ̬ | dcoàbà 'spider' | dq | ǃ̬ | dqàne 'chin' | dtc | ǂ̬ | dtcìì 'fat (adj.)' | dx | ǁ̬ | dxàí 'cheek' |
| nc | ǀ̃ | nco̱à 'red' | nq | ǃ̃ | nqàrè 'foot' | ntc | ǂ̃ | ntcùú 'black' | nx | ǁ̃ | nxào 'joke' |
Dialects
Naro is a dialect cluster.
- ǀAmkwe
- ǀAnekwe
- Gǃinkwe
- ǃGingkwe
- Gǃokwe
- Qabekhoe or Qabekho or ǃKabbakwe
- Tsʼaokhoe or Tsaukwe or Tsaokhwe
- Tserekwe
- Tsorokwe
- Nǀhai-ntseʼe or Nǁhai or Tsʼao
and possibly ǂHaba.
Naro Language Project
The Naro Language Project is a project currently being undertaken by the Reformed Church in D'kar that aims to describe and develop an understanding of the Naro language, increase literacy by teaching Naro speakers to read and write their language and translate the Bible into Naro. The project was started in the 1980s. The Naro language project has, as of 2007, translated 70% of the Bible into the Naro language.
Numerals
Below are Naro numerals, from Visser (2001). Only 'one', 'two', and 'three' are native Naro numerals, while the rest have been borrowed from Nama. Orthography is given first, follows by IPA in brackets and then the tones in parentheses (H = high, M = mid, L = low).
- 1. cúí [/úí] (HH)
- 2. cám̀ [/ám̀] (HL)
- 3. nqoana [ǃnoana] (M.L)
- 4. hàka [hàka] (L.M)
- 5. koro [koro] (M.M)
- 6. nqáné [ǃnáné] (H.H)
- 7. hõò [hõò] (HL)
- 8. kaisa [kaisa] (MM.L)
- 9. khòesí [khòesí] (LM.H)
- 10. dìsí [dìsí] (L.H)
Bibliography
- Visser, Hessel (2001) Naro Dictionary: Naro–English, English–Naro. Gansi, Botswana: Naro Language Project. ISBN 99912-938-5-X
References
- Brenzinger, Matthias (2011) "The twelve modern Khoisan languages." In Witzlack-Makarevich & Ernszt (eds.), Khoisan languages and linguistics: proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, Riezlern / Kleinwalsertal (Research in Khoisan Studies 29). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
- Naro at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Naro". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- Visser originally wrote the palatal clicks with a base of ⟨ç⟩, but switched to ⟨tc⟩ to make the language more accessible from English-language typewriters and keyboards.