Nasreddin

Nasreddin or Nasreddin Hodja or Mullah Nasreddin Hooja (/næsˈrɛdɪn/[1]) or Mullah Nasruddin was a Seljuq satirist, born in Hortu Village in Sivrihisar, Eskişehir Province, present-day Turkey and died in 13th century in Akşehir, near Konya, a capital of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, in today's Turkey.[2] He is considered a populist philosopher, Sufi and wise man, remembered for his funny stories and anecdotes.[3] He appears in thousands of stories, sometimes witty, sometimes wise, but often, too, a fool or the butt of a joke. A Nasreddin story usually has a subtle humour and a pedagogic nature.[4] The International Nasreddin Hodja festival is celebrated between the 5 and 10 July in his hometown every year.[5]

"Molla Nasraddin" redirects here. For the magazine, see Molla Nasraddin (magazine).
For the crater on Charon, see Nasreddin (crater). For people with the name, see Nasir al-Din. For other uses, see Nasir al-Din (disambiguation).

A 17th century miniature of Nasreddin, currently in the Topkapı Palace Museum Library.

Origin and legacy
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Claims about his origin are made by many ethnic groups.[6][7] Many sources give the birthplace of Nasreddin as Hortu Village in Sivrihisar, Eskişehir Province, present-day Turkey, in the 13th century, after which he settled in Akşehir,[7] and later in Konya under the Seljuq rule, where he died in 1275/6 or 1285/6 CE.[8][9] The alleged tomb of Nasreddin is in Akşehir and the "International Nasreddin Hodja Festival" is held annually in Akşehir between 5–10 July.[10]

According to Prof. Mikail Bayram who made an extensive research on Nasreddin, his full name is Nasir ud-din Mahmood al-Khoyi, his title Ahi Evran (as being the leader of the ahi organization). According to him, Nasreddin was born in the city of Khoy in West Azerbaijan Province of Iran, had his education in Khorasan and became the pupil of famous Quran mufassir Fakhr al-Din al-Razi in Herat. He was sent to Anatolia by the Khalif in Baghdad to organize resistance and uprising against the Mongol invasion. He served as a kadı (an Islamic judge and ombudsman) in Kayseri. This explains why he addresses judicial problems in the jokes not only religious ones. During the turmoil of the Mongol invasion he became a political opponent of Persian Rumi. He was addressed in Masnavi by juha anecdotes for this reason. He became the vazir at the court of Kaykaus II. Having lived in numerous cities in vast area and being steadfastly against the Mongol invasion as well as having his witty character, he was embraced by various nations and cultures from Turkey to Arabia, from Persia to Afghanistan, and from Russia to China, most of which suffered from those invasions.

The Arabic version of the character, known as "juha" (Arabic: جحا‎), is the oldest attested version of the character and the most divergent, being mentioned in Al-Jahiz's book "Saying on Mules"— القول في البغال—, according Al-Dhahabi's book Al-Dhahabi's book "ميزان الاعتدال في نقد الرجال", his full name was "Abu al-Ghusn Dujayn al-Fizari", he lived under the Umayyads in Kufa, his mother was said to be a servant to Anas ibn Malik, thus he was one of the Tabi'un in Sunni tradition.[11]

and of them (juha), and he is nicknamed "aba ghusn", and it has been told about him what suggests astuteness and intelligence, although overwhelmingly made foolish, and it has been said that some who antagonize him put out tales about him.

— Ibn al-Jawzi[12]

As generations have gone by, new stories have been added to the Nasreddin corpus, others have been modified, and he and his tales have spread to many regions. The themes in the tales have become part of the folklore of a number of nations and express the national imaginations of a variety of cultures. Although most of them depict Nasreddin in an early small-village setting, the tales deal with concepts that have a certain timelessness. They purvey a pithy folk wisdom that triumphs over all trials and tribulations. The oldest manuscript of Nasreddin dates to 1571.

Today, Nasreddin stories are told in a wide variety of regions, especially across the Muslim world and have been translated into many languages. Some regions independently developed a character similar to Nasreddin, and the stories have become part of a larger whole. In many regions, Nasreddin is a major part of the culture, and is quoted or alluded to frequently in daily life. Since there are thousands of different Nasreddin stories, one can be found to fit almost any occasion.[13] Nasreddin often appears as a whimsical character of a large Turkish, Persian, Albanian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Bengali, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Chinese, Greek, Gujarati, Hindi, Judeo-Spanish, Kurdish, Romanian, Serbian, Russian, and Urdu folk tradition of vignettes, not entirely different from zen koans.

1996–1997 was declared International Nasreddin Year by UNESCO.[14]

Some people say that, whilst uttering what seemed madness, he was, in reality, divinely inspired, and that it was not madness but wisdom that he uttered.

— The Turkish Jester or The Pleasantries of Cogia Nasr Eddin Effendi[15]

Name
A Goha story cloth by Ahmed Yossery (2007) depicting a version of The miller, his son and the donkey, The Children’s Museum of Indianapolis

Many peoples of the Near, Middle East, South Asia and Central Asia claim Nasreddin as their own (e.g., Turks,[3][8][16][17] Afghans,[16] Iranians,[3][18] and Uzbeks).[9] His name is spelt in a wide variety of ways: Nasrudeen, Nasrudin, Nasruddin, Nasr ud-Din, Nasredin, Nasiruddin, Naseeruddin, Nasr Eddin, Nastradhin, Nasreddine, Nastratin, Nusrettin, Nasrettin, Nostradin, Nastradin (lit.: Victory of the Deen) and Nazaruddin. It is sometimes preceded or followed by a title or honorific used in the corresponding cultures: "Hoxha", "Khwaje", "Hodja", "Hoja", "Hojja", "Hodscha", "Hodža", "Hoca", "Hocca","Hooka", "Hogea", "Mullah", "Mulla", "Mula", "Molla", "Efendi", "Afandi", "Ependi" (أفندي ’afandī), "Hajji". In several cultures he is named by the title alone.

In Arabic-speaking countries this character is known as "Juha", "Djoha", "Djuha", "Dschuha", "Chotzas", "Goha" (جحا juḥā). Juha was originally a separate folk character found in Arabic literature as early as the 9th century, and was widely popular by the 11th century.[19] Lore of the two characters became amalgamated in the 19th century when collections were translated from Arabic into Turkish and Persian.[20]

In Sicily and Southern Italy he is known as "Giufà", derived from the Arabic character Juha.

In the Swahili and Indonesian culture, many of his stories are being told under the name of "Abunuwasi" or "Abunawas", though this confuses Nasreddin with an entirely different man – the poet Abu Nuwas, known for homoerotic verse.

In China, where stories of him are well known, he is known by the various transliterations from his Uyghur name, 阿凡提 (Āfántí) and 阿方提 (Āfāngtí). The Uyghurs believe that he was from Xinjiang, while the Uzbeks believe he was from Bukhara.[21] Shanghai Animation Film Studio produced a 13-episode Nasreddin related animation called 'The Story of Afanti'/ 阿凡提 in 1979, which became one of the most influential animations in China's history. The musical Nasirdin Apandim features the legend of Nasreddin effendi ("sir, lord"), largely sourced from Uyghur folklore.

In Central Asia, he is commonly known as "Afandi". The Central Asian peoples also claim his local origin, as do Uyghurs.

Tales

The Nasreddin stories are known throughout the Middle East and have touched cultures around the world. Superficially, most of the Nasreddin stories may be told as jokes or humorous anecdotes. They are told and retold endlessly in the teahouses and caravanserais of Asia and can be heard in homes and on the radio. But it is inherent in a Nasreddin story that it may be understood at many levels. There is the joke, followed by a moral and usually the little extra which brings the consciousness of the potential mystic a little further on the way to realization.[22]

Examples

The Sermon
Once Nasreddin was invited to deliver a sermon. When he got on the pulpit, he asked, Do you know what I am going to say? The audience replied "no", so he announced, I have no desire to speak to people who don't even know what I will be talking about! and left.
The people felt embarrassed and called him back again the next day. This time, when he asked the same question, the people replied yes. So Nasreddin said, Well, since you already know what I am going to say, I won't waste any more of your time! and left.
Now the people were really perplexed. They decided to try one more time and once again invited the Mulla to speak the following week. Once again he asked the same question – Do you know what I am going to say? Now the people were prepared and so half of them answered "yes" while the other half replied "no". So Nasreddin said Let the half who know what I am going to say, tell it to the half who don't, and left.[23]

Whom do you believe?
Nasreddin Hodja in Bukhara
Nasreddin Hodja in Ankara
A neighbour came to the gate of Mulla Nasreddin's yard. The Mulla went to meet him outside.
"Would you mind, Mulla," the neighbour asked, "can you lend me your donkey today? I have some goods to transport to the next town."
The Mulla didn't feel inclined to lend out the animal to that particular man, however. So, not to seem rude, he answered:
"I'm sorry, but I've already lent him to somebody else."
All of a sudden the donkey could be heard braying loudly behind the wall of the yard.
"But Mulla," the neighbour exclaimed. "I can hear it behind that wall!"
"Whom do you believe," the Mulla replied indignantly, "the donkey or your Mulla?"[24]

Taste the same
Some children saw Nasreddin coming from the vineyard with two baskets full of grapes loaded on his donkey. They gathered around him and asked him to give them a taste.
Nasreddin picked up a bunch of grapes and gave each child a grape.
"You have so much, but you gave us so little," the children whined.
"There is no difference whether you have a basketful or a small piece. They all taste the same," Nasreddin answered, and continued on his way.[25]

Nasreddin's ring
Mulla had lost his ring in the living room. He searched for it for a while, but since he could not find it, he went out into the yard and began to look there. His wife, who saw what he was doing, asked: “Mulla, you lost your ring in the room, why are you looking for it in the yard?” Mulla stroked his beard and said: “The room is too dark and I can’t see very well. I came out to the courtyard to look for my ring because there is much more light out here.”[26]

Azerbaijani literature
Molla Nasraddin cover (1910, #22).
Main article: Molla Nasraddin (magazine)

Nasreddin was the main character in a magazine, called simply Molla Nasraddin, published in Azerbaijan and "read across the Muslim world from Morocco to Iran". The eight-page Azerbaijani satirical periodical was published in Tiflis (from 1906 to 1917), Tabriz (in 1921) and Baku (from 1922 to 1931) in the Azeri and occasionally Russian languages. Founded by Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, it depicted inequality, cultural assimilation, and corruption and ridiculed the backward lifestyles and values of clergy and religious fanatics.[27] The magazine was frequently banned[28] but had a lasting influence on Azerbaijani and Iranian literature.[29]

European and Western folk tales, literary works and pop culture

Some Nasreddin tales also appear in collections of Aesop's fables. The miller, his son and the donkey is one example.[30] Others are "The Ass with a Burden of Salt" (Perry Index 180) and "The Satyr and the Traveller."

In some Bulgarian folk tales that originated during the Ottoman period, the name appears as an antagonist to a local wise man, named Sly Peter. In Sicily the same tales involve a man named Giufà.[31] In Sephardic[32] culture, spread throughout the Ottoman Empire, a character that appears in many folk tales is named Djohá.[33][34]

In Romanian, the existing stories come from an 1853 verse compilation edited by Anton Pann, a philologist and poet renowned for authoring the current Romanian anthem.[35]

Nasreddin is mostly known as a character from short tales; whole novels and stories have later been written and production began on a never-completed animated feature film.[36] In Russia, Nasreddin is known mostly because of the Russian work Возмутитель спокойствия by Leonid Solovyov (English translations: "The Beggar in the Harem: Impudent Adventures in Old Bukhara", 1956, and "The Tale of Hodja Nasreddin: Disturber of the Peace", 2009[37]). The composer Shostakovich celebrated Nasreddin, among other figures, in the second movement (Yumor, "Humor") of his Symphony No. 13. The text, by Yevgeny Yevtushenko, portrays humor as a weapon against dictatorship and tyranny. Shostakovich's music shares many of the "foolish yet profound" qualities of Nasreddin's sayings listed above.

The Graeco-Armenian mystic G. I. Gurdjieff often referred to "our own dear Mullah Nasr Eddin", also calling him an "incomparable teacher", particularly in his book Beelzebub's Tales.[38] Sufi philosopher Idries Shah published several collections of Nasruddin stories in English, and emphasized their teaching value.

He is known as Mullah Nasruddin in South Asian children's books.[39][40] A TV serial on him was aired in India as Mulla Nasiruddin and was widely watched in India and Pakistan.

Uzbek Nasreddin Afandi
Poster of the 1943 film.

For Uzbek people, Nasreddin is one of their own; he is said to have lived and been born in Bukhara.[21] In gatherings, family meetings, and parties they tell each other stories about him that are called "latifa" of "afandi". There are at least two collections of stories related to Nasriddin Afandi.

Books on him:

  • "Afandining qirq bir passhasi" – (Forty-one flies of Afandi) – Zohir A'lam, Tashkent
  • "Afandining besh xotini" – (Five wives of Afandi)

In 1943, the Soviet film Nasreddin in Bukhara was directed by Yakov Protazanov based on Solovyov's book, followed in 1947 by a film called The Adventures of Nasreddin, directed by Nabi Ganiyev and also set in the Uzbekistan SSR.[41][42]

Collections
  • Bacha,Mohamed30 Funny Stories of Joha, The Beloved Folk Hero of The East (bilingual English - Arabic)
  • George Borrow, trans. [1884]. The Turkish Jester or, The Pleasantries of Cogia Nasr Eddin Effendi (in English) at Project Gutenberg
  • 600 Mulla Nasreddin Tales, collected by Mohammad Ramazani (Popular Persian Text Series: 1) (in Persian).
  • Tales of the Hodja, retold by Charles Downing, illustrated by William Papas. Oxford University Press: London, 1964.
  • The Exploits of the Incomparable Mulla Nasreddin, by Idries Shah, illustrated by Richard Williams
  • The Subtleties of the Inimitable Mulla Nasreddin, by Idries Shah, illustrated by Richard Williams.
  • The Pleasantries of the Incredible Mulla Nasrudin, by Idries Shah, illustrated by Richard Williams and Errol Le Cain
  • Mullah Nasiruddiner Galpo (Tales of Mullah Nasreddin) collected and retold by Satyajit Ray, (in Bengali)
  • The Wisdom of Mulla Nasruddin, by Shahrukh Husain
  • The Uncommon Sense of the Immortal Mullah Nasruddin: Stories, jests, and donkey tales of the beloved Persian folk hero, collected and retold by Ron Suresha.
  • Kuang Jinbi (2004). The magic ox and other tales of the Effendi. ISBN 978-1-4101-0692-6.
  • The Wise Old Man: Turkish Tales of Nasreddin Hodja, told by L(yon Bajar) Juda, illustrated by Tessa Theobald. Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd: Edinburgh, 1963.}}
  • Extraordinary Adventures of Mullah Nasruddin: Naughty, unexpurgated tales of the beloved wise fool from the Middle and Far East, collected and retold by Ron Suresha.
  • Melayê Meşhûr (The famous Mulla) by Mehmed Emîn Bozarslan, Uppsala: Deng Publishers, 85 pp., ISBN 91-7382-620-0, 1986 (in Kurdish)
gollark: Isn't it just an eternal battleground or something?
gollark: Wait, a gift? In snow wars?
gollark: Ah, so definitely other garlands then.
gollark: Probably was, even.
gollark: Well, it might just have been two other garlands.

References
  1. Turkish: Nasreddin Hoca, Ottoman Turkish: نصر الدين خواجه‎, Nasreddīn Hodja, Persian: خواجه نصرالدین‎, Pashto: ملا نصرالدین‎, Arabic: نصرالدین جحا‎ / ALA-LC: Naṣraddīn Juḥā, Urdu: ملا نصر الدین‎ / ALA-LC: Mullā Naṣru l-dīn, Uzbek: Nosiriddin Xo'ja, Bosnian: Nasrudin Hodža, Albanian: Nastradin Hoxha, Nastradini, Romanian: Nastratin Hogea
  2. "Nasreddin Hodja". www.pitt.edu. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  3. The outrageous Wisdom of Nasruddin, Mullah Nasruddin Archived 29 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine; accessed 19 February 2007.
  4. Javadi, Hasan. "MOLLA NASREDDIN i. THE PERSON". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  5. "Akşehir Belediyesi - Nasreddin Hoca Şenliği". aksehir.bel.tr. Archived from the original on 17 August 2011.
  6. İlhan Başgöz, Studies in Turkish folklore, in honor of Pertev N. Boratav, Indiana University, 1978, p. 215. ("Quelle est la nationalité de Nasreddin Hodja – est-il turc, avar, tatar, tadjik, persan ou ousbek? Plusieurs peuples d'Orient se disputent sa nationalité, parce qu'ils considerent qu'il leur appartient.") (in French)
  7. John R. Perry, "Cultural currents in the Turco-Persian world", in New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Majmu`ah-i Safaviyyah in Honour of Roger Savory, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-1-136-99194-3, p. 92.
  8. "Nasreddin Hoca". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2006.
  9. Fiorentini, Gianpaolo (2004). "Nasreddin, una biografia possibile". Storie di Nasreddin. Toronto: Libreria Editrice Psiche. ISBN 978-88-85142-71-8. Archived from the original on 7 April 2004. Retrieved 28 December 2006.
  10. "Aksehir's International Nasreddin Hodja Festival and Aviation Festival – Turkish Daily News 27 Jun 2005". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 31 August 2007.
  11. الذهبي ميزان الاعتدال (المجلد 1)، ص 326
  12. "ابن شاكر الكتبي "عيون التواريخ" ص 373 وما بعدها
  13. Ohebsion, Rodney (2004) A Collection of Wisdom, Immediex Publishing, ISBN 1-932968-19-9.
  14. "...UNESCO declared 1996–1997 the International Nasreddin Year..." Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  15. Hoca, Nasreddin (1884). The Turkish Jester or The Pleasantries of Cogia Nasr Eddin Effendi. Translated from the Turkish by George Borrow.
  16. Sysindia.com Archived 18 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Mulla Nasreddin Stories, accessed 20 February 2007.
  17. Silk-road.com Archived 12 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Nasreddin Hoca
  18. "First Iranian Mullah who Was a Master in Anecdotes". Persian Journal. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  19. Josef W. Meri, ed. (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. 1: A–K. p. 426. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7.
  20. Donald Haase, ed. (2008). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales. 2: G–P. p. 661. ISBN 978-0-313-33443-6.
  21. Hixarid Fedai. "Mulla or Hodja Nasreddin as seen by Cypriot Turks and Greeks" (PDF). folklore.ee.
  22. Idris Shah (1964), The Sufis, London: W. H. Allen ISBN 0-385-07966-4.
  23. Many written versions of this tale exist, for example in Kelsey, Alice (1943). Once the Hodja. David McKay Company Inc.
  24. Widely retold, for instance in Shah, Idries (1964). The Sufis. Jonathan Cape. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-86304-074-0.
  25. A similar story is presented in Shah, Idries (1985). The subtleties of the inimitable Mulla Nasrudin (Reprinted. ed.). London: Octagon Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-86304-040-5.
  26. garson. ""Did You Lose the Keys Here?" "No, But the Light Is Much Better Here" | Quote Investigator". Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  27. Molla Nasraddin – The Magazine: Laughter that Pricked the Conscience of a Nation by Jala Garibova. Azerbaijan International. #4.3. Autumn 1996
  28. (in Russian) Molla Nasraddin, an entry from the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia by A.Sharif. Baku.ru
  29. (in Persian) Molla Nasraddin and Jalil Mammadguluzadeh by Ebrahim Nabavi. BBC Persian. 6 July 2006
  30. "The Man, the Boy, and the Donkey". pitt.edu.
  31. Migliore, Sam (1997). Mal'uocchiu. University of Toronto Press. p. 100. ISBN 9780802079220. giufa.
  32. Ottoman Legends, Ankara Folklore Convention, Austin Legrasse, Book of Abstracts, p.23
  33. Tripod.com, Djoha – Personaje – Ponte en la Area del Mediterraneo
  34. Sefarad.org, European Sephardic Institute
  35. "Năzdrăvăniile lui Nastratin Hogea". wikisource.org.
  36. Dobbs, Mike (1996), "An Arabian Knight-mare", Animato! (35)
  37. Solovyov, Leonid (2009). The Tale of Hodja Nasreddin: Disturber of the Peace. Toronto, Canada: Translit Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9812695-0-4.
  38. "The 86 Sayings of Mullah Nassr Eddin". www.endlesssearch.co.uk. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  39. Naqvi, Hassan (6 February 2016). "Problems with privatisation". Pakistan Today. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  40. SENSEX (15 February 1977). "Ranga Shankara to provide professional help to amateur theatre companies in Karnataka". The Economic Times. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  41. "Cinema of Uzbekistan list on mubi.com". Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  42. «Большой Словарь: Крылатые фразы отечественного кино», Олма Медиа Групп. 2001г., ISBN 978-5-7654-1735-5, p. 401.
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