Mukhya Upanishads

Mukhya Upanishads, also known as Principal Upanishads, are the most ancient and widely studied Upanishads of Hinduism. Composed between 800 BCE to the start of common era, these texts are connected to the Vedic tradition.[1]

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Content

While some early colonial-era Indologists listed 10 Upanishads as Mukhya Upanishads, most scholars now consider the Principal Upanishads to be thirteen.[2][3][4]

  1. Īśā (IsUp), Yajurveda
  2. Kena (KeUp), Samaveda
  3. Kaṭha (KaUp), Yajurveda
  4. Praṣna (PrUp), Atharvaveda
  5. Muṇḍaka (MuUp), Atharvaveda
  6. Māṇḍūkya (MaUp), Atharvaveda
  7. Taittirīya (TaiUp), Yajurveda
  8. Aitareya, (AiUp), Rigveda
  9. Chāndogya (ChhUp), Samaveda
  10. Bṛhadāraṇyaka (BṛUp), Yajurveda
  11. Śvetāśvatara
  12. Kauṣītaki
  13. Maitrāyaṇīya

The founders of the three major schools of Vedanta (Adi Shankaracharya, Ramanujacharya and Madhvacharya) wrote bhāṣyas (commentaries) on the first ten of these Principal Upanishads. The adjective mukhya means "principal", "chief", or "primary". The Mukhya Upanishads are accepted as śruti by all Hindus, or the most important scriptures of Hinduism.[5]

Translations and works

Here is the list of works on Upanishads:

  • The Principal Upanishads (1953) by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan gives the text and English translation of a total of eighteen Upanishads, including the 13 listed by Hume (1921), plus Subāla, Jābāla, Paiṅgala, Kaivalya, Vajrasūcikā (Muktikā nos. 30, 13, 59, 12 and 36).
  • Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684
  • Hume, Robert Ernest (1921). The Thirteen Principal Upanishads. Oxford University Press.
  • Johnston, Charles (2014) [1920-1931]. The Mukhya Upanishads. Kshetra Books. ISBN 9781495946530.
  • Radhakrishnan, Sarvapalli (1994) [1953]. The Principal Upanishads. New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 81-7223-124-5.
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References
  1. William K. Mahony (1998). The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination. State University of New York Press. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-7914-3579-3.
  2. John G. Arapura (2012). Gnosis and the Question of Thought in Vedānta: Dialogue with the Foundations. Springer. p. 57. ISBN 978-94-009-4339-1.; Quote: "These are the Isa, Kena, Katha, Prasna, Mundaka, Mandukya, Aitareya, Taittiriya, Brhadaranyaka, Chandogya and Svetasvatara. To this list is usually added the Kausitaki and Maitrayaniya (or Maitri) to make the thirteen principal Upanisads, a canon which has found favour with most scholars of the present day."
  3. Hume, Robert Ernest (1921), The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press
  4. Edward Fitzpatrick Crangle (1994). The Origin and Development of Early Indian Contemplative Practices. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 8, 12. ISBN 978-3-447-03479-1.
  5. Kim Knott (2016). Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-19-874554-9.
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