Brahmanda Purana

The Brahmanda Purana (Sanskrit: ब्रह्माण्ड पुराण, Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa) (r.c.9.hulk) is a Sanskrit text and one of the eighteen major Puranas, a genre of Hindu texts.[1] It is listed as the eighteenth Maha-Purana in almost all the anthologies.[2][1][3]

Adhyatma Ramayana verses 1.1 – 1.14 in a Brahmanda Purana manuscript (Sanskrit, Devanagari)

The text is named after one of the cosmological theories of Hinduism, namely the "cosmic egg" (Brahma-anda).[4] It is among the oldest Puranas, the earliest core of the text in written form survives from at least the 3rd century BCE, and thus the oral form is at least 600 BCE or older.[5] The Brahmanda Purana manuscripts are encyclopedic in their coverage, covering topics such as cosmogony, Sanskara (rite of passage), genealogy, chapters on ethics and duties (Dharma), Yoga, geography, rivers, good government, administration, diplomacy, trade, festivals, a travel guide to places such as Kashmir, Cuttack and Kanchipuram, and other topics.[1][5][6]

The Brahmanda Purana is notable for including the Lalita Sahasranamam (a stotra praising Goddess as the supreme being in the universe), and being one of the early Hindu texts found in Bali, Indonesia, also called the Javanese-Brahmanda.[7][8] The text is also notable for the Adhyatma Ramayana, the most important embedded set of chapters in the text, which philosophically attempts to reconcile Bhakti in god Rama and Shaktism with Advaita Vedanta, over 65 chapters and 4,500 verses.[9][10]

History

The Brahmanda Purana is one of the oldest Puranas, but estimates for the composition of its earliest core vary widely.[11] The early 20th-century Indian scholar Dikshitar dated the Brahmanda to 4th-century BCE.[11] Most later scholarship places this text to be from centuries later, in the 4th- to 6th-century BCE.[11][12] The text is generally assumed, states Ludo Rocher, to have achieved its current structure about 1000 CE.[11]

The text underwent continuous revisions after the 10th-century, and new sections probably replaced older ones. The 13th-century Yadava dynasty scholar Hemadri quoted large parts of the then existing Brahmanda Purana, but these parts are not found in currently surviving versions of the same text, suggesting that the 13th-century version of this Purana was different in many respects than extant manuscripts.[13]

The Adhyatma-ramayana, the most important embedded set of chapters in the extant versions of the Purana, is considered to have been composed centuries later, possibly in the 15th-century, and is attributed to Ramananda – the Advaita scholar and the founder of the Ramanandi Sampradaya, the largest monastic group in Hinduism and in Asia in modern times.[14][15][16] The Adhyatma-ramayana thus was added to this Purana later, and it is an important document to the Rama-related tradition within Hinduism.[15]

A Javanese Brahmanda palm-leaf manuscript was discovered in Indonesia in the mid-19th century by colonial-era Dutch scholars, along with other Puranas.[7] The Sanskrit originals of these are either lost or yet to be discovered.[7][8] The Javanese Brahmanda was translated by the Dutch Sanskrit scholar Jan Gonda and compared to Sanskrit texts found in India.[17]

Structure

[18][19][18][18]

The published manuscript of the Brahmanda Purana have three Bhaga (parts).[20] The first part is subdivided into two Pada (sub-parts), while the other two have just one Pada each.[20] The first Bhaga has 38 Adhyaya (chapters), the second is structured into 74 chapters, while the third and last Bhaga has 44 chapters. These published text has a cumulative total of 156 chapters.[20]

Other unpublished versions of the manuscripts exist, states Rocher, preserved in various libraries.[21] These vary in their structure. The Nasiketopakhyana text, which is embedded inside this Purana, for example exists in 18 chapters in one version and 19 chapters in another, in a form that Moriz Winternitz termed as a "beautiful old legend" of Nachiketa found in the ancient Katha Upanishad.[21][19]

The tradition and other Puranas assert that the Brahmanda Purana had 12,000 verses, but the published Venkateshwar Press version of manuscript contains 14,286 verses.[22] The Indonesian version of Brahmanda Purana is much shorter, lacks superfluous adjectives but contains all essential information, and does not contain the prophecy-related chapters found in the published extant Indian version. This suggests that older versions of the Indian text may have been smaller, in a different style, and without prophecy-related sections, although tradition informs the opposite (an even larger source).[23]

Contents

Violence or non-violence?

Ahimsa (non-violence),
is the gateway to Dharma.

Avoid retaliating,
it is the way to Moksha.

[When faced with war or violence]
If by killing one,
many can lead a happy life,
there is no sin, major or minor,
in killing him.

—Brahmanda Purana
Chapters 1.2.30-1.2.36[24][25]

The text is encyclopedic.[1][5] It is non-sectarian and reveres all gods and goddesses, including Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Ganesha, Surya and Shakti.[26] The text is notable for its sections denouncing all animal sacrifices.[27] The text's philosophy is a blend of the Vedanta, Samkhya and Yoga schools of Hindu philosophy, woven in with Bhakti and some Tantra themes.[28]

The second part, which comprises chapters 5–44 of the third section, the Uttarabhāga is the Lalitopākhyāna (narrative of Lalita). It describes Goddess Lalita (an avatar of Parashakthi), verses on her worship as well a discussion of Tantra.[2] This part is written as a dialogue between Hayagriva and sage Agastya. It is on Goddess Lalita's emergence out of fire after the king of gods Indra worshipped Devi (Goddess representing the supreme reality). It includes her war with Asura Bhanda and her final triumph.[29]

The sections of this Purana include:

• Detailed description of creation of cosmos, discussion about the time as a dimension and details of Kalpa and Yuga.
• Description of certain dynasties like the houses of Bharata, Prithu, Deva, Rishi, and Agni; as well as the vedangas and the Adi Kalpa.
• Aspects of religious geography and in this context description of Jambudvipa and Bharata-varsha, and certain other locations identified as islands and landmasses like Anudvipa, Ketumaala-varsha.
• About 20% of the chapters are related to Lalitopākhyāna, that is highlighting the goddess theology and her central importance
• Over 35% of the chapters in the text is Adhyatma Ramayana, an Advaita Vedanta treatise of over 65 chapters and 4,500 verses.[9][10]
• Another 30% of the chapters approximately, or 47 chapters, are geographical Mahatmyas to various locations across India, such as those in modern Kashmir, Odisha and Tamil Nadu.[30] Geography-related Mahatmyas are travel guides for pilgrimage, describing rivers, temples and scenes to visit.[31]

The Adhyatma Ramayana, a text consisting about 4500 verses in 65 chapters and divided into seven kandas. The Nasiketopkhyana, a text in 18 chapters, the Pinakinimahatmya, a text in 12 chapters, the Virajakshetramahatmya and the Kanchimahatmya, a text in 32 chapters are embedded in this Purana.[29]

See also

• Bhagavata Purana
• Vishnu Purana
• Shiva Purana
• Markandeya Purana
• Hindu cosmology

References

1. Dalal 2014, p. 88.
2. Hazra, R.C. (1962). The Puranas in S. Radhakrishnan ed. The Cultural Heritage of India, Vol.II, Calcutta: The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, ISBN 81-85843-03-1, p.255
3. Rocher 1986, pp. 33, 156-157 with footnotes. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRocher1986 (help)
4. Dalal 2014, p. 83.
5. Rocher 1986, pp. 156-160. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRocher1986 (help)
6. VRR Dikshitar (1951). The Purana Index, Volume 1: A to N. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 2004). pp. xx–xxiii. ISBN 978-81-209-1274-8.
7. Rocher 1986, pp. 78-79 with footnote 61. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRocher1986 (help)
8. H Hinzler (1993), Balinese palm-leaf manuscripts Archived 2015-10-01 at the Wayback Machine, In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Landen Volkenkunde, Manuscripts of Indonesia 149 (1993), No 3, Leiden: BRILL, page 442
9. Rocher 1986, pp. 158-159 with footnotes, Quote: "Among the texts considered to be connected with the Brahmanda, the Adhyatma-ramayana is undoubtedly the most important one".. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRocher1986 (help)
10. Winternitz 1922, p. 552.
11. Rocher 1986, p. 157 with footnotes. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRocher1986 (help)
12. Collins 1988, p. 36.
13. Rajendra Chandra Hazra 1940, p. 18-19.
14. Rocher 1986, p. 159 with footnotes. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRocher1986 (help)
15. Dalal 2014, p. 4, see entry for Adhyatma Ramayana, 333-334.
16. James G Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 978-0823931804, pages 553-554
17. K P Gietz 1992, p. 468 with note 2602, 473 with note 2622.
18. Wilson 1864, pp. LXXXV-LXXXVI.
19. Winternitz 1922, pp. 551-552.
20. Rocher 1986, p. 157. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRocher1986 (help)
21. Rocher 1986, pp. 157-159. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRocher1986 (help)
22. GV Tagare (1983), Brahmanda Purana, Part 1, Motilal Banarsidass, page xviii
23. GV Tagare (1983), Brahmanda Purana, Part 1, Motilal Banarsidass, pages xviii, xxvi-xxx
24. GV Tagare (1983), Brahmanda Purana, Part 1, Motilal Banarsidass, page LXVI
25. Sanskrit version: Brahmanda Purana, SanskritDocuments.Org, pages 337-388, Note: the verse numbering is different in this manuscript version; see verses in chapter 2.23
26. GV Tagare (1983), Brahmanda Purana, Part 1, Motilal Banarsidass, pages XLIV-LVII
27. GV Tagare (1983), Brahmanda Purana, Part 1, Motilal Banarsidass, page LVII
28. GV Tagare (1983), Brahmanda Purana, Part 1, Motilal Banarsidass, pages LXIII-LXV
29. Rocher, Ludo (1986). "The Purāṇas". In Jan Gonda (ed.). A History of Indian Literature. Vol.II, Epics and Sanskrit religious literature, Fasc.3. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 156–60. ISBN 3-447-02522-0.
30. Rocher 1986, pp. 158-160. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRocher1986 (help)
31. Ariel Glucklich (2008). The Strides of Vishnu : Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press. pp. 145–162. ISBN 978-0-19-971825-2.

Bibliography

• Gregory Bailey (2003). Arvind Sharma (ed.). The Study of Hinduism. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-449-7.
• Collins, Charles Dillard (1988). The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-773-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Dalal, Rosen (2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin. ISBN 978-8184752779.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Dimmitt, Cornelia; van Buitenen, J. A. B. (2012). Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas. Temple University Press (1st Edition: 1977). ISBN 978-1-4399-0464-0.
• Doniger, Wendy (editor) (1993). Purāṇa Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts. Albany, New York: State University of New York. ISBN 0-7914-1382-9.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
• Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43878-0.
• K P Gietz; et al. (1992). Epic and Puranic Bibliography (Up to 1985) Annoted and with Indexes: Part I: A - R, Part II: S - Z, Indexes. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-03028-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Rajendra Chandra Hazra (1940). Studies in the Puranic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs. Motilal Banarsidass (1987 Reprint). ISBN 978-81-208-0422-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Rocher, Ludo (1986). The Puranas. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3447025225.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Wilson, H. H. (1864). The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition (Volume 1: Introduction, Book I). Read Country Books (reprinted in 2006). ISBN 1-84664-664-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Winternitz, Maurice (1922). History of Indian Literature Vol 1 (Original in German, translated into English by VS Sarma, 1981). New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint 2010). ISBN 978-8120802643.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

External links

• The Brahmanda Purana English translation by G. V. Tagare [proofread] (includes glossary)
• Read brahmand puran online in hindi
• Brahmanda Purana - English Translation by G.V.Tagare - Part 1
• Brahmanda Purana - English Translation by G.V.Tagare - Part 2
• Brahmanda Purana - English Translation by G.V.Tagare - Part 3
• Brahmanda Purana - English Translation by G.V.Tagare - Part 4
• Brahmanda Purana - English Translation by G.V.Tagare - Part 5