Vedanta Desika

Sri Vedanta Desikan (Swami Desika, Swami Vedanta Desika, Thoopul Nigamaantha Desikan) (1268–1369)[1] was a Sri Vaishnava guru/philosopher and one of the most brilliant stalwarts of Sri Vaishnavism in the post-Ramanuja period. He was a poet, devotee, philosopher, logician and master-teacher (desikan). He was the disciple of Kidambi Appullar, also known as Aathreya Ramanujachariar, who himself was of a master-disciple lineage that began with Ramanuja.[2] Swami Vedanta Desika is considered to be avatar (incarnation) of the divine bell of Venkateswara of Tirumalai by the Vadakalai sect of Sri Vaishnavite. Vedanta Desika belongs to Vishwamitra gotra.[3]

Sri Vedanta Desikan
Swamy Sri Vedanta Desikan as in Kanchipuram with lions on two sides
Personal
Born	Venkatanathan 1268 CE Thoopul (Thiruthanka) (present-day Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu, India)
Died	1369 CE
Religion	Hinduism
Philosophy	Ramanuja's Vishistadvaita
Religious career
Guru	Sri Kidambi Appullar alias Sri Aathreya Ramanujachariar
Literary works	Sri Sthothra Nidhi, Sri Paduka Sahasram, Rahasya Granthams, Sri Desika Prabandham, Kavyams
Honors	Sarvathanthra Swathanthrar, Kavitharkiga Simham, Vedanthachariar

Quotation

Srimathe Nigamantha Maha Desikaya Namah: (श्रीमते निगमान्त महादेशिकाय नमः)

On the occasion of 750th anniversary of Vedanta Desika, Indian postal department unveiled a stamp to commemorate the great philosopher's life and highly valued works. The stamp was unveiled by Sri Venkaiah Naidu Vice President of India in May 2019.

Early life

Desika was born in the year 1268 CE, to a pious couple named Ananta Suri and Totaramba, who named him ‘Venkatanatha’. When he was five, his maternal uncle, Kidambi Appullar took him to attend a spiritual discourse of Nadadhoor Ammal, a revered Sri Vaishnava scholar of that time. As soon as Ammal saw the divine radiance of the child, he stopped his discourse, and hugged Venkatanatha affectionately.

When Ammal told the audience that he had forgotten where he had stopped his discourse, it was Venkatanatha who reminded him immediately, to the astonishment of the assembled scholars. Deeply impressed, Ammal blessed him and predicted that Venkatanatha would become the main torch-bearer for Sri Vaishnavism.

When Desika turned seven, Kidambi Appullar accepted Venkatanaatha as his disciple, and taught him arts, sciences and scriptures. By the age of 20, Desika became famous for his mastery over poetry, logic, linguistics, science, Vedanta, debate, and allied arts.

Even though Desika was multi-faceted and famous, he lived a humble and simple life with the support of his wife, Thirumangai. He undertook a vow called uchhavritti, whereby he depended wholly on the Supreme Lord for his household needs by accepting grains and vegetables donated by disciples voluntarily, without actively seeking it.

Desika stayed in several cities and towns through his life such as Thiruvaheendrapuram, Kanchipuram, Srirangam, Sathyagala and Melkote. He also travelled widely all over India on foot.

Literary works

At each place, he composed many different works in languages such as Tamil, Sanskrit, Prakrit and Manipravala (a mixture of Sanskrit and Tamil) that revealed his ingenuity, creativity, logic, linguistic expertise, devotional fervour and erudite scholarship.

He composed over hundred works in the following genre:

• 28 devotional poems in Sanskrit such as Hayagriva-stotram, Kamasika-ashthakam and Gopala-vimshati

• 24 devotional poems and treatises in Tamil such as Gitartha-sangraham and Charama-sloka-churkku

• 11 philosophical treatises such as Shata-dushani, Mimamsa-paduka and Tattva-mukta-kalapam

• 10 commentaries on the works of previous acharyas such as Stotra-ratna-bhashya, Chatus-shloki-bhashya and Tatparya-chandrika

• 5 Narrative poems such as his magnum-opus, the Paduka-sahasram, and the epic poem called Yadavabhyudaya which rivals the decorative poetry of Mahakavi Kalidasa's works, and the Hamsa-sandesha

• 32 esoteric texts revealing the hidden meanings of prappati-marga such as Srimad Rahasya-traya-saram, Paramapada-sopanam, Amrita-ranjani and Amrita-svadhini

• 1 drama named Sankalpa-suryodayam

• 13 works on arts and sciences such as Bhugola-nirnayam and Silpartha-saram

• 4 works that codified religious rites and practices such as Sri-vaishnava-dinasari and Bhagavad-aradhana-vidhi

Appaya Dikshitar, the great mediaeval scholar appreciated Desika by composing a verse in Sanskrit:

evam vichintyas sarvatra bhavaah santi pade padhe kavi tarkika simhasya kavyeshu laliteshvapi

"Even in the simple and soft compositions of this lion of poetry and lion of logic, there is poetic excellence evident at every step he took, and indeed in every word he wrote.”

Desika composed his poems in various poetic metres. Vedic literature is written in the form of hymns set rhythmically to different metres, called ‘chandas’. Each metre is governed by the number of syllables specific to it. Poets are expected to conform to these norms in their compositions. Swami Desikan has employed 22 metres in the 862 verses he composed on presiding deities of various temples in India. The following are some of the compositions of Vedanta Desika that provide a glimpse of his mastery over poetry, logic, grammar and philosophy:

Hayagriva Stotram: a hymn on Lord Hayagriva, the Lord of Learning, who bestows real knowledge to the reciter, banishing the darkness of ignorance from within him.

Abheethistavam: a prayer to Lord Ranganatha for relief from different types of fear, ultimately seeking and being bestowed refuge at the lotus feet of the Lord

Achyutha Satakam: hundred verses in praise of the Lord of Lords Devanatha, in which Desika expresses his passionate love in the form of a bride

Bhagavat Dhyana Sopanam: twelve stanzas that describe the steps for meditating upon the Lord of Srirangam, Ranganathaswami

Dasavatara Stotram: describes the ten important incarnations of the Lord to protect the world and uphold the principles of dharma or righteousness

Daya Satakam: hundred verses eulogising the mercy or daya of the Lord of Tirumala. The work is divided into 10 decads, each portraying different qualities of the personified mother, Dayadevi. It commences with the short anushtab metre. Each successive decad employs a more complex metre, till it culminates in decorative poetry that is a sheer delight to hear.

Garuda Dandakam: A complex stotram composed in the Dandakam meter style, and has 108 aksharas in every Paadam. It is believed that Desikan composed it when a snake charmer challenged him to summon the mighty Garuda.

Sri Stuti: a prayer to ‘Sridevi’ the Goddess of Fortune that is said to have been composed when a bachelor was sent to Desika, seeking financial help for his marriage. Since Desika himself lived a life of voluntary poverty, he took him to the temple of the Goddess and sang Sri Stuti. This culminated in a shower of gold coins, solving the financial problems of the young bachelor.

Sudarshanasthaka: eight verses set in the rare ‘dhritichhandas; metre praising the holy discuss-weapon of Lord Vishnu, wielded by the Lord to protect the virtuous.

Kamasikasthaka: is prayer of eight verses to Lord Narasimha who assumed a man-lion form to slay the demon Hiranyakashpu, and protect His devotee, Prahlada. Nyasa sutras: are texts composed by Desika which extract the essence of the sharanagati doctrine of self-surrender. These are the Nyasa Dasakam, Nyasa Vimsathi and Nyasa Tilakam.

Vairagya panchakam: five verses that describe the importance of renunciation or vairagya. The word ‘dhana’ or wealth, occurs eleven times, each with a different contextual meaning.

Hamsa-sandesha: is a lyric poem of 110 verses, reminiscent of Kalidasa's Meghadhuta. It describes Lord Rama sending a message via a swan to his wife Sita, who was abducted by the demon king Ravana.

Yadavabhyudaya: is an epic poem of 24 cantos describing the destiny of the Yadava Kings, the dynasty in which Lord Krishna appeared. It is on par with the Kalidasa's work called Raghuvamsa, which describes the dynasty of the Raghu kings, in which Lord Rama appeared.

Paduka Sahasram: composed of a thousand and eight verses spread over 32 divisions called paddhatis, on the holy sandals of the Lord Ranganatha. Desika was challenged by another scholar to compose 1000 verses in a night, and he completed this work in three hours. Verses in one section form pictorial patterns with the arrangements of the letters used.

Tamil works: Swami Desikan's Works in Tamil are numerous, out of which two need special mention: Paramathabhangam, where he describes and refutes 15 schools of philosophy, and Aharaniyamam where he describes the correct types food to be consumed by a Vaishnava.

Summary of literary works [4]

Sanskrit Stotras

1. Abheeti Sthavam
2. Achyuta Sathakam
3. Ashtabuja Ashtakam
4. Bhagavad Dhyaana Sopaanam
5. Bhoo Sthuthi
6. Dasaavataara Stotram
7. Dayaa Sathakam
8. Dehaleesa Sthuthi
9. Devanaayaka Panchaasath
10. Garuda Dhandakam
11. Garuda Panchaasath
12. Godhaa Sthuthi
13. Gopaala Vimsathi
14. Hayagriva Stotram
15. Kaamaasika Ashtakam
16. Nyaasa Dasakam
17. Nyaasa Tilakam
18. Nyaasa Vimsathi
19. Paramaartha Sthuthi
20. Raghu Veera Gadhyam (aka) Mahaveera Vaibhavam
21. Saranaagathi Deepikai
22. Shodasa Aayudha Stotram
23. Sree Sthuthi
24. Sudharsana Ashtakam
25. Vairaaghya Panchakam
26. Varadaraaja Panchaasath
27. Vegaa Sethu Stotram
28. Yathiraaja Sapthadhi

Kavya Granthas

1. Subjashithaanivi
2. Yaadhavaabhyudhayam
3. Paduka Sahasram
4. Hamsa Sandhesam
5. Samasya Sahasri (Luptham-Lost)

Tamil Prabandams

1. Amrita Ranjani
2. Adhikaara Sangraham
3. Amritaaswaadhini
4. Parama Padha Sopaanam
5. Para Matha Bhangam
6. Mei Vratha Maanmiyam
7. Adaikkalap Pathu
8. Artha Panchakam
9. Sri Vaishnava Dhinasari
10. Tiruchchinna Maalai
11. Panniru Naamam
12. Tiru Mantira Churukku
13. Dvaya Churukku
14. Charma Sloka Churukku
15. Gitaartha Sangraham
16. MumManik Kovai
17. Navaratna (aka Navamani) Maalai
18. Prabhandha Saaram
19. Aahaara Niyamam
20. Pandhu (Luptham-Lost)
21. Kazhal (Luptham-lost)
22. Ammaanai (Luptam-Lost)
23. Oosal (luptham-Lost)
24. Yesal (Luptham-Lost)

Drama

1. SANKALPA SURYODHAYAM

Rahasya Granthas (Esoteric Works)

1. Sat Sampradaaya Pari Suddhi
2. Tattva Padhavi
3. Rahasya Padhavi
4. Tattva Navaneetham
5. Rahasya Navaneetham
6. Tattva Maatrukai
7. Rahasya Maatrukai
8. Tattva Sandhesam
9. Rahasya Sandhesam
10. Rahasya Sandhesa Vivaranam
11. Tattva Ratnaavali
12. Tattva Ratnaavali Prathipaadhya Sangraham
13. Rahasya Ratnaavali
14. Rahasya Ratnaavali Hridhayam
15. Tattva Thraya Sulakam
16. Rahasya Thraya Sulakam
17. ABHAYA PRADHAANA SAARAM
18. Rahasya Sikhaamani
19. ANJALI VAIBHAVAM
20. PRADHAANA SATHAKAM
21. UPAKAARA SANGRAHAM
22. Saara Sangraham
23. Muni Vaahana Bhogam
24. Madhura Kavi Hridhayam (Luptham- Lost)
25. PARAMA PADA SOPAANAM
26. PARA MATHA BHANGAM
27. HASTHIGIRI MAHAATHMYAM
28. RAHASYA THRAYA SAARAM
29. Saara Saaram
30. Virodha Parihaaram
31. Nigama Parimalam (Lutham-Lost) 3
32. Thiru Mudi Adaivu (Luptham- Lost)

Vedanta Granthas

Group 1:

1. Tattva Mukthaa Kalaapam
2. Adhikarana Saaraavali
3. SATHA DHUSHANI (aka) Satha Doshaani)
4. Nyaaya Parisuddhi
5. Seswara Mimaamsa
6. Mimaamsa Paaduka

Group 2:

1. Nikshepa Raksha
2. Sat Charitha Raksha- containing (i) Sudharsana Paancha Janya Vidhi, (ii) Oordhva Pundra Dhaarana Vidhi, (iii) Bhagavan Nivedhitha Upayoga Vidhi
3. Rahasya Rakshaa

Group 3:

1. DRAMIDOPANISHAD TAATPARYA RATNAAVALI ( A commentary on Nammalwar's Tiruvoimozhi)
2. Dramidopanishad Saara ( A shorter version of above)

Vyakyana Granthas

1. Sarvaartha Siddhi
2. Tattva Teekha
3. Chatus Slokee Bhashya
4. Stotra Ratna Bashya
5. Gitaartha Sangraha Raksha
6. Taatparya Chandrika
7. Isaavaasyopanishad
8. Vedaartha Sangraha (Luptam-Lost)
9. Rahasya Raksha (aka) Gadhya Thraya Bashya)
10. Adhikarana Darpanam

Anushtana Granthas

1. Bhagavad Aaraadhana Vidhi
2. Yagnopaveetha Prathishta
3. Hari Dina Tilakam
4. Vaishnava Dinasari

Miscellaneous Granthas

1. Bhoogola Nirnayam
2. Silpaartha Saaram
3. Stheya Virodham
4. Chakaara Samarthanam
5. Vaadhi Thraya Khandanam
6. Vaisvadeva Kaarika
7. Guru Paramparaa Saaram
8. Dathi Panchakam
9. Yamaka Ratnaakaram
10. Daasa Deepikaa Nigantu
11. Vedaartha Sangraha Vyaakhyaanam
12. Saara Dheepam
13. Tattva Sikhaamani (Luptham-Lost)

Titles and recognition

Desika on a 2019 stamp of India

Sri Vaishnava books record how Goddess Lakshmi, known as Ranganayaki in the holy town of Sri Rangam, personally conferred on him the title of ‘Sarva-tantra-svatantra’ or master of all arts and crafts. It is also believed that Lord Rangantha who is the presiding Deity of Sri Rangam, awarded the title of ‘Vedanta Desika’, meaning: the supreme teacher of the conclusion of all knowledge. This was done because the Lord was immensely pleased when Desika debated with differing scholars, and established the supremacy of the path of loving surrender or prapatti-marga.

He received other titles such as ‘Kavitarkika-kesari’ and ‘Kavitarkika-simham’, the lion amongst poets; and ‘Ramanuja-daya-patram’, the recipient of Ramanuja's causeless mercy, given in a laudatory verse composed by the famous Brahma Tantra Svatantra Swami.

Anecdotes from Desika's life

Several anecdotes and stories of Desika's life illustrate various aspects of his character: his unflinching faith in prapatti-marga as revealed by Srimad Ramanuja, his scholarly sophistication, his mastery over scores of arts and sciences, his immeasurable humility, and his unparalleled spirit of detachment and renunciation. Swami Desika chanted the Garuda Mantra given to him by his Guru, Appullar, at a place called Thiruvaheendrapuram. Sri Vaishnavas believe that Garuda appeared before Desika and awarded him a sacred mantra in praise of Lord Hayagriva, who is the abode of all knowledge. Pleased with his devotion, Lord Hayagriva appeared before Desika, and blessed him with the nectar flowing from his mouth. It is believed that the Supreme Lord resided on the tip of Desika's tongue, and all his writings and works are therefore specially blessed by the Lord.

In the year 1327, Srirangam city was invaded by Malik Kafur, the General of Allauddin Khilji, who wanted to loot the temple and destroy its Deities. Desika hid the main Deity of the temple behind a newly built wall, and placed a duplicate Deity in the front. The smaller festival Deity was smuggled out by Pillai Lokachariar and his men, and carried to Tirupati, where it was worshipped secretly for many years. Back in Sri Rangam, Desika wanted to protect rare manuscripts like the Sruti-prakasha, a commentary on the Sri Bhashya of Ramanuja. Desika and the sons of the author of Shrutiprakasha hid amongst the dead-bodies of thousands of Sri Vaishnavas killed by the marauding invaders. They escaped with the rare manuscripts to Karnataka.

Twelve years later, General Gopanna of the Vijaya Nagara empire, defeated the invaders and restored the city of Sri Rangam to its previous glory. Swami Desikan came back to Sri Rangam, and established the rituals and ceremonies for worship in the temple, which are still in vogue today. In particular, he established the chanting of the Tamil compositions called the divya-prabandhams, and installed Deities of the twelve Alwar saints for worship in the temple.

A few admirers of Desika, feeling sympathy for Desika's voluntary poverty and abstinence, decided to mix gold coins along with the rice that went to his house as alms. Desika handed the alms to his wife, who promptly showed him the coins. Desika informed her that they were worms that had got mixed with the rice, and separated them using a blade of grass, and threw them out without touching them.

A few envious scholars wanted to insult Desika. They strung a few shoes just outside his door. When Desika came out of his house the next day, the shoes hit his head. The watching scholars felt that Desika would become angry at being insulted. Instead, Desika exclaimed in great joy, “Oh, what good fortune do I have that the sandals of the great devotees of the Lord have blessed me by touching my head?” Incidents from Desika's life teach us how he followed what he preached: and was totally surrendered to the lotus feet of the Lord in a mood of utmost humility and detachment.

Desika's expertise in sciences, technology and the arts

Vedanta Desika is known as Sarva-tantra-svatantra or a master of science, philosophy, arts and crafts. His knowledge in these fields were frequently put to test by those who could not comprehend how a single mind could be so competent in so many diverse fields of knowledge. A few episodes from Desika's life will illustrate this.

Masonry

A mason challenged Vedanta Desika to construct a well by using bricks with uneven dimensions. The Shilpa Sastra, an ancient treatise on arts and crafts from India says that bricks which are uniform in size, have square corners, have a specific size, and are red in colour are the best for construction. Even though the bricks given to him did not fulfil these requirements, Desika used his extraordinary acumen to arrange these bricks in a unique sequence and plastered them to form the circular periphery of the well, which can still be seen in Tiruvahindrapuram.

Sculpture

Once a sculptor asked Swami Desikan to make an image out of panchaloha (a mixture of five metals – copper, tin, lead, silver and zinc) on a condition that the image had to exactly fit on the base provided by him. Swami Desikan not only sculpted an immaculate image but also pointed out the defects in the base structure provided by the professional sculptor.

Food science

The Vedic scriptures categorize food into three – sattva, rajasa and tamasa. The sattva food promotes serene mind and long life whereas the rajasa and tamasa foods promote anxiety and laziness respectively. Taking cues from the Vedic scriptures, Vedanta Desika has provided a detailed catalogue of food which should be consumed to maintain a healthy mind and a disease-free life.

Behavioral science

Vedanta Desika wrote an allegorical drama called Sankalpa Surodayam which beautifully portrays the different aspects of human character and their interplay which can lead a man towards a higher goal – Salvation (moksha), or to a lower goal – the infinite loop of birth and death. Here ‘sankalpa’ is the divine will of the compassionate God to protect humans by granting them salvation and ‘suryodaya’ is the sunrise that dispels the inner darkness of man. The main character in this play is Man with two forces acting on him: (i) divine and (ii) demoniac. The divine forces aspire to attain salvation whereas the demoniac pull him into the unending cycle of birth and death. Vedanta Desika, the mighty genius in poetry and drama, personifies these forces into kings and queens who in turn seem to be assisted by their own armies (the human qualities that drive these forces). Desika, with his subtle wit and deep insight, portrays how these characters debate between the good and the evil propensities as he goes on to establish the divine destiny of Man through them.

Mathematics

It was in early 18th century that the great mathematician, Leonhard Euler investigated the Knight's tour problem where the knight had to tour the entire chess board without any repetition. But, who would have imagined that this was not just solved by Vedanta Desika, but was woven with intricate poetry and philosophy back in 13th century. In the 30th chapter of his composition, the Paduka Sahasram, Vedanta Desika had used several types of poetic imagery. Chaturanga Turanga Bandham was one such imagery through which the knight's tour problem had already been solved elegantly, 500 years before Euler.

Desika showed his knowledge of the arts and sciences through other works Silpartha-saram, a guide on sculpting, and Bhugola-nirnayam – a research text on the formation of the earth.

Salutation

In Sri Vaishnavism, a Thanian is a laudatory dedication in verse composed about an acharya by another acharya who is the subject's pupil and someone whom the subject greatly admired. The Thanian of Desika is:

rAmAnuja-dayA-pAtraM j~nAna-vairAgya-bhUShaNaM |
shrImad-venkaTa-nAthAryaM vande vedAntadeshikaM ||

This Thanian was composed by brahmatantraswatantra jeeyar of Parakala Mutt on the day of star of Hastham, the star of Varadharaja Perumal of Kanchipuram in the Tamil month of Avani. It is recited before starting Divya Prabandham[5] — the works of Alwars – by Vadakalayars. It translates as "I salute the great Venkata Natha also called Vedanta Acharya and Lion among poets and logicians and who was well adorned by both Knowledge and discretion and who well deserved the grace of Athreya Ramanujar who also had the same name."

Vazhi Thirunamam

Vazhi Thirunamam is a set of salutary verses chanted in temples to mark the closure of the day's Divya Prabandha chanting. They are intended to ensure that these temples and the practices as established by the acharyas and desikans will be followed for ever.

Vazhi Thirunamam is a set of "Salutary Verses" that will be chanted in the Temples at the end, marking the closure of the day's Divya Prabandha Chanting. The Salutary Verses are sung in the Temples to ensure that these temples and the practices as established by the Aacharyas and Sri Ramanuja would be followed for ever. Swamy Desikan's Vazhi Thirunamam is being chanted in most of the Vadakalai Divya Desam all over India. The Vazhi thirunamam with the English Transliteration is as following:

"Vanja Para Samayam Mattra Vandhon Vazhiye

Mannu Pughaz Bhoothooran Manamuhappon Vazhiye

Kanja Thirumangai Ughakka Vandhon Vazhiye

Kaliyanurai Kudi Konda Karuththudayon Vazhiye

Senjol Tamil Maraigal Thelindhu Uraippon Vazhiye

Thirumalai Mal Thirumaniyay Sirakka Vandhon Vazhiye

Thanja Parakadhiyay Thantharulvon Vazhiye

Than Tamil Thoopul Thiruvenkadavan Vazhiye!!!

Nanilamum Than Vaala; Naan maraigal Thaam Vaala

Maanagaril Maaran Marai Vaazha

Gyaniyargal Senniani Ser Thoopul Vedantha Desikane

Innum Oru Nootrandirum!!!

Vazhiyani Thoopul varum Vedathasiriyan

Vazhiyavan Paadhara Vindha Malargal

Vazhiyavan Kodhila Thal Malarai Kondadi Kondirukkum

Theethilla Nallor Thiral!"

The meaning of the Tamil Verses are as following:

"May Your grace live long; for you have changed many unrighteous paths to the righteous path

May Your grace live long; for you have lived a life as pleasing to Sri Ramanujacharya

May Your grace live long; for you have given joy for great men with your service

May Your grace live long; for you have been an embodiment of the words of Thirumangai Alwar

May Your grace live long; for you have presented the Tamil Vedas the Divya Prabandams very clearly

May Your grace live long; for you have proved your incarnation of being the Divine bell of the Lord of Seven Hills

May Your grace live long; for you are blessing us with the path of Salvation

May Your grace live long; for you are the Lord of Seven Hills whom came to elaborate the Tamil Verses"

"May our Swami Desikan live for one more century, for the well-being of the Worlds ( The Earth, the worlds above Earth,

the worlds below Earth and the Eternal world), for the well-being of Vedas, for the sacred text of Nammalvar's

Thiruvaimozhi to present glorious in sacred Sri Rangam; Oh Swami Vedanta Desika, the dusts from your holy feet

are being worn by the great Gyanis to get betterment in their Spiritual life; May You live one more century for our sake!"

"May Your grace live long; the grace of Swami Desikan who was born in Thoopul, who has no equivalent in knowledge; who is our

greatest Philosopher; Long live His Lotus Feet! Long live the sacred men who are divine and pious always meditating and

celebrating the grace of this Aacharya and who are staying away from all sorts of evil deeds and who are always surrounded with

the good and sacred deeds!"

References

1. College, F.X.C.P.C.T.B. (2001). Hindu God, Christian God : How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries between Religions: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries between Religions. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-19-803169-7. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
2. Iyyangar, V.R. (1981). Venkatesa and Vedanta Desika Dayasatakam: With Meaning and Commentary by V. Rangaswamy Iyyangar. Rangaswamy Iyyangar. p. 4. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
3. Mudumby Narasimhachary (2004). Śrī Vedānta Deśika. Sahitya Akademi. p. 9.
4. "desika_life_history_for children". srivaishnavam.com. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
5. venkat. "desika_life_history_for children". Sri Vaishnava cyber satsangh. Retrieved 18 February 2018.

Further reading

• Narasimhachary, M.; Akademi, Sahitya (2004). Śrī Vedānta Deśika. Makers of Indian literature. Sahitya Academi. ISBN 978-81-260-1890-1.

External links

• "Vedanta Desika". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.