Moraceae

The Moraceae — often called the mulberry family or fig family — are a family of flowering plants comprising about 38 genera and over 1100 species.[2] Most are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less so in temperate climates; however, their distribution is cosmopolitan overall. The only synapomorphy within the Moraceae is presence of laticifers and milky sap in all parenchymatous tissues, but generally useful field characters include two carpels sometimes with one reduced, compound inconspicuous flowers, and compound fruits.[3] The family includes well-known plants such as the fig, banyan, breadfruit, mulberry, and Osage orange. The 'flowers' of Moraceae are often pseudanthia (reduced inflorescences).

Ficus retusa (Moraceae) in Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore

Moraceae
Temporal range: 80–0 Ma Cretaceous - Recent
Panama rubber tree (Castilla elastica)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Moraceae
Gaudich.[1]
Genera

See text

Historical taxonomy

Formerly included within the now defunct order Urticales, recent molecular studies have resulted in the family's placement within the Rosales in a clade called the urticalean rosids that also includes Ulmaceae, Celtidaceae, Cannabaceae, and Urticaceae. Cecropia, which has variously been placed in the Moraceae, Urticaceae, or their own family, Cecropiaceae, is now included in the Urticaceae.[4]

Dioecy (having individuals with separate sexes) appears to be the primitive state in Moraceae.[5] Monoecy has evolved independently at least four times within the family.

Characteristics

Flowers

The flowers are often small, with single whorled or absent perianth. Most flowers have either petals or sepals, but not both, known as monochlamydeae, and have pistils and stamens in different flowers, known as diclinous. Except for Brosimum gaudichaudii and Castilla elastica, the perianth in all species of the Moraceae contain sepals. If the flower has an inflexed stamen, then pollen is released and distributed by wind dispersal; however, if the stamen is straight, then insect pollination is most likely to occur. Insect pollination occurs in Antiaropsis, Artocarpus, Castilla, Dorstenia, Ficus, and Mesogyne[6]

Leaves

The leaves are much like the flowers when analyzing diversity. The leaves can be singly attached to the stem or alternating, they may be lobed or unlobed, and can be evergreen or deciduous depending on the species in question.[7] The red mulberry can host numerous leaf types on the same tree. Leaves can be both lobed and unlobed and appear very different, but coexist on the same plant.[8]

Fruits and seeds

Plant species in the Moraceae are best known for their fruits. Overall, most species produced a fleshy fruit containing seeds. Examples include the breadfruit from Artocarpus altillis, the mulberry from Morus rubra, and the jackfruit from Artocarpus heterophyllus.[5][9]

Distribution

Moraceae can be found throughout the world with a cosmopolitan distribution, thought to be due to the breakup of Gondwana during the Jurassic period.[10] The majority of species originate in the Old World tropics, particularly in Asia and the Pacific islands[11]

Phylogeny

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest these relationships:[4][5][9][12]

 
 

Urticaceae (outgroup)

 
Moraceae
 
Artocarpeae
 
 

Batocarpus

 
 

Clarisia

 
 
 
 

Artocarpus

 
 
 

Parartocarpus

 
 

Prainea

 
 
 
 
Moreae
 

Sorocea

 
 
 

Bagassa

 
 
 
 

Milicia

 
 

Streblus

 
 
 
 

Morus

 
 

Trophis

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Maclureae

Maclura

 
 
Dorstenieae
 

Fatoua

 
 
 
 

Broussonetia

 
 

Malaisia

 
 
 
 
 

Bleekrodea

 
 

Sloetia

 
 
 

Trilepisium

 
 
 
 

Utsetela

 
 

Dorstenia

 
 
 
 

Brosimum

 
 

Trymatococcus

 
 

Helianthostylis

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ficeae

Ficus

 
Castilleae
Antiaropsineae
 

Sparattosyce

 
 

Antiaropsis

 
 
Castillineae
 
 

Antiaris

 
 

Mesogyne

 
 
 
 

Naucleopsis

 
 
 

Perebea

 
 

Pseudolmedia

 
 
 

Maquira

 
 
 

Helicostylis

 
 
 

Poulsenia

 
 

Castilla

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Tribes and genera

The Moraceae comprise:[13]

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References
  1. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
  2. Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
  3. Judd WS, Campbell CS, Kellogg EA, Stevens PF, Donoghue MJ (2008). Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp. 1–620. ISBN 978-0-878-93407-2.
  4. Sytsma KJ, Morawetz J, Pires C, Nepokroeff M, Conti E, Zjhra M, Hall JC, Chase MW (2002). "Urticalean rosids: Circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on rbcL, trnL–F, and ndhF sequences" (PDF). American Journal of Botany. 89 (9): 1531–1546. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.9.1531. PMID 21665755.
  5. Datwyler SL, Weiblen G (2004). "On the origin of the fig: Phylogenetic relationships of Moraceae from ndhF sequences". American Journal of Botany. 91 (5): 767–777. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.5.767. PMID 21653431.
  6. Leite VG, Mansano VF, Teixeira SP (2018). "Floral Development of Moraceae species with emphasis on the perianth and androecium". Flora. 240 (Flora): 116–132. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2018.01.009.
  7. Khyade VB. (2016). "Mulberry Family (Moraceae) - FLowers, Fruits and Leaves". Science J Rank.
  8. TWC Staff (2018). "Morus rubra (Red Mulberry)". Wildflower.org.
  9. Clement WL, Weiblen GD (2009). "Morphological evolution in the mulberry family (Moraceae)". Systematic Botany. 34 (3): 530–552. doi:10.1600/036364409789271155.
  10. "Gondwana". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  11. Zerega NJC, Clement WL, Datwyler SL, Weiblen GD." (2005). "Biogeography and Divergence times in the mulberry family (Moraceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (2): 402–416. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.418.1442. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.004. PMID 16112884.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. Zerega NJ, Clement WL, Datwyler SL, Weiblen GD (2005). "Biogeography and divergence times in the mulberry family (Moraceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (2): 402–416. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.418.1442. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.004. PMID 16112884.
  13. Hepworth C. (2018). "Moraceae - The Mulberry Family". Florida Fruit Geek.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
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