Mende language

Mende /ˈmɛndi/[3] (Mɛnde yia) is a major language of Sierra Leone, with some speakers in neighboring Liberia. It is spoken by the Mende people and by other ethnic groups as a regional lingua franca in southern Sierra Leone.

Mende
Mɛnde yia
Native toSierra Leone, Liberia
RegionSouth central Sierra Leone
Native speakers
1.5 million (2006)[1]
Niger–Congo?
Latin
Mende Kikakui script
Language codes
ISO 639-2men
ISO 639-3men
Glottologmend1266[2]

Mende is a tonal language belonging to the Mande branch of the Niger–Congo language family. Early systematic descriptions of Mende were by F. W. Migeod[4] and Kenneth Crosby.[5]

Written forms

In 1921, Kisimi Kamara invented a syllabary for Mende he called Kikakui (). The script achieved widespread use for a time, but has largely been replaced with an alphabet based on the Latin script, and the Mende script is considered a "failed script".[6] The Bible was translated into Mende and published in 1959, in Latin script.

The Latin-based alphabet is: a, b, d, e, ɛ, f, g, gb, h, i, j, k, kp, l, m, n, ny, o, ɔ, p, s, t, u, v, w, y. [7][8]

Mende has seven vowels: a, e, ɛ, i, o, ɔ, u. [9][10]

Phonology

Consonants
Bilabial Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive plain p t k
voiced b d ɡ
prenasalized m͡b n͡d ŋ͡ɡ
Fricative plain f s h
voiced v
Affricate plain k͡p
voiced d͡ʒ ɡ͡b
prenasalized ɲd͡ʒ ŋɡ͡b
Lateral l
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Approximant w j

Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i u
Close-mid e o
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a

[11]

Mende language in films

Mende was used extensively in the films Amistad and Blood Diamond, and was the subject of the documentary film The Language You Cry In.

gollark: My favourite letter is █.
gollark: Please use letters 103 through 996.
gollark: Why did you make them all sentient?
gollark: you.
gollark: ```rustuse actix_web::{web, App, HttpResponse, HttpServer};#[actix_rt::main]async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> { let one = HttpServer::new(|| { App::new().route("/", web::get().to(|| HttpResponse::Ok())) }) .keep_alive(75); // <- Set keep-alive to 75 seconds // let _two = HttpServer::new(|| { // App::new().route("/", web::get().to(|| HttpResponse::Ok())) // }) // .keep_alive(); // <- Use `SO_KEEPALIVE` socket option. let _three = HttpServer::new(|| { App::new().route("/", web::get().to(|| HttpResponse::Ok())) }) .keep_alive(None); // <- Disable keep-alive one.bind("127.0.0.1:8088")?.run().await}```

References
  1. Mende at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Mende (Sierra Leone)". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
  4. Migeod, F. W. 1908. The Mende language. London
  5. Crosby, Kenneth. 1944. An Introduction to the Study of Mende. Cambridge University Press.
  6. Unseth, Peter. 2011. Invention of Scripts in West Africa for Ethnic Revitalization. In The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts, ed. by Joshua A. Fishman and Ofelia García, pp. 23-32. New York: Oxford University Press.
  7. Coble, Scott. n.d. "Mende." AboutWorldLanguages.com (accessed 8 October 2014)
  8. "Langue : mende". Systèmes alphabétiques des langues africaines. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
  9. A Mende Orthography Workshop: Ministry of Education, Freetown, January 21-25, 1980
  10. Pemagbi, Joe. 1991. "A guide to Mende orthography." SLADEA.
  11. Dwyer, David James (1969). Consonant Mutation in Mende. Michigan State University.


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