Megawati Sukarnoputri

Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Sukarnoputri (Indonesian: [meɡawati sukarnɔputri] (listen); born 23 January 1947) is an Indonesian politician who served as the fifth president of Indonesia from 2001 to 2004. She previously served as the eighth vice president from 1999 to 2001.

This Indonesian name does not have a family name. The name Sukarnoputri is a patronymic, and the person should be referred by the given name, Megawati.
Megawati Sukarnoputri
5th President of Indonesia
In office
23 July 2001 – 20 October 2004
Vice PresidentHamzah Haz
Preceded byAbdurrahman Wahid
Succeeded bySusilo Bambang Yudhoyono
8th Vice President of Indonesia
In office
21 October 1999 – 23 July 2001
PresidentAbdurrahman Wahid
Preceded byB. J. Habibie
Succeeded byHamzah Haz
Leader of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle
Assumed office
15 February 1999
Personal details
Born
Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Sukarnoputri

(1947-01-23) 23 January 1947
Yogyakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
Political partyPDI-P
Spouse(s)
Surindro Supjarso
​
(
m. 1968; died 1970)

Hassan Gamal Ahmad Hassan
​
(
m. 1972;
annulled 
1972)

​
(
m. 1973; died 2013)
ChildrenMohammad Rizki Pratama
Mohammad Prananda Prabowo
Puan Maharani
MotherFatmawati
FatherSukarno
Alma materPadjadjaran University (unfinished)
University of Indonesia (unfinished)
Signature

Megawati is Indonesia's first female president and the sixth woman to lead a Muslim-majority country. Megawati was the first Indonesian president to be born after Indonesia proclaimed its independence. After serving as vice president to Abdurrahman Wahid, Megawati became president when Wahid was removed from office in 2001. She ran for re-election in the 2004 presidential election, but was defeated by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. She ran again in the 2009 presidential election, but Yudhoyono defeated her for a second time.

She is the first and current leader of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), one of Indonesia's largest political parties. She is the eldest daughter of Indonesia's first president, Sukarno.

Early life
President Sukarno, with his children Megawati and Guntur, while receiving Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru along with his daughter Indira Gandhi.

Megawati was born in Yogyakarta to Sukarno, who had declared Indonesia's independence from the Netherlands in 1945 and Fatmawati, one of his nine wives. Megawati was Sukarno's second child and first daughter. She grew up in her father's Merdeka Palace. She danced for her father's guests and developed a gardening hobby. Megawati was 19 when her father relinquished power in 1966 and was succeeded by a government which eventually came to be led by President Suharto.[1]

Megawati attended Padjadjaran University in Bandung to study agriculture but dropped out in 1967 to be with her father following his fall. In 1970, the year her father died, Megawati went to the University of Indonesia to study psychology but dropped out after two years.[2]

Name

Sukarnoputri (meaning 'daughter of Sukarno') is a patronym, not a family name; Javanese often do not have family names. She is often referred to as simply Megawati or Mega, derived from Sanskrit meaning 'cloud goddess'. In a speech to the students of the Sri Sathya Sai Primary School, she mentioned that Indian politician Biju Patnaik named her at Sukarno's request.[3][4]

Political career

Member of the Legislative Branch
Megawati as a member of the People's Representative Council in 1987.

In 1986, Suharto gave the status of Proclamation Hero to Sukarno in a ceremony attended by Megawati. Suharto's acknowledgment enabled the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI), a government-sanctioned party, to campaign on Sukarno nostalgia in the lead-up to the 1987 legislative elections. Up to that time, Megawati had seen herself as a housewife, but in 1987 she joined PDI and ran for a People's Representative Council (DPR) seat.[1] The PDI accepted Megawati to boost their own image. Megawati quickly became popular, her status as Sukarno's daughter offsetting her lack of oratorical skills. Although PDI came last in the elections, Megawati was elected to the DPR. Like all members of the DPR she also became a member of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR).[5]

Chair of PDI

Megawati was not reelected, but continued as a PDI member. In December 1993, the PDI held a national congress. As was always the case when New Order opposition parties held their congresses, the government actively interfered. As the Congress approached, three individuals contended for the PDI chair. The incumbent, Suryadi, had become critical of the government. The second was Budi Harjono a government-friendly figure whom the government backed. The third was Megawati. Her candidacy received such overwhelming support that her election at the Congress became a formality.[6]

When the congress assembled, the government stalled and delayed attempts to hold the election.[6] The congress faced a deadline when their permit to assemble would run out. As the hours ticked down to the end of the congress, troops began gathering. With only two hours remaining, Megawati called a press conference, stating that because she enjoyed the support of a majority of PDI members, she was now the de facto chair.[6] Despite her relative lack of political experience, she was popular in part for her status as Sukarno's daughter and because she was seen as free of corruption with admirable personal qualities. Under her leadership, PDI gained a large following among the urban poor and both urban and rural middle classes.[7]

The government was outraged at its failure to prevent Megawati's rise. They never acknowledged Megawati although her self-appointment was ratified in 1994. In 1996, the government convened a special national congress in Medan that reelected Suryadi as chair. Megawati and her camp refused to acknowledge the results and the PDI divided into pro-Megawati and anti-Megawati camps.[8]

Suryadi began threatening to take back PDI's Headquarters in Jakarta. This threat was carried on the morning of 27 July 1996.[9] Suryadi's supporters (reportedly with the Government's backing) attacked PDI Headquarters and faced resistance from Megawati supporters stationed there. In the ensuing fight, Megawati's supporters held on to the headquarters. A riot ensued, followed by a government crackdown. The Government later blamed the riots on the People's Democratic Party (PRD), and continued to recognize Suryadi's faction as the official party.[10]

Despite what seemed to be a political defeat, Megawati scored a moral victory and her popularity grew. When the time came for the 1997 legislative election, Megawati and her supporters threw their support behind the United Development Party (PPP), the other approved opposition party.[11]

Reformasi

In mid-1997, Indonesia began to be affected by the Asian Financial Crisis and showed severe economic distress. By late January 1998 the rupiah fell to nearly 15,000 against the US dollar, compared to only 4,000 in early December. Combined with increasing public anger at pervasive corruption, this culminated in May 1998 with Suharto's resignation and the assumption of the presidency by Vice President B. J. Habibie. The restrictions on Megawati were removed and she began to consolidate her political position. In October 1998, her supporters held a National Congress whereby Megawati's PDI faction would now be known as the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P). Megawati was elected Chair and was nominated as PDI-P's presidential candidate.[12]

PDI-P, together with Abdurrahman Wahid's National Awakening Party (PKB) and Amien Rais' National Mandate Party (PAN), became the leading reform forces. Despite their popularity, Megawati, Wahid and Rais adopted a moderate stance, preferring to wait until the 1999 legislative elections to begin major changes.[13] In November 1998, Megawati, together with Wahid, Rais and Hamengkubuwono X reiterated their commitment to reform through the Ciganjur Statement.[14]

As the elections approached, Megawati, Wahid and Amien considered forming a political coalition against President Habibie and Golkar. In May, Alwi Shihab held a press conference at his house during which Megawati, Wahid and Amien were to announce that they would work together. At the last minute, Megawati chose not to attend, because she decided that she could not trust Amien.[15] In June, the elections were held and PDI-P came first with 33% of the votes.[16]

With the victory, Megawati's presidential prospects solidified. She was opposed by the United Development Party (PPP) who did not want a female president.[17] In preparation for the 1999 MPR General Session, PDI-P formed a loose coalition with PKB. As the MPR General Session approached, it seemed as if the presidential election would be contested between Megawati and Habibie, but by late June Amien had drawn the Islamic parties into a coalition called the Central Axis.[15] The presidential election became a three-way race when Amien floated the idea of nominating Wahid for president; but Wahid did not provide a clear response to the proposal.

1999 MPR General Session

Megawati's PDI-P and PKB coalition faced its first test when the MPR assembled to choose its Chair. Megawati threw her support behind Matori Abdul Djalil, the Chair of PKB. He was overwhelmingly defeated by Amien, who in addition to enjoying Central Axis support was backed by Golkar.[17] The Golkar and Central Axis coalition struck again when they secured Akbar Tanjung's election as Head of DPR. At this stage, people became wary that Megawati, who best represented reform, was going to be obstructed by the political process and that the status quo was going to be preserved. PDI-P supporters began to gather in Jakarta.

Habibie made a poorly received speech on political accountability that led him to withdraw. The presidential election held on 20 October 1999 came down to Megawati and Wahid. Megawati took an early lead, but was overtaken and lost with 313 votes compared to Wahid's 373. Megawati's loss provoked her supporters to revolt.[17] Riots raged in Java and Bali. In the city of Solo, PDI-P masses attacked Amien's house.

The next day, the MPR assembled to elect the vice president. PDI-P had considered nominating Megawati, but were concerned that the Central Axis and Golkar coalition would again thwart her. Instead, PKB nominated Megawati. She faced stiff competition from Hamzah Haz, Akbar Tanjung and General Wiranto.[17] Well aware of the riots, Akbar and Wiranto withdrew. Hamzah stayed in the race, but Megawati defeated him 396 to 284. In her inauguration speech, she called for calm.

Vice presidency
Megawati's official vice-presidential portrait, BRI 2nd Class featured.

Work as vice president

As vice president, Megawati had considerable authority by virtue of her commanding many seats in the DPR. Wahid delegated to her the problems in Ambon, although she was not successful.[18] By the time the MPR Annual Session assembled in August 2000, many considered Wahid to be ineffective as president or as an administrator. Wahid responded to this by issuing a presidential decree, giving Megawati day-to-day control of the government.[18]

2000 PDI-P National Congress

The First PDI-P Congress was held in Semarang, Central Java in April 2000, at which Megawati was re-elected as Chair for a second term.[19]

Megawati consolidated her position within PDI-P by taking harsh measures to remove potential rivals.[20] During the election for the Chair, two other candidates emerged; Eros Djarot and Dimyati Hartono. They ran because they did not want Megawati to serve concurrently as both chair and vice president. Eros' nomination from the South Jakarta branch was voided by membership problems. Eros was not allowed to participate in the Congress. Disillusioned with what he perceived to be a cult of personality developing around Megawati, Eros left PDI-P. In July 2002, he formed the Freedom Bull National Party. Although Dimyati's candidacy was not opposed as harshly as Eros, he was removed as Head of PDI-P's Central Branch. He kept his position as a People's Representative Council (DPR) member, but left the party to become a university lecturer.[21] In April 2002, Dimyati formed the Our Homeland of Indonesia Party (PITA).[22]

Relationship with Wahid and rise to the presidency

Megawati had an ambivalent relationship with Wahid. During the Cabinet reshuffle of August 2000 for example, Megawati was not present for the announcement of the new line-up.[23] At another occasion, when the political tide began to turn against Wahid, Megawati defended him and lashed out against critics.[24] In 2001, Megawati began to distance herself from Wahid as a Special Session of the MPR approached and her prospects of becoming president improved. Although she refused to make any specific comments, she showed signs of preparing herself, holding a meeting with party leaders a day before the Special Session was to start.

Presidency
MPR chairman Amien Rais congratulates Megawati on her appointment as president.
See also: Mutual Assistance Cabinet

On 23 July 2001, the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) removed Wahid from office and subsequently swore in Megawati as the new president.[25] She thus became the sixth woman to lead a Muslim-majority country. On 9 August 2001, she announced her Mutual Assistance Cabinet.[26]

The rise of an icon of opposition against the Suharto regime to the presidency was initially widely welcomed, however it soon became apparent that her presidency was marked with indecisiveness, lack of clear ideological direction, and "a reputation for inaction on important policy issues".[27][28][29] The good side of slow progress of reforms and avoiding confrontations was that she stabilized the overall democratization process and relationship between legislative, executive, and military.[27]

She ran for re-election in the country's first direct presidential election in 2004, hoping to become the first woman elected in her own right as head of state in a Muslim-majority country. However, she was decisively defeated by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in the second round, by 61 percent to 39 percent,[25] on 20 September 2004. She did not attend the new president's inauguration, and never had congratulated him.[30]

Later elections

2009 general elections

On 11 September 2007 Megawati announced her candidacy in the 2009 presidential election at a PDI-P gathering. Soetardjo Soerjoguritno confirmed her willingness to be nominated as her party's presidential candidate.[31]

Megawati's 2009 race was overshadowed by her calls to change Indonesia's voter registration procedure, obliquely suggesting that Yudhoyono's supporters were trying to manipulate the vote.[32] Megawati and her running mate Prabowo Subianto came in second with 26.79% of the vote.

2014 general elections
Megawati with Joko Widodo and Jusuf Kalla (2nd and 3rd from left) in 2016.

On 24 February 2012, Megawati distanced herself from polls[33][34] that placed her as a top contender for the 2014 presidential election.[35] Megawati, still Chair of PDI-P, appealed to her party at a gathering in Yogyakarta to focus on PDI-P's current priorities. Nonetheless, a domain name appears to have been registered in her name.[36] On 27 December 2012, the daily edition of the Jakarta Post hinted at a possible reconciliation in the 2014 general election between the families of Megawati and President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and their political parties, her Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) and his Democratic Party respectively.[37]

For 2014 general election, Megawati's party and their coalition partners nominated Joko Widodo as their candidate for president. Widodo defeated his opponent Prabowo Subianto in a hotly contested election.[38] Later, the relationship between Megawati and Widodo became strained as she pushed for Police Commissary General Budi Gunawan, for the post of the Indonesian Police Chief, despite him being investigated for corruption by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK). Budi Gunawan was Megawati's Adjutant during her tenure as Indonesian president.[39]

At the 4th of PDI-P National Congress on September 20, 2014, Megawati was reappointed as Chair of PDI-P for the year of 2015-2020.[40]

Family
Megawati with husband Taufiq Kiemas and three children.

Megawati's first husband was First Lieutenant Surindro Supjarso, whom she married on 1 June 1968. He perished in a plane crash in Biak, West Irian on 22 January 1970. On 27 June 1972, she married Hassan Gamal Ahmad Hassan, an Egyptian diplomat. The marriage was annulled by the Religious Court less than 3 months later.[2] She then married Taufiq Kiemas on 25 March 1973. He died on 8 June 2013.[41] She had three children, Mohammad Rizki Pratama, Muhammad Prananda Prabowo, and Puan Maharani. The sons are from her marriage with Surindro, while Puan is the only child from Megawati's marriage to Taufiq.

Notes
  1. "Megawati Soekarnoputri, Mbak Pendiam itu Emas | Biografi Tokoh Indonesia". Archived from the original on 12 August 2007. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
  2. East & Thomas 2003, p. 233
  3. "Speech by Indian President R K Narayanan in honor of Megawati Sukarnoputri". Archived from the original on 5 May 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
  4. "Obituary: Biju Patnaik". The Economist. 24 April 1997.
  5. Eklöf, Stefan (2003), Power and Political Culture in Suharto’s Indonesia: The Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) and Decline of the New Order (1986–98), Denmark: NIAS Press, p. 93–96, ISBN 87-91114-50-0
  6. "Megawati Soekarnoputri, Pemimpin Berkepribadian Kuat | Biografi Tokoh Indonesia". Archived from the original on 12 August 2007. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
  7. Ricklefs, M.C. (2008) [1981]. A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 (4th ed.). London: MacMillan. p. 517. ISBN 978-0-230-54685-1.
  8. Eklöf, Stefan (2003), Power and Political Culture in Suharto’s Indonesia: The Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) and Decline of the New Order (1986–98), Denmark: NIAS Press, p. 271, ISBN 87-91114-50-0
  9. B., Edy (10 August 1996). "Kronologi Peristiwa 27 Juli 1996". Tempo. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 31 October 2006.
  10. Ricklefs, M.C. (2008) [1981]. A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 (4th ed.). London: MacMillan. p. 519. ISBN 978-0-230-54685-1.
  11. Eklöf, Stefan (2003), Power and Political Culture in Suharto’s Indonesia: The Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) and Decline of the New Order (1986–98), Denmark: NIAS Press, pp. 280–281, ISBN 87-91114-50-0
  12. "KOMPAS-11: PARTAI DEMOKRASI INDONESIA PERJUANGAN (PDI PERJUANGAN)". Seasite.niu.edu. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
  13. Barton, Greg (2002). Abdurrahman Wahid: Muslim Democrat, Indonesian President. Singapore: UNSW Press. p. 255. ISBN 0-86840-405-5.
  14. Friend, Theodore (2003). Indonesian Destinies. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 397. ISBN 0-674-01137-6.
  15. Barton, Greg (2002). Abdurrahman Wahid: Muslim Democrat, Indonesian President. Singapore: UNSW Press. p. 270. ISBN 0-86840-405-5.
  16. Ricklefs, M.C. (2008) [1981]. A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 (4th ed.). London: MacMillan. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-230-54685-1.
  17. "Indonesia in Transition: The 1999 Presidential Elections" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2007.
  18. "Fighting in the Malukus heightens tensions across Indonesia and within the Wahid cabinet". Wsws.org. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
  19. Tempo.co (29 July 2003), Megawati Beri Pengarahan Peserta Rakermas PDIP (Megawati Givves Guidance to Particiants at the PDIP National Coordinating Meeting) (in Indonesian), Tempo, retrieved 5 August 2018
  20. Firmansyah, Arif (11 February 2005). "Kisah Para Penantang Yang Terpental (The Story of the Ousted Challengers)". Tempo. Archived from the original on 17 October 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2006.
  21. Litbang Kompas (2016). Parti Politik Indonesia 1999-2019: Konsentrasi dan Dekonsentrasi Kuasa (Indonesian Political Parties 1999-2019: Concentration and Deconcentration of Power) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kompas. p. 92. ISBN 978-602-412-005-4.
  22. "Dimyati Hartono Mendeklarasikan PITA". Liputan-6 (in Indonesian). SCTV. 7 April 2002. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  23. Barton, Greg (2002). Abdurrahman Wahid: Muslim Democrat, Indonesian President. Singapore: UNSW Press. p. 327. ISBN 0-86840-405-5.
  24. Barton, Greg (2002). Abdurrahman Wahid: Muslim Democrat, Indonesian President. Singapore: UNSW Press. p. 342. ISBN 0-86840-405-5.
  25. Monshipouri, Mahmood (1 January 2011). Muslims in Global Politics: Identities, Interests, and Human Rights. p. 206. ISBN 9780812202830.
  26. Mydans, Seth (10 August 2001). "With Politics and Market in Mind, Megawati Picks a Cabinet". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
  27. Ziegenhain, Patrick (1 January 2008). The Indonesian Parliament and Democratization. p. 146. ISBN 9789812304858.
  28. Beittinger-Lee, Verena (2009). (Un) Civil Society and Political Change in Indonesia: A Contested Arena. p. 78. ISBN 9780415547413.
  29. Lindsey, Timothy (2008). Indonesia: Law and Society. pp. 17–19. ISBN 9781862876606.
  30. Abuza, Zachary (25 September 2006). Political Islam and Violence in Indonesia. p. 110. ISBN 9781134161256.
  31. ""Indonesia's Megawati in presidential comeback bid"". Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011., Forbes, 11 September 2007.
  32. "Megawati cries foul in Indonesian election battle". Channel News Asia. 6 July 2009. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  33. "Jaringan Suara Indonesia (JSI)". Lembaga Survei Indonesia. October 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  34. "Indonesian Survey Institute (LSI)". Lembaga Survei Indonesia. 23 February 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  35. "Dihembuskan 'Angin Surga' Megawati Tak Mau Terlena". Suara Pembaruan. 24 February 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  36. "PERJUANGAN ADALAH PELAKSANAAN KATA KATA". Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  37. "Megawati, SBY hint at reconciliation". Jakarta Post. 27 December 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  38. "Joko Widodo wins Indonesia presidential election". BBC News. 22 July 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Jakarta Governor Joko Widodo has been declared the winner of Indonesia's hotly contested presidential election.
  39. Brummitt, Chris (21 January 2015). "Indonesia Police Chief Furor Hurts Widodo's Anti-Graft Image". Bloomberg.
  40. Akuntono, Indra (20 September 2014). "Megawati Didukung karena Sanggup Persatukan PDI-P". Kompas.
  41. Guerin, Bill (17 August 2002). "Indonesia's First Man". Asia Times Online. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
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References

Further reading
  • Wichelen, Sonja van (University of Amsterdam). "Contesting Megawati: The Mediation of Islam and Nation in Times of Political Transition." () Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture. 2006 (University of Westminster, London), Vol. 3(2): 41-59. ISSN 1744-6708 (Print); 1744-6716 (Online). p. 41-59.
  • Gerlach, Ricarda (2013): 'Mega' Expectations: Indonesia's Democratic Transition and First Female President. In: Derichs, Claudia/Mark R. Thompson (eds.): Dynasties and Female Political Leaders in Asia. Berlin et al.: LIT, p. 247-290.
  • Skard, Torild (2014) "Megawati" in Women of power - half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide. Bristol: Policy Press, ISBN 978-1-44731-578-0.
Political offices
Preceded by
Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie		 Vice President of Indonesia
1999–2001		 Succeeded by
Hamzah Haz
Preceded by
Abdurrahman Wahid		 President of Indonesia
2001–2004		 Succeeded by
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Hun Sen		 Chairperson of ASEAN
2003		 Succeeded by
Khamtai Siphandon
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