Wiranto

Wiranto ([wiˈranto]; born 4 April 1947) is an Indonesian politician and former army general. He was the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces from February 1998 to October 1999 during Indonesia's transition from authoritarian rule to democracy. He ran unsuccessfully for President of Indonesia in 2004 and for the vice-presidency in 2009. On 27 July 2016 Wiranto was appointed Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs, replacing Luhut Binsar Panjaitan.[1][2] Since December 2019, he has served as chairman of the Presidential Advisory Council.

Wiranto
6th Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal and Security Affairs
In office
27 July 2016 – 20 October 2019
PresidentJoko Widodo
Preceded byLuhut Binsar Panjaitan
Succeeded byMahfud MD
In office
26 October 1999 – 15 February 2000
PresidentAbdurrahman Wahid
Preceded byFeisal Tanjung
Succeeded bySoerjadi Soedirdja
Leader of Hanura
In office
21 December 2006 – 21 December 2016
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byOesman Sapta Odang
20th Minister of Defence
In office
14 March 1998 – 20 October 1999
PresidentSoeharto
B. J. Habibie
Preceded byEdi Sudrajat
Succeeded byJuwono Sudarsono
9th Commander of the Armed Forces of Indonesia
In office
16 February 1998 – 20 October 1999
President
Preceded byFeisal Tanjung
Succeeded byWidodo Adi Sutjipto
Personal details
Born (1947-04-04) 4 April 1947
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Political partyHanura
Other political
affiliations		Golkar (until 2006)
Spouse(s)
Rugaiya Usman
(
m. 1975)
Children3
Alma mater
Military service
Allegiance Indonesia
Branch/service Indonesian Army
Rank General
CommandsABRI

Wiranto played a significant role in facilitating severe human rights violations by the Indonesian army and Jakarta-backed militias, during Indonesia's withdrawal from the occupied territory of East Timor in 1999. Both the United Nations and domestic groups have gathered evidence on this, but he continues to deny the charges. In January 2000, an Indonesian commission placed general responsibility for these injustices on Wiranto.[3]

Some claim that Wiranto played a key role as a moderating influence during the turbulent times of 1998 when Soeharto resigned. He had the power to impose military rule, but refused to do so, thereby allowing the civilian process to develop.[4] Taufik Darusman labeled him a "military reformist" because Wiranto reduced the military's role in Indonesian politics. He initiated the reduction of their seats in parliament and separated the police from the military.[5] Nonetheless, more than 2,000 East Timorese were killed in violence under his watch, as well as 500,000 forced into displacement.[6] Other atrocities were perpetrated by the Indonesian security forces at the time Wiranto was their top commander, including the Biak massacre in July 1998.[7]

Early life

Wiranto was born on 4 April 1947 in Yogyakarta to RS Wirowijoto, a Primary School teacher and Suwarsijah. He was the sixth out of nine children. Only one month old, Wiranto and his family moved from Yogyakarta to Boyolali near Surakarta for safety reasons as the Dutch were planning to launch an attack on Yogyakarta.[8] At Surakarta, Wiranto completed his primary and secondary education.

When he was a child, Wiranto dreamed of a military career, but as he grew up he developed the desire to become an architect.[8] However, training to become an architect was not feasible financially, so Wiranto decided to join the Indonesian Military Academy in Magelang in Central Java, now known as Akademi Militer or Akmil.[9]

Military career

Wiranto graduated from the Indonesian Military Academy in 1968 and spent the early part of his military career in North Sulawesi, far from the centers of power in Indonesia. There he worked his way up from being a Platoon Commander to a Battalion Commander in 1982. From there he worked in the Armed Forces headquarters (formerly known as ABRI HQ, or headquarters of the Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia) for two years before joining the high-profile Kostrad (a corp-level and well-equipped command within the Indonesian armed forces) in 1985 as a Brigade Chief of Staff in East Java. In 1987, he was transferred to Jakarta where became Deputy Operations Assistant to the Kostrad Chief of Staff.

In 1989, his career had a major break when he was selected to become an aide-de-camp to President Soeharto. The position of presidential aide-de-camp was a prestigious one in the New Order regime as it became a launching pad for officers to have successful military careers. By Wiranto's own accounts, 2 Army Commanders, 3 Armed Services Chiefs of Staffs, and 2 Chiefs of Police,[10] had served as presidential aide-de-camp during their career.

In 1993, Wiranto became Chief of Staff in the Jakarta regional military command (Komando Daerah Militer for Jakarta, or KODAM Jaya) and became commander of KODAM Jaya in 1994.[11] Two years later, he became commander of Kostrad and in 1997, was appointed Army Chief of Staff. At this stage of his career, it was speculated that Wiranto, together with Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Agum Gumelar, A.M. Hendropriyono, and Farid Zainuddin were the top five officers from ABRI's secular/Nationalist "Red and White" faction.[12]

Commander of ABRI (later TNI)

The last months of Soeharto's regime

Wiranto's appointment as Commander of ABRI in February 1998 came at a crucial time. Indonesia was suffering from the effects of the Asian Financial Crisis and there was widespread opposition to Soeharto. Nevertheless, Soeharto was re-elected for a seventh term as president by the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) as the situation continued to deteriorate. In Soeharto's new Cabinet, Wiranto was named as the Minister of Defense and Security.

As the situation worsened, Wiranto tried to calm the situation down through dialogue. On 18 April 1998, together with 17 ministers, Wiranto held a meeting with prominent members of society and student organizations.[13] Wiranto took a cautious stance towards the social unrest that was brewing around Indonesia at the time and warned against it descending into anarchy.

Wiranto's involvement with the events of May 1998 began by ordering most senior military commanders to go to Malang in East Java (850 km from Jakarta) for a ceremonial party, during the riot in the capital Jakarta.[14] Later he authorized Commander of KODAM Jaya Syafrie Syamsuddin and Chief of Jakarta Regional Police Hamami Nata to take care of the situation in Jakarta.[15] That was the day when four students of Trisakti University were shot dead. Wiranto responded on May 13 by ordering the Military Police to mobilize. Wiranto also sensed that the condition was about to spiral out of control and ordered for reinforcements in the form of Marines and Kostrad personnel.[16]

On 15 May, Wiranto met with Soeharto who had gone to Egypt to attend an economic summit but was forced to come back to attend to the situation back home. Soeharto brought up the idea of reinstating the Command for the Restoration of Security and Order (Kopkamtib) to deal with the situation. Finally, on 18 May, Soeharto issued a Presidential Instruction (Instruksi Presiden No 16/1968) to Wiranto. Wiranto was to be made Commander of the National Alertness and Safety Operation Command (KOPKKN).[17] This presidential instruction has been compared to Supersemar, a key letter of authority which former president Sukarno issued in March 1966 providing the then-major general Soeharto with wide authority over government in Indonesia.[18] Soeharto's Presidential Instruction in May 1998 was seen as providing Wiranto with wide authority to choose whether to use his new power or not.[19]

On 21 May 1998, Soeharto announced his resignation as president. Vice President BJ Habibie took over as president. Wiranto took the opportunity to state that ABRI would be ensuring the personal safety of the now former President Soeharto and his family. Wiranto subsequently admitted the involvement of Kopassus special forces in the 1997–98 activists kidnappings in Indonesia.[20]

Habibie presidency

Wiranto was retained as both the Commander of ABRI and Minister of Defense and Security in Habibie's Cabinet. He immediately began working towards reforming ABRI and on 11 June, gave to Habibie and Head of People's Representative Council/MPR Chairman Harmoko a manifesto entitled "The Fundamentals of ABRI's Philosophy on Reform Towards Achieving the National Goal".[21] In August, Wiranto made a move to appease the people of Aceh by withdrawing the status of Military Operations Region (DOM) from the Province.

The Special Session of the MPR was held in November 1998 and Wiranto cracked down on protesters who were against the Special Session, killing 8 and injuring 226.[22] Despite this setback, Wiranto continued to build an image as a reformer. In January 1999, he met with reformist leaders and in April 1999, supervised the establishment of the Republic of Indonesia Police (POLRI) as an autonomous entity rather than subordinate to ABRI. ABRI also went through a name change and became known as TNI. Wiranto also supervised security during the 1999 Legislative Elections during which TNI and POLRI adopted a neutral role rather than support Golkar as has been the case during Soeharto's regime.

As Commander of TNI, Wiranto was also involved with the withdrawal of troops from East Timor when the Province voted to become an independent nation. In the process he became accused of being behind or at least condoned the human rights abuses committed by TNI soldiers during the retreat from Timor.[23]

1999 MPR General Session

Much like the 1999 legislative election, Wiranto was in charge of security at the 1999 MPR General Session. However, he would soon become involved in the politics. Habibie, who had been nominated for re-election by Golkar chose Wiranto to become his Vice President.[24] However, Habibie's accountability speech was rejected by the MPR and he chose not to run for president again. Nevertheless, Wiranto continued on as vice presidential candidate, this time with Akbar Tanjung as Golkar's presidential candidate. However, Akbar would withdraw from the race and throw his support behind eventual President Abdurrahman Wahid. Wiranto finally withdrew from the vice presidential race when it became evident that Megawati needed to become Vice President to appease her supporters who were angered by Megawati losing out on the Presidency.

Political career

Wahid presidency

As part of his effort to name a Cabinet which included all elements of Indonesian politics, Wahid included Wiranto in the Cabinet as Coordinating Minister of Politics and Security. Wiranto was only in his position for three months when in January 2000, Wahid called for Wiranto to step down from his position on an overseas trip to Europe. It appeared as if the President saw Wiranto as an obstacle to his plan to reform the military and that he took the human rights abuses allegations seriously.[25] Wiranto waited until Wahid returned before meeting with the President to argue his case. Wiranto seemed to have succeeded when Wahid decided to continue to keep him on but changed his mind during the same day and Wiranto was removed from the Cabinet.[22]

Megawati presidency

In January 2003, President Megawati was forced to raise the prices of fuel, electricity, and telephone.[26] Anti-Megawati protests were then held and it was suspected that Wiranto might have been involved in masterminding the demonstrations.[27]

Human rights indictment

On 24 February 2003, the Special Panels of the Dili District Court indicted Wiranto and charged him with crimes against humanity.[28] However, prosecutor-general of East Timor, Longuinhos Monteiro, withdrew support for the indictment claiming there "might be some defects".[29] East Timor sources believe Monteiro reversed his position following heavy pressure from senior figures in East Timor's Government.[29]

The warrant was never forwarded to Interpol, the international police agency.[30]

Presidential candidate

In August 2003, Wiranto made the decision to run for president after he declared his intentions to participate in the Golkar National Convention.[31] Wiranto's opponents for the Convention were Akbar, Prabowo, Aburizal Bakrie, Surya Paloh, Jusuf Kalla, Sultan Hamengkubuwono X, and Nurcholish Madjid. By April 2004, the month of the National Convention, Hamengkubuwono X and Nurcolish had withdrawn from the race whilst Kalla left Golkar to become Yudhoyono's running mate. On 20 April 2004, the Golkar National Convention was held. In the first round of voting, Wiranto came second to Akbar with 137 votes to 147 votes.[32] In the second round, Wiranto decisively won against Akbar with 315 votes to 227 votes and became Golkar's Presidential Candidate.[32]

As his running mate, Wiranto chose Solahuddin Wahid, the brother of former President Wahid. The selection of Solahuddin was to improve Wiranto's image with regards to human rights. According to Wiranto "Because Gus Solah (Solahuddin's nickname) is a clean figure, of course he would not associate himself with dirty goods. Especially when he's the Vice-Chairman of the National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM). So I'm clean." [33] In addition to Golkar, Wiranto also drew support from Wahid who mobilized both his National Awakening Party (PKB) and the Nadhlatul Ulama (NU) to Wiranto's cause.[34]

On Election Day 5 July 2004, Wiranto and Solahuddin came third behind Yudhoyono/Kalla and Megawati/Hasyim Muzadi with 22.19% of the votes.[35]

Yudhoyono presidency

In the lead up to the 2004 Golkar National Congress, Wiranto became one of the candidates for the position of Chairman. However, the situation soon changed when Kalla, now Vice President, participated in the contest to become Chairman with the support of President Yudhoyono. Wiranto was not happy because according to him, Yudhoyono would not do anything to block Wiranto from becoming Chairman.[36] Wiranto then chose to align himself with his former opponent Akbar. However the two failed and Kalla became the new Chairman.

In August 2005, Wiranto, together with former Presidents Wahid and Megawati, former Vice President Try Sutrisno, and Akbar met to discuss and criticize the policies of the Yudhoyono Government. On 1 September, they signed an official statement and called themselves the United Awakened Archipelago Coalition (Koalisi Nusantara Bangkit Bersatu).

The next month in September 2005, Wiranto joined the Nationhood Union, a mass organization which was created by former Golkar member Marwah Daud Ibrahim.[37] At the organization's National Leadership Meeting in May 2006, Wiranto said that the organization was a way to test the waters en route to forming a new political party.[38] Finally on 22 December 2006, Wiranto declared the formation of the People's Conscience Party (Hanura) and was elected as its first Chairman.[39]

Vice-presidential candidate

Wiranto ran unsuccessfully for the vice-presidency as Jusuf Kalla's running mate in the 2009 Indonesian presidential election.[40]

Joko Widodo presidency

Wiranto in July 2013 announced he would run for the presidency in 2014 with media tycoon Hary Tanoesoedibjo as his running mate,[41] but after Hanura's poor performance in the 2014 general election, Wiranto opted to support the presidential bid of Joko "Jokowi" Widodo,[42] who was victorious.

When Jokowi reshuffled his cabinet on 27 July 2016, Wiranto was appointed Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal and Security Affairs.[43] In December 2016, Wiranto said Hanura would support Jokowi for re-election in 2019.[44] In 2018, Wiranto urged the Corruption Eradication Commission to postpone naming regional election candidates suspected of involvement in corruption cases.[45]

Knife attack
Wiranto (wearing a peci) during the knife attack on 10 October 2019

On 10 October 2019, Wiranto was stabbed twice by a man allegedly affiliated with the Islamic State-linked militant group Jamaah Ansharut Daulah (JAD).[46] The attack occurred when Wiranto was exiting a car near the small town of Saketi, south of the main town of Pandeglang in Pandeglang Regency in Banten province, around 100 km southwest of Jakarta. Wiranto survived and was flown by helicopter to the Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital in Jakarta, where he underwent surgery.[47] Three other people, including a police officer, were stabbed and wounded while attempting to protect Wiranto and apprehend the assailant.

After treatment, Wiranto's condition was stable and improved. President Joko Widodo visited him twice and said that, "(He) told me he wants to go home and join the limited Cabinet meeting soon." A range of other Indonesian leaders and senior officials visited Wiranto in hospital including vice-president Jusuf Kalla, state intelligence agency head Budi Gunawan, former coordinating minister for political, legal and security affairs Tedjo Edhy Purdijatno, and presidential advisory board member Agum Gumelar.[48]

The attacker, identified as Syahrial Alamsyah alias Abu Rara, was apprehended at the scene, along with his wife, Fitria Diana (20), who stabbed a local sub-district police chief, Commissioner Dariyanto, in the back. Abu Rara said he was not part of a terror cell and he only decided to make the attack when he heard a helicopter and found out the Wiranto was visiting.[49] Authorities said Abu Rara had previously been under observation because of his collection of knives.[50] While officials said the attacker was believed to a member of JAD, some conservative Muslim politicians claimed the attack was staged,[51] such as Hanum Rais (daughter of Muslim leader Amien Rais).[52] Harits Abu Ulya, a spokesman for a group called the Community of Ideological Islamic Analyst (CIIA), claimed Wiranto himself was partly to blame for the attack because the minister's statements had hurt people's feelings.[53][54]

Chairman of Presidential Advisory Council

After Jokowi was sworn in for a second five-year term in October 2019, Wiranto -- still recovering from the knife attack -- lost his cabinet position, but by December 2019 he had recovered and was appointed to lead the nine-member Presidential Advisory Council.[55]

Personal life

Wiranto has been married to Rugaiya Usman (Uga) since 1975. She is active in her role as, among others, Head of Indonesian Red Cross of Jakarta Chapter. The couple has three children: Lia, Maya, and Zainal.[56] Zainal died of an undisclosed illness in May 2013 in South Africa, where he had recently begun pursuing Islamic studies.[57]

Honour

Foreign honour
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References
  1. "Wiranto named Indonesia's top security minister". aljazeera.com. 27 July 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  2. Amindoni, Ayomi (27 July 2016). "Wiranto replaces Luhut as security minister". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  3. "Summary of Indonesian Human-Rights". Globalpolicy.org. 31 January 2000. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  4. Harsono, Andreas; Lobe, Jim (27 April 2004). "Indonesia: Ex-generals ready for election battle". Asia Times. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  5. Yamin, Kafil (30 August 2003). "Indonesia's Wiranto: Reform as a military duty". Asia Times. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  6. "Ad-Hoc Court for East Timor". Global Policy Forum. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  7. "The Biak massacre citizens tribunal".
  8. "Wiranto Janjikan Perlindungan HAM - Biografi Tokoh Indonesia". 10 October 2007. Archived from the original on 5 February 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2017.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  9. Some historical details, in Indonesian, are at Sejarah Akademi Militer (History of the Military Academy).
  10. Wiranto (2003). Bersaksi Di Tengah Badai: Dari Catatan Wiranto, Jenderal Purnawirawan (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Ide Indonesia. p. 6. ISBN 979-96845-1-X.
  11. Some details of the KODAM system are at 'KODAM', GobalSecurity.org.
  12. "Kabar-indonesia] Indo News - 8/13/03 (Part 2 of 2)". 13 August 2003. Archived from the original on 13 July 2006.
  13. Wiranto (2003) p. 16
  14. "Mengapa Wiranto Membawa Para Jenderal ke Malang". RMOL.co (in Indonesian). 15 May 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  15. Wiranto (2003) p. 31
  16. Wiranto (2003) p. 55
  17. Wiranto (2003) p. 82
  18. "Berakhir Pekan dengan Jenderal Purn. TNI H. Wiranto: Orang Curi Ayam pun, Saya yang Dituduh". Pikiran Rakyat (in Indonesian). 9 May 2004. Archived from the original on 6 May 2005.
  19. Wiranto (2003) p. 83
  20. Pike, John (13 September 1999). "KOPASSUS Army Special Force Command". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
  21. Wiranto (2003) p. 99
  22. Wiranto (2003) p. 143
  24. "Megwati Terjepit, Habibie-Wiranto Lolos". Indomedia.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 27 January 2004.
  25. Conceicao, J.F (2005). Indonesia's Six Years of Living Dangerously. Singapore: Horizon Books. p. 18. ISBN 981-05-2307-6.
  26. "Dalam Derita Rakyat, Ada Fiskal yang Sehat". Kompas (in Indonesian). 19 January 2003. Archived from the original on 5 April 2003.
  27. "[Kabar-indonesia] Indo News - 2/09/03 (Part 1 of 2)". 9 February 2003. Archived from the original on 12 May 2003.
  28. "Indonesia: Indicted General Unfit for Presidential Bid". Human Rights Watch. 22 April 2004. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  29. Moore, Matthew (13 May 2004). "Doubts on warrant lift Wiranto's campaign". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  30. Ellen Nakashima (16 September 2005). "For Survivors of E. Timor Massacres, Justice Still Elusive". The Washington Post. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  31. "Wiranto dan Kalla Maju, Agum Gumelar Mundur". Kompas. 7 August 2003. Archived from the original on 8 August 2003.
  32. "Wiranto Capres Golkar - Berita Tokoh Indonesia". 6 June 2004. Archived from the original on 5 February 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2017.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  33. "Salahuddin Wahid - Ensiklopedi Tokoh Indonesia". 29 May 2004. Archived from the original on 5 February 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2017.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  34. "Fatwa Gus Dur Warga NU-PKB Dukung Wiranto". Sriwijaya Post. 24 June 2004. Archived from the original on 13 October 2005.
  35. "Hasil Akhir Pemilihan Presiden RI Putaran 1 tgl. 5 Juli 2004". InfoPartai. Archived from the original on 21 February 2005.
  36. "Akbar Gandeng Wiranto Hadapi Jusuf Kalla". Tempo Interaktif (in Indonesian). 16 December 2004. Archived from the original on 28 August 2005.
  37. "Marwah Deklarasikan Perhimpunan Kebangsaan". Tempo Interaktif (in Indonesian). 20 September 2005. Archived from the original on 1 January 2007.
  38. "Sebelum Jadi Parpol: Wiranto Dirikan Perhimpunan Kebangsaan". Kompas. 31 May 2006. Archived from the original on 17 June 2006.
  39. "Wiranto: Deklarasi Partai Hanura (Hati Nurani Rakyat - Berita Tokoh I…". 27 September 2007. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2017.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  40. "SBY-Boediono Pasangan Terpilih Pilpres 2009" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Home Affairs. 19 August 2009. Archived from the original on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  41. Sukoyo, Yeremia (3 July 2013). "Wiranto and Hary Announce Presidential Bid". Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  42. Alam, Sukma (22 June 2014). "Wiranto dukung Jokowi-JK karena bisa mengungkapkan kebenaran". Merdeka.com. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  43. Bisara, Dion (27 July 2016). "Sri Mulyani, Wiranto Return to Cabinet as President Eager to Establish Solid Team". Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  44. Hakim, Rakhamt Nur (22 December 2016). "Wiranto: Mendukung Jokowi di Pemilu 2019 Pilihan Rasional". Kompas Cyber Media. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  45. Dwinanda, Reiny (13 March 2018). "Wiranto asks KPK to postpone naming candidates as suspects". Republika.co.id. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  46. "Indonesian president tightens security for ministers after attack". Today. Reuters. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  47. Ivany Atina Arbi, Ghina Ghaliya and Dyaning Pangestika, 'Nation on alert after minister attacked.', The Jakarta Post, 11 October 2019; and 'Wiranto: Indonesia security minister stabbed by 'IS radical', BBC News, 10 October 2019. See also Kornelius Purba, 'Commentary: Wiranto's stabbing: What's wrong with our nation?', The Jakarta Post, 11 October 2019.
  48. Dyaning Pangestika, 'Wiranto's condition improves after surgery, officials say.', The Jakarta Post, 11 October 2019.
  49. Rahma, Andita (3 November 2019). "Abu Rara: Penusukan Itu Sudah Jadi Takdir Pak Wiranto". Tempo.co. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  50. Afila, Laila (11 October 2019). "Intelligence Agency BIN Knew Wiranto's Attacker Collected Knives". Tempo.co. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  51. Pangestika, Dyaning (12 October 2019). "Indonesian Military removes officers after spouses post Facebook comments on Wiranto's attack". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  52. Rahma, Andita (11 October 2019). "Police Rebuff Allegations Saying Wiranto Attack Was a Play". Tempo.co. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  53. Astuti, Nindya (11 October 2019). "Expert Calls Wiranto to Introspect on Past Statements". Tempo.co. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  54. Emma Connors, 'Indonesia tries to downplay stabbing of security minister', Australian Financial Review, 12–13 October 2019.
  55. "Wiranto Returns to Gov't as Presidential Advisor". Jakarta Globe. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  56. "Mantan 'First Lady' Tentara". Sriwijaya Post. 21 June 2004. Archived from the original on 7 November 2004.
  57. "Wiranto's son dies in South Africa". The Jakarta Post. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  58. "Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat".

Further reading
  • Honna, Jun (2003). Military politics and democratization in Indonesia. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
  • O'Rourke, Kevin (2002). Reformasi: the struggle for power in post-Soeharto Indonesia. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-754-8.
Political offices
Preceded by
Luhut Binsar Panjaitan		 Indonesia Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal and Security Affairs
2016–2019		 Succeeded by
Mahfud MD
Preceded by
Feisal Tanjung		 Coordinating Minister for Political and Security Affairs of Indonesia
1999–2000		 Succeeded by
Soerjadi Soedirdja
Preceded by
Edi Sudrajat		 Minister of Defence and Security of Indonesia
1998–1999		 Succeeded by
Juwono Sudarsono
Military offices
Preceded by
Hartono		 Indonesian Army Chief of Staff
1997–1998		 Succeeded by
Subagyo Hadi Siswoyo
Preceded by
Feisal Tanjung		 Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces
1998–1999		 Succeeded by
Widodo Adi Sutjipto
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