Marianna, Florida

Marianna is a city in Jackson County, Florida, United States. The population was 6,102 at the 2010 census.[5] In 2018 the estimated population was 7,091.[6] It is the county seat of Jackson County[7] and is home to Chipola College. The official nickname of Marianna is "The City of Southern Charm".

Marianna, Florida
City
Marianna City Hall
Motto(s): 
"Pronoms Febles"
Location in Jackson County and the state of Florida
Coordinates: 30°46′35″N 85°14′17″W
Country United States
State Florida
County Jackson
Area
 • Total18.58 sq mi (48.11 km2)
 • Land18.53 sq mi (47.99 km2)
 • Water0.05 sq mi (0.12 km2)
Elevation
167 ft (51 m)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total6,102
 • Estimate 
(2019)[2]
5,803
 • Density313.17/sq mi (120.91/km2)
Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
ZIP codes
32446-32448
Area code(s)850
FIPS code12-43175[3]
GNIS feature ID0286422[4]
Websitewww.cityofmarianna.com

History
Part of the historic downtown area

Marianna was founded in 1828 by Scottish entrepreneur Scott Beverege, who named the town after his daughters Mary and Anna.[8]:442 The following year, it was designated as the county seat, superseding the earlier settlement of Webbville, which soon after dissolved and no longer exists. Marianna was platted along the Chipola River. Many planters from North Carolina relocated to Jackson County to develop new plantations to take advantage of the fertile soil. They relied on the labor of enslaved African Americans brought from the Upper South in the domestic slave trade.

Civil War era

John Milton was a major planter who owned the Sylvania Plantation and hundreds of slaves. Governor Milton was a grandson of Revolutionary War hero, John Milton (Georgia politician) (c. 1740/1757–1817), and a descendant of Sir Christopher Milton, the brother of the famous English poet, John Milton. However, Milton did not have to rely solely on a distinguished American founding family name. He was a remarkable, if not irascible, lawyer and personality. This famous Marianna resident was elected as governor of Florida, serving during the Civil War years. Governor Milton opposed the Confederate States of America rejoining the United States.

As federal troops were preparing to take control of Tallahassee, Governor Milton received word that the Civil War had ended and that Florida would again be part of the United States. On April 1, 1865, as the southern cause was collapsing, Milton died of a gunshot wound from his gun at Sylvania. A New York Times article, written in polemic style, attributed Governor Milton's sudden death to suicide, which conflicted with local reporting from Florida. The Governor's words, likely political oratorical hyperbole, that he “would rather die” than suffer the humiliation of Federal invasion, were cleverly linked to his sudden death by the New York Times.[9] The West Florida News reported the sudden death of Florida's Fifth Governor as a hunting accident.[10] Governor John Milton was buried in the St. Luke's Episcopal churchyard at Marianna. The New York Times article created an unsubstantiated account that persisted in the difficult days of Reconstruction.

Marianna was the site of a Civil War battle in 1864 between a small home guard of about 150 boys, older men, and wounded soldiers, and a contingent of approximately 700 Federal troops.

Reconstruction period

During the early years after the Civil War, violence flared in Marianna and Jackson County, where 150 to 200 Republicans, some black, were assassinated in what was known as the Jackson County War by members of the Ku Klux Klan in an effort to secure white supremacy.[11]:548–550 Locals claimed this was the work of "ruffians" from border states and carpetbaggers. Bishop Charles H. Pearce of Massachusetts, an AME minister who became a state senator in Florida, had first-hand knowledge of the situation. He placed the blame on the planters of Jackson County, who supported action against black Republicans. Disputes over farm land caused much of the disorder, as poor whites objected to negro ownership of choice farms.[8]:443

Historic Abstract Office, Downtown Marianna

Post-Reconstruction to mid-20th century

Violence continued in the state after Reconstruction, reaching a peak in most areas at the turn of the 20th century. This was the period in which southern states also disenfranchised most blacks and thousands of poor whites by raising barriers to voter registration. From 1900 to 1930, Florida had the highest rate of lynchings per capita in the South and the nation. Refusing to accept the violence, thousands of African Americans left the state during the Great Migration of the early 20th century, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for work and other opportunities.

Dekle-Brunner House, Marianna Historic District

Lynchings in Marianna

In 1934 Claude Neal, a local African-American man, was accused of rape and murder of a young white woman. He was moved between jails, but a lynch mob found him in Brewton, Alabama. The mob abducted him and brought him back to Florida, killing him near the Chattahoochee River and Greenwood. The men brought his body to the Cannady farm, where a larger mob of an estimated 2,000 persons was waiting; people shot and mutilated the body. Neal's body was hanged from a tree at the Marianna courthouse square. The next day, whites rioted in town, attacking blacks and destroying some of their houses. The governor ordered more than 100 troops of the National Guard to Marianna to suppress the violence. About 200 blacks and two police were injured. The six white vigilantes who led the lynching remain unidentified.

Historic Chipola Hotel, Downtown Marianna

In 1943 Cellos Harrison was taken from the county jail at Marianna by a white mob and hanged (lynched) near Greenwood. His case had been in the courts for two years in appeals after the African-American man was arrested and twice convicted by all-white juries and sentenced to death for the 1940 murder of a white man. He had confessed without benefit of counsel, and his convictions were overturned by the Florida Supreme Court as a result. But whites were tired of waiting for the case to be resolved, and lynched him. President Franklin D. Roosevelt directed the Department of Justice to investigate Harrison's lynching; he felt it was terrible that blacks were getting lynched at home while the U.S. was ostensibly fighting for freedom in Europe. But no one was ever prosecuted for Harrison's death.[12]

Florida School for Boys
Florida Industrial School for Boys
Main article: Florida School for Boys

The Florida School for Boys, a large state reform school, operated in Marianna from January 1, 1900, to June 30, 2011. For a time, it was the largest juvenile reform institution in the United States. Throughout its 111-year history, the school gained a reputation for abuse, beatings, rapes, and torture of students by staff. It was rumored that students had died there as a result of injuries. Despite periodic investigations, changes of leadership, and promises by the state to improve conditions, the allegations of cruelty and abuse continued.

Many of the allegations were confirmed by separate investigations by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement in 2010 and the Civil Rights Division of the United States Department of Justice in 2011. State authorities closed the school permanently in June 2011. In 2015, a multi-year investigation of the cemetery and grounds by the University of South Florida (USF), which was attempting to find undocumented burials on the grounds, revealed details of a secret "rape dungeon", where boys younger than 12 were sexually abused. It positively identified five bodies from remains recovered on the grounds.[13] By January 2016, the end of the USF's studies of the grounds and exhumation of remains, it had identified 55 previously unknown burials, made a match for seven bodies through DNA, and presumptively identified another 14 sets of remains of 51 found. 27 more graves were discovered in 2019.[14] The team created a website containing documentation of their investigation and will continue to work with state agencies and families of former students to identify more remains.

Hurricane Michael

The city was one of several Florida Panhandle communities devastated by Category 5 Hurricane Michael on October 10, 2018.[15] The downtown area was heavily hit, with several historic buildings collapsing and blocking Lafayette Street, which is the main road. The city was without power for three weeks, which caused extensive school cancellations. More than 80% of homes and businesses in Marianna were heavily damaged or destroyed due to Michael's extreme winds. Millions of dollars in insurance claims were filed and the area also suffered millions of dollars in economic losses. This hurricane is the worst natural disaster to ever strike Marianna, surpassing the damages caused by a F-3 tornado spawned by Hurricane Ivan in September 2004.

Geography

Marianna is located in central Jackson County at 30°46′35″N 85°14′17″W (30.776370, -85.238149).[16] U.S. Route 90 passes through the center of town as Lafayette Street, leading east 14 miles (23 km) to Grand Ridge and west 9 miles (14 km) to Cottondale. Interstate 10 passes through the southern end of the city, leading east 65 miles (105 km) to Tallahassee, the state capital, and west 130 miles (210 km) to Pensacola. Access to Marianna is at Exit 136, Florida State Road 276.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 16.8 square miles (43.6 km2), of which 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2), or 0.29%, are water.[17] The Chipola River, which forms the eastern border of the city, is part of the Apalachicola River watershed.

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
1850356—
186044023.6%
187066350.7%
1880586−11.6%
189092658.0%
1900900−2.8%
19101,915112.8%
19202,49930.5%
19303,37234.9%
19405,07950.6%
19505,84515.1%
19607,15222.4%
19707,2821.8%
19807,006−3.8%
19906,292−10.2%
20006,230−1.0%
20106,102−2.1%
Est. 20195,803[2]−4.9%
U.S. Decennial Census[18]

As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 6,230 people, 2,398 households, and 1,395 families residing in the city. The population density was 776.1 inhabitants per square mile (299.6/km2). There were 2,764 housing units at an average density of 344.3 per square mile (132.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 56.8% White, 40.2% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.9% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6% of the population.

There were 2,398 households, out of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.3% were married couples living together, 20.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.8% were non-families. 38.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.96.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.7% under the age of 18, 11.8% from 18 to 24, 22.3% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $23,861, and the median income for a family was $29,590. Males had a median income of $28,500 versus $21,530 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,021. About 20.9% of families and 28.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 41.7% of those under age 18 and 34.6% of those age 65 or over.

Education

Jackson County School Board operates public K-12 schools. Marianna has five schools, all of which usually perform in the high C-low B range in the state's FCAT grade scale. Golson for grades K-2, Riverside Elementary for grades 3–5, Marianna Middle School for grades 6–8, and Marianna High School for grades 9-12.

Chipola College, home of the Chipola Indians, is the choice for many residents and offers dual-enrollment classes for high school students. The college is a four-year state institution offering bachelor's degrees in nine programs. Additionally, students can earn masters and doctoral degrees on the Chipola Campus through Troy State University, University of Florida, University of West Florida, and Florida State University.

Chipola River

From 1961 to 1966, a junior college, Jackson Junior College, served African-American students. It closed in 1966 after passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the opening of Chipola Junior College (today Chipola College) to all students.[19]

The main branch of the Jackson County Library System is located in Marianna at 2929 Green Street. In 2018 it underwent a remodel and now offers an improved children's area, as well as an elevator and ADA accessible restrooms. The library provides public computers with internet access, free Wi-Fi, and numerous programs for every age group. The Jackson County Library System is also a member of the Panhandle Public Library Cooperative System (PPLCS). Membership in PPLCS enables Jackson County library users access to many online resources such as Rosetta Stone, genealogy and automotive repair databases, and downloadable E-books and E-audio books, in addition to a shared catalog of library materials from Jackson, Calhoun, and Holmes County Library Systems.

Transportation

The city is served by J-trans, a bus transit system that runs through the whole city.

Freight service is provided by the Florida Gulf & Atlantic Railroad, which acquired most of the former CSX main line from Pensacola to Jacksonville on June 1, 2019.

Marianna Municipal Airport was developed at a former World War II Army Air Corps base that was transferred to the city. It is a public-use airport located 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of the central business district.

Attractions
Florida Caverns State Park

Marianna is an official Florida Main Street town. The downtown area has been restored to look as it did many years ago, to encourage heritage tourism and emphasize its unique character and a pedestrian-friendly neighborhood. The downtown area includes the Marianna Historic District, which has a number of antebellum homes.

Florida Caverns State Park is located 2 miles (3 km) north of town. There is also cave diving in underwater Blue Springs. St. Luke's Episcopal Church and cemetery are state landmarks, as they had a principal role in the U.S. Civil War battle of Marianna in 1864.

The Chipola River is a source of recreation during all but the winter months.

Notable people
  • St. Luke Baptist Church
  • St. Luke's Episcopal Church
  • Joseph W. Russ, Jr. House
  • Ely-Criglar Plantation House
gollark: At least you can still probably get IRC on port 6697.
gollark: That seems worryingly plausible.
gollark: I'm pretty sure I remember there being some vulnerabilities in older Qualcomm wireless chips/drivers, patches for which will just never reach most of the affected stuff.
gollark: It would be especially great if, like phones now, your car just didn't get security patches after 5 months, and gained an ever-growing pile of remotely exploitable vulnerabilities.
gollark: They should probably just not have network access, except for a wired connection to upload maps and such. Unfortunately, someone will definitely do something stupid like... have a 4G connection in it for interweb browsing, make the entire thing run some accursed Android derivative and put the self-driving code on there too, and expose that to the user, and make it wildly insecure.

See also

References
  1. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  2. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  3. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  4. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  5. "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Marianna city, Florida". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  6. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  7. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  8. Federal Writers' Project (1939). Florida. A Guide to the Southernmost State. New York: Oxford University Press.
  9. "Suicide of Gov. Milton, of Florida". The New York Times. 1865-05-01. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  10. Cox, Dale (2010). The History of Jackson County, Florida: The Civil War Years. Two Egg, FL: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 191. ISBN 978-1448685141.
  11. Wasserman, Adam (2010). A People's History of Florida 1513–1876. How Africans, Seminoles, Women, and Lower Class Whites Shaped the Sunshine State (4th ed.). Sarasota, Florida. ISBN 9781442167094.
  12. Tameka Bradley Hobbs, Democracy Abroad, Lynching at Home: Racial Violence in Florida, Oxford University Press, 2015
  13. Luscombe, Richard (6 February 2015). "'Rape Dungeon' Allegations Emerge in Abuse Report on Dozier School for Boys". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  14. Stofan, Jake (April 11, 2019). "Additional 27 suspected graves identified at Dozier School for Boys". WJXT (news4jax).
  15. Osbourne, Heather (2018-10-19). "HURRICANE MICHAEL: Cottondale, Marianna pick up pieces". Northwest Florida Daily News. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  16. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
  17. "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  18. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  19. Walter L. Smith, The Magnificent Twelve: Florida's Black Junior Colleges, Winter Park, Florida, FOUR-G Publishers, 1994, ISBN 1885066015, pp. 211-225.
  20. "In Memoriam: Monnie T. Cheves". Alexandria Daily Town Talk. Alexandria, Louisiana. August 17, 1988. p. D3. Archived from the original on September 10, 2014. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
  21. Whitburn, Joel (1996). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Country Hits, pp.128–29. ISBN 0-8230-7632-6.
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