Mantineia

Mantineia (also Mantinea /ˌmæntəˈniːə/; Greek: Μαντίνεια; also Koine Greek Ἀντιγόνεια Antigoneia) was a city in ancient Arcadia, Greece, which was the site of two significant battles in Classical Greek history.

Mantineia Μαντίνεια
Mantineia Location within the regional unit
Coordinates: 37°37′3.51″N 22°23′34.33″E
Country	Greece
Administrative region	Peloponnese
Regional unit	Arcadia
Municipality	Tripoli
• Municipal unit	205.393 km^2 (79.303 sq mi)
Elevation	600 m (2,000 ft)
Population  (2011)[1]
• Municipal unit	2,114
• Municipal unit density	10/km^2 (27/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code	220 05
Area code(s)	2710
Vehicle registration	TP

In modern times it is a former municipality in Arcadia, Peloponnese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Tripoli, of which it is a municipal unit.[2] Its seat was the village of Nestani (pop. 486 in 2011). It is located in the northeastern part of Arcadia. The municipal unit has a land area of 205.393 km²[3] and a population of 2,114 inhabitants. Its largest other towns are Artemisio, Loukas, and Kapsas.

History

The city emerged from the amalgamation of several neighbouring villages around 500 BC.[4] Its patron god was Poseidon. It was a large city with numerous temples. The fortifications originally were polygonal.[5] The temple of Artemis Hymnia, just on the north of the city, is mentioned by Pausanias.[6] Diotima, who influenced Socrates, supposedly was a priestess there. Near the city was the dam of Mantineia, one of the most advanced examples of ancient technology.[7]

The city was the place of the First Battle of Mantineia, in 418 BC, the largest land battle of the Peloponnesian War. On one side were Sparta and its remaining allies, and on the other were Athens, its allies, plus the cities that had revolted against the Spartans. After the Athenians' commander, Laches, was killed, the battle turned into a rout of the Athenian and allied armies, a result attributed to greater Spartan courage.

Mantineia had been a member of the Peloponnesian League, but during the Peloponnesian War, the city joined Athens. After the war, it was forced to rejoin the Peloponnese. Later, Sparta used the Peace of Antalcidas (387 BC) as a pretext to break Mantineia into its constituent villages. In response, the Mantineans expelled pro-Spartans from the city, but were vanquished in the Siege of Mantinea (385 BC), and the city was dismembered and destroyed. After the Spartan defeat at the end of the Corinthian War, Mantineia re-formed into a single city. The fortifications now became almost circular, keeping some parts of the old walls.[8]

The Second Battle of Mantinea, in 362 BC, led to the fall of Theban hegemony. In that battle, Athens and Sparta were allied. Thebes won the battle, but its greatest general, Epaminondas, was killed in the fighting.

Macedonian king Antigonus III Doson sacked the city at 223 BC. Antigonus handed the city to the Achaeans, which colonized it, under Aratos, and renamed the city to Antigonia.[9]

Roman emperor Hadrian restored Mantineia's name.[10] In 130 AD he visited the city and built a temple dedicated to his lover Antinous.[11]

Some decades later, probably few years before 166 AD,[12] Pausanias visited the area and described the ruins and remains of the city at the time in his 8th book.[13]

Modern-day Mantineia is the region around the city of Tripoli in Arcadia, and was named after the namesake city of old. It is also the name of a Protected designation of origin of Greek blanc de gris wine, made of the moschofilero grape traditionally grown in the region. The seat of Mantineia is Nestani, home to about one-fifth (20%) of the population.

Mountains surround the valley, including the Lyrkeia mountains as well as the Mainalo mountains to the southwest. The valley consists of vineyards, potato and wheat farms, as well as other crops, and covers about half of the municipality. Several floods ravaged Mantineia in the mid-20th century, even to the extent of forming a lake that has since been drained. Forests dominate the mountains. Rocks and grasslands cover most of the northeast.

The Mantineia Marble, dated to the 4th century BC and now exhibited at National Archaeological Museum of Athens, depicts the mythical contest between Apollo and Marsyas, with a Greek pandouris being played by a muse seated on a rock. This is important to researchers into the history of musical instruments.[14] Lutes have been present in ancient Greece [15]

Democracy in Mantineia

There was a democracy in place in Mantineia by 420 BC, when Thucydides says that the Mantineans joined an alliance led by Argos because it was a fellow democracy.[16] Aristotle describes an unusual feature of the Mantinean system: officials were elected, not by the people as a whole, but by a special committee selected by the people.[17] For this committee to be selected, the people did have to attend an Assembly of sorts, probably once a year, and there was also a Council,[18] like in other Greek democracies. Officials included damiourgoi (a political role) as well as theoroi (a religious one) and polemarchoi (military).[19] In 385 the Spartans forcibly suppressed the democracy, though it did have a brief revival in the 360s when Mantineia was part of the Arcadian League.[20]

Subdivisions

The municipal unit Mantineia is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):

• Artemisio
• Kapsas
• Loukas (Loukas, Milia)
• Nestani (Nestani, Milea, Gorgoepikoos Monastery)
• Pikernis
• Sanga
• Simiades (Simiades, Neos Kardaras)
• Skopi[21]

Folk Songs

Mantineian folk music mainly consists of the songs with meters 6/4, 4/4 and 7/8.These meters are often the building blocks of the Mantineian folk dances: Tsamiko, Syrto, and Kalamatiano respectively. [22] The meter 7/8, is the most common meter found in the province.[23]

Folk Musical Instruments

There were many musical instruments in ancient Greece, however, daouli and karamoutza are the most common instruments existed in the villages of the province Mantineia. [24]Some regions similar to Chrisovitsi, didn't have these folk instruments.[25] The folk music of Chrisovitsi mostly consisted of vocal songs and the instrument floghera.[25] With the tradition of dance songs sang by the lead dancer in Chrisovitsi, there is no evidence of existence of any folk instruments.[25]

"Le musée des instruments de musique populaire grecque (Athènes)"

Types of Folk Songs

Klephtic Songs

Klephtic songs are about a historical event and the hardships specific villages went through.[25] Klephtic songs are free-meter songs[26] and they can be in chromatic or/and diatonic modes.[25]

Wedding Songs

Wedding songs can differ from village to village and the major steps of weddings are followed by music[27]: patinadha is played with daouli and karamoutza announcing the time for the ceromony to the village, "My Venetian Padlock" [28] sang by the bride when her dowry is displayed after the wedding, when going to her future home, a Kandhylian melody is being played, and at the reception "Sitting at this Wedding Table"[29] is sang by the priest for blessing.[30]

Road Songs

Road songs gets its name from the occasion they were sang, which was on the road by the workers who were going back to their home.[30] Unlike Wedding songs, road songs are not different in each village, instead, the dances for the songs do differ with either a Syrto or Kalamatiano.[30] Road songs usually are happy songs that talk about love and nature.[30]

Laments or Mirologhia Songs

Laments are sang often by widows, only women, and include positive thoughts about the deceased in the province of Mantinea.[30] There is not much of a recording of Laments since it is believed to bring death to a loved one of the person who sang it without a reason.[30]

Historical population

Year	Municipal unit
1991	3,628
2001	3,510
2011	2,114

Province

The province of Mantineia (Greek: Επαρχία Μαντινείας) was one of the provinces of the Arcadia Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipality Tripoli. Its seat was the town Tripoli.[31] It was abolished in 2006.

People

• Demonax, lawgiver (6th century BC)
• Nicodorus, lawgiver (5th century BC)
• Diotima, a female philosopher identified in Plato's Symposium
• Lastheneia, a female philosopher and student of Plato
• Lycomedes, politician (died 366 BC)

See also

• List of ancient Greek cities
• List of settlements in Arcadia

References

1. "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.
2. Kallikratis law Greece Ministry of Interior (in Greek)
3. "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
4. David Sacks, Oswyn Murray, Lisa R. Brody, Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World, p. 199
5. Matthew P. Maher, The Fortifications of Arkadian City States, p. 229
6. Pausanias, Description of Greece 8. 5. 11, retrieved from http://www.theoi.com/Cult/ArtemisCult2.html
7. S. A. Paipetis, Science and Technology in Homeric Epics, p. 247
8. Matthew P. Maher, The Fortifications of Arkadian City States, p. 229
9. Getzel M. Cohen, The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands, and Asia Minor, p. 123
10. W. Hazlitt, The Classical Gazetteer, London 1851, p. 215
11. Jerome Jordan Pollitt, The Art of Rome C.753 B.C.-A.D. 337: Sources and Documents, p. 179
12. Cambridge University Press, Pausanias's Description of Greece, p. xvii
13. Pausanias, book 8, 8.12..7, retrieved from http://www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias8A.html#7
14. 4th century BC, the trichord, pandouris on a Greek marble in ancient Greece.
15. Pandura, the first appearance in Greece.
16. Thucydides 5.29.1
17. Pol. 1318b22-33
18. Thuc. 5.47.9
19. E. Robinson, Democracy Beyond Athens (Cambridge, 2011), p. 39.
20. E. Robinson, Democracy Beyond Athens (Cambridge, 2011), pp. 41-44.
21. Hodkinson, Stephen; Hodkinson, Hilary (1981). "Mantineia and the Mantinike: Settlement and Society in a Greek Polis". The Annual of the British School at Athens. 76: 243. ISSN 0068-2454. JSTOR 30103036.
22. Chianis, Sotirios. (1965). Folk songs of Mantineia, Greece. Univ. of California Press. p. 4. OCLC 53421819.
23. Chianis, Sotirios. (1965). Folk songs of Mantineia, Greece. Univ. of California Press. p. 5. OCLC 53421819.
24. Chianis, Sotirios. (1965). Folk songs of Mantineia, Greece. Univ. of California Press. pp. 8–11. OCLC 53421819.
25. Chianis, Sotirios. (1965). Folk songs of Mantineia, Greece. Univ. of California Press. p. 11. OCLC 53421819.
26. Chianis, Sotirios. (1965). Folk songs of Mantineia, Greece. Univ. of California Press. p. 3. OCLC 53421819.
27. Chianis, Sotirios. (1965). Folk songs of Mantineia, Greece. Univ. of California Press. p. 12. OCLC 53421819.
28. Chianis, Sotirios. (1965). Folk songs of Mantineia, Greece. Univ. of California Press. pp. 104–105. OCLC 53421819.
29. Chianis, Sotirios. (1965). Folk songs of Mantineia, Greece. Univ. of California Press. pp. 112–113. OCLC 53421819.
30. Chianis, Sotirios. (1965). Folk songs of Mantineia, Greece. Univ. of California Press. p. 13. OCLC 53421819.
31. "Detailed census results 1991" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. (39 MB) (in Greek and French)

External links

• Ancient Mantineia (in Greek)