Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar

The Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar (Navy and Marine Corps designation R4Q) was an American military transport aircraft developed from the World War II-era Fairchild C-82 Packet, designed to carry cargo, personnel, litter patients, and mechanized equipment, and to drop cargo and troops by parachute. The first C-119 made its initial flight in November 1947, and by the time production ceased in 1955, more than 1,100 C-119s had been built. Its cargo-hauling ability and unusual twin-boom design earned it the nickname "Flying Boxcar".

C-119 Flying Boxcar
Role Military transport aircraft
Manufacturer Fairchild Aircraft
First flight 17 November 1947
Introduction December 1949
Retired 1995 Republic of China Air Force[1]
Primary users United States Air Force
United States Navy
United States Marine Corps
Produced 1949–1955
Number built 1,183
Developed from Fairchild C-82 Packet
Variants Fairchild AC-119
Developed into Fairchild XC-120 Packplane
French Union paratroops dropping from a C-119 over Dien Bien Phu in 1954
C-119C, AF Ser. No. 51-2640, 781st Troop Carrier Squadron / 465th Troop Carrier Wing.
AC-119G gunship

Development

The Air Force C-119 and Navy R4Q was initially a redesign of the earlier C-82 Packet, built between 1945 and 1948. The Packet provided service to the Air Force's Tactical Air Command and Military Air Transport Service for nearly nine years during which time its design was found to have several serious problems. All of these were addressed in the C-119.

In contrast to the C-82, the cockpit was moved forward to fit flush with the nose rather than its previous location over the cargo compartment. This resulted in more usable cargo space and larger loads than the C-82 could accommodate. The C-119 also featured more powerful engines, and a wider and stronger airframe. The first C-119 prototype (called the XC-82B) first flew in November 1947, with deliveries of C-119Bs from Fairchild's Hagerstown, Maryland factory beginning in December 1949.[2]

In 1951, Henry J. Kaiser was awarded a contract to assemble additional C-119s at the Kaiser-Frazer automotive factory located in the former B-24 plant at Willow Run Airport in Belleville, Michigan. Initially, the Kaiser-built C-119F differed from the Fairchild aircraft by the use of Wright R-3350-85 Duplex Cyclone engines in place of Fairchild's use of the Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major radial engine. Kaiser built 71 C-119s at Willow Run in 1952 and 1953 (AF Ser. No. 51-8098 to 51-8168) before converting the factory for a planned production of the Chase C-123 that never eventuated. The Kaiser sub-contract was frowned upon by Fairchild, and efforts were made through political channels to stop Kaiser's production, which may have proven successful. Following Kaiser's termination of C-119 production the contract for the C-123 was instead awarded to Fairchild. Most Kaiser-built aircraft were issued to the U.S. Marine Corps as R4Qs, with several later turned over to the South Vietnamese air force in the 1970s.

The AC-119G "Shadow" gunship variant was fitted with four six-barrel 7.62×51mm NATO miniguns, armor plating, flare launchers, and night-capable infrared equipment. Like the AC-130 that preceded it, the AC-119 proved to be a potent weapon. The AC-119 was made more deadly by the introduction of the AC-119K "Stinger" version, which featured the addition of two General Electric M61 Vulcan 20 mm cannon, improved avionics, and two underwing-mounted General Electric J85-GE-17 turbojet engines, adding nearly 6,000 lbf (27 kN) of thrust.

Other major variants included the EC-119J, used for satellite tracking, and the YC-119H Skyvan prototype, with larger wings and tail.

In civilian use, many C-119s feature the "Jet-Pack" modification, which incorporates a 3,400 lbf (15,000 N) Westinghouse J34 turbojet engine in a nacelle above the fuselage.

Production

Number built: 1,183 consisting of:

  • 1,112 built by Fairchild
  • 71 built by Kaiser-Frazer Corp

Two additional airframes were built by Fairchild for static tests

Operational history
403rd TCW C-119s drop the 187th RCT over Korea, 1952.
C-119 in flight

The aircraft saw extensive action during the Korean War as a troop and equipment transport. In July 1950, four C-119s were sent to FEAF for service tests. Two months later, the C-119 deployed with the 314th Troop Carrier Group and served in Korea throughout the war.[3]

In December 1950, after People's Republic of China Expeditionary People's Volunteer Army troops blew up a bridge [N 1]at a narrow point on the evacuation route between Koto-ri and Hungnam, blocking the withdrawal of U.N. forces, eight U.S. Air Force C-119 Flying Boxcars flown by the 314th Troop Carrier Group.[5][N 2] were used to drop portable bridge sections by parachute. The bridge, consisting of eight separate sixteen-foot long, 2,900-pound sections, was dropped one section at a time, using two parachutes on each section. Four of these sections, together with additional wooden extensions were successfully reassembled into a replacement bridge by Marine Corps combat engineers and the US Army 58th Engineer Treadway Bridge Company, enabling U.N. forces to reach Hungnam.

From 1951 to 1962, C-119C, F and G models served with U.S. Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) and Far East Air Forces (FEAF) as the first-line Combat Cargo units, and did yeoman work as freight haulers with the 60th Troop Carrier Wing, the 317th Troop Carrier Wing and the 465th Troop Carrier Wing in Europe, based first in Germany and then in France with roughly 150 aircraft operating anywhere from Greenland to India. A similar number of aircraft served in the Pacific and the Far East. In 1958, the 317th absorbed the 465th, and transitioned to the C-130s, but the units of the former 60th Troop Carrier Wing, the 10th, 11th and 12th Troop Carrier Squadrons, continued to fly C-119s until 1962, the last non-Air Force Reserve and non-Air National Guard operational units to fly the "Boxcars."

The USAF Strategic Air Command had C-119 Flying Boxcars in service from 1955 to 1973.

Perhaps the most remarkable use of the C-119 was the aerial recovery of balloons, UAVs, and even satellites. The first use of this technique was in 1955, when C-119s were used to recover Ryan AQM-34 Firebee unmanned targets.[6] The 456th Troop Carrier Wing, which was attached to the Strategic Air Command (SAC) from 25 April 1955 – 26 May 1956, used C-119s to retrieve instrument packages from high-altitude reconnaissance balloons. C-119s from the 6593rd Test Squadron based at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii performed several aerial recoveries of film-return capsules during the early years of the Corona spy satellite program. On 19 August 1960, the recovery by a C-119 of film from the Corona mission code-named Discoverer 14 was the first successful recovery of film from an orbiting satellite and the first aerial recovery of an object returning from Earth orbit.[7]

The C-119 went on to see extensive service in French Indochina, beginning in 1953 with aircraft secretly loaned by the CIA to French forces for troop support. These aircraft were generally flown in French markings by American CIA pilots often accompanied by French officers and support staff. The C-119 was to play a major role during the siege at Dien Bien Phu, where they flew into increasingly heavy fire while dropping supplies to the besieged French forces.[8] The only two American pilot casualties of the siege at Dien Bien Phu were James B. McGovern Jr. and Wallace A. Buford. Both pilots, together with a French crew member, were killed in early June, 1954, when their C-119, while making an artillery drop, was hit and crippled by Viet Minh anti-aircraft fire; the aircraft then flew an additional 75 miles (121 km) into Laos before it crashed.

During the Sino-Indian War of 1962, the C-119 was extensively used to supply Indian forces. President Kennedy allowed sales of spare C-119 on a priority basis upon request by the Indian government.

During the Vietnam War, the incredible success of the Douglas AC-47 Spooky but limitations of the size and carrying capacity of the plane led the USAF to develop a larger plane to carry more surveillance gear, weaponry, and ammunition, the AC-130 Spectre. However, due to the strong demands of C-130s for cargo use there were not enough Hercules frames to provide Spectres for operations against the enemy. The USAF filled the gap by converting C-119s into AC-119s each equipped with four 7.62 minigun pods, a Xenon searchlight, night observation sight, flare launcher, fire control computer and TRW fire control safety display to prevent incidents of friendly fire. The new AC-119 squadron was given the call-sign "Creep" that launched a wave of indignation that led the Air Force to change the name to "Shadow" on 1 December 1968.[9] C-119Gs were modified as AC-119G Shadows and AC-119K Stingers. They were used successfully in both close air support missions in South Vietnam and interdiction missions against trucks and supplies along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. All the AC-119G Gunships were transferred to the Republic of Vietnam Air Force starting in 1970 as the American forces began to be withdrawn.

Fairchild C-119G of the Royal Belgian Air Force in 1965

During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Air National Guard and USAF Reserve pilots flew C-119's to drop parachutist students for the US Army Parachute School at Ft. Benning, Georgia.

After retirement from active duty, substantial numbers of C-119s and R4Qs soldiered on in the U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, the Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard until the mid-1970s, the R4Qs also being redesignated as C-119s in 1962. The last military use of the C-119 by the United States ended in 1974 when a single squadron of Navy Reserve C-119s based at Naval Air Facility Detroit/Selfridge Air National Guard Base near Detroit, Michigan, and two squadrons based at Naval Air Station Los Alamitos, California replaced their C-119s with newer aircraft.

Many C-119s were provided to other nations as part of the Military Assistance Program, including Belgium, Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Italy, Jordan, Taiwan, and (as previously mentioned) South Vietnam. The type was also used by the Royal Canadian Air Force, and by the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps under the designation R4Q until 1962 when they were also redesignated as C-119.

Civilian use
C-119C shown in Hemet Valley Flying Service livery as Tanker 82 before being retired; now at the Milestones of Flight Museum in Lancaster California. (note the jet pod above the fuselage).
C-119G instrument panel

A number of aircraft were acquired by companies who were contracted by the United States Forest Service (USFS) and the Bureau of Land Management to provide airtankers for fighting wildfires. Others were pressed into civilian cargo service. After a series of crashes, the age and safety of the aircraft being used as airtankers became a serious concern, and the U.S. C-119 airtanker fleet was permanently grounded in 1987. Eventually, many of these aircraft were provided to museums across the U.S. in a complicated – and ultimately illegal – scheme where stored USAF Lockheed C-130 Hercules transports and Navy Lockheed P-3 Orion anti-submarine patrol aircraft were provided to the contractors in exchange for the C-119s.[10] (See U.S. Forest Service airtanker scandal.) After the end of the airtanker days, many C-119s flew in Alaska for Northern Pacific Transport, Gifford Aviation, Stebbins & Ambler Air transport, and Delta Associates, being used for public service contracts, such as hauling building materials to the villages in the bush of Alaska that have no road access. Several aircraft were observed, as late as 1990, by paratroopers with the 6th Infantry Division, to be in Forest Service use as jump planes for "smokejumper" firefighters in Alaska. These aircraft were boarded and toured, by the Army paratroopers, at Ft Wainwright, Alaska.

Variants
XC-119A
The XC-82B modified to production standards, later became C-119A, then EC-119A as an electronics test bed.
C-119B
Production variant with two P&W R-4360-30 engines, 55 built.
C-119C
As C-119B with ventral fins added and tailplane extensions removed, 303 built.
YC-119D
Project for a version with three-wheeled landing gear and removable pod, was designated XC-128A, none built.
YC-119E
Project for a version of the 119D with two R-3350 engines, was designated XC-128B, none built.
YC-119F
One C-119C modified with two R-3350-85 engines.
C-119F
Production variant, (71 produced by Henry Kaiser with Wright R-3350 engines), 256 built for the USAF and RCAF.
C-119G
As C-119F with different propellers, 480 built.
AC-119G Shadow
C-119G modified as gunships, 26 conversions.
YC-119H
Re-designed version with extended wing and modified tail surface, one converted from a C-119C.
C-119J
C-119F and G converted with a modified rear fuselage, 62 conversions.
EC-119J
Conversions for satellite tracking.
MC-119J
Used for aircraft equipped for medical evacuation role.
RC-119
Reconnaissance aircraft used by the Vietnamese Air Force
YC-119K
One C-119G modified with two General Electric J85 turbojets in underwing pods.
C-119K
Five C-119Gs modified as YC-119K.
AC-119K Stinger
C-119G modified to C-119K standard as gunships, 26 conversions.
C-119L
Modified variant of the C-119Gs, 22 conversions.
XC-120 Packplane
A USMC R4Q-1 of VMR-252 in 1950.
One C-119B converted with removable cargo pod.
C-128
Initially used designation for YC-119D and YC-119E variant.
R4Q-1
United States Navy & United States Marine Corps version of the C-119C, 39 built.
R4Q-2
United States Navy and United States Marine Corps version of the C-119F, later re-designated C-119F, 58 built.

Civilian modified versions
Steward-Davis Jet-Pak C-119
Civil conversions of Fairchild C-119s with 3,400 lbf (15 kN) Westinghouse J34-WE-36 dorsal jet-pods. Increased take-off weight of 77,000 lb (35,000 kg). 29 jet-pak kits were supplied to the US civil market and 27 to the Indian Air Force.
Steward-Davis Stolmaster
A single C-119 conversion, with quick-attach J34 jet-packs. A single conversion in 1967.

Operators
 Belgium
  • Belgian Air Force received 40 new aircraft using Mutual Defense Air Program (MDAP) funds delivered from 1952, 18 x C-119F and 22 C-119Gs. Six surplus USAF C-119G were acquired in 1960.
 Brazil
  • Brazilian Air Force received 11 former USAF C-119Gs using Military Aid Program funding in 1962. An additional USAF C-119G was acquired in 1962 as an attrition replacement.
    • 2nd Squadron of the 1st Group of transporting troops
 Canada
 Republic of China (Taiwan)
 Ethiopia
  • Ethiopian Air Force received eight former USAF aircraft using Military Aid Program funding, after modification to C-119K standard with underwing auxiliary jets they were delivered in two batched, five in 1970 and three in 1971. Two former Belgian Air Force C-119Gs were acquired as spares source.
 France
 India
 Italy
  • Italian Air Force operated 40 C-119G new aircraft as Mutual Defence Assistance Program, five C-119G former USAF and transferred to United Nations in December 1960 and 25 C-119J surplus USAF / ANG aircraft.[11]
 Jordan
 Morocco
 Norway
 Spain
 South Vietnam
  • Republic of Vietnam Air Force received 91 aircraft transferred from USAF.
 United Nations
  • Five former USAF aircraft donated, operated by the Indian Air Force then passed to the Italian Air Force.
 United States

Accidents and incidents
  • 7 November 1952: Flight "Gamble Chalk One" (AF Ser. No. 51-2560), part of Exercise Warm Wind, flew off course and crashed in Mt. Silverthrone, Alaska, killing 19.[12]
  • 15 November 1952: Flight callsign "Warmwind Three"[13] (AF Ser. No. 51-2570), part of Exercise Warm Wind, flew off course and was lost. 20 pronounced dead.[14]
  • 23 June 1953: Shortly after a ground control approached (GCA) radar monitored takeoff from Ashiya Air Base, Japan, a U.S. Air Force C-119 Flying Boxcar (AF Ser. No. 49-0161) turned to a heading 005 degrees magnetic (dm) and began a normal climb through the overcast. The pilot then reported that the C-119 may have scraped the tail skid on takeoff; additionally all the left seat (pilot side) gyroscopic instruments (Gyros) were not operational. A few seconds later, the pilot requested immediate GCA vector to Ashiya AB, stating that co-pilot would have to fly the GCA approach from the right seat. The GCA was continuously tracking them and reported its location as 12 miles north of Ashiya AB, instructing co-pilot to turn right to a heading of 210 degrees. Then 49-161 disappeared from radar. All on board were lost
  • 17 July 1953: Shortly after takeoff from NAS Whiting Field, Florida, a United States Marine Corps R4Q-2 transporting 40 NROTC midshipmen apparently lost power in the port engine, and crashed and burned after hitting a clump of trees. Six injured men were found in the wreckage, but only two midshipmen and one of the six crewmen survived.[15]
  • 10 August 1955: Two aircraft of a nine-plane USAF flight on a training mission collided over Edelweiler, Germany. One of the C-119s had developed engine trouble and lost altitude, causing it to strike another aircraft in the formation. A total of 66 people on board the two aircraft were killed.
  • 27 March 1958: USAF C-119C, AF Ser. No. 49-0195, collided in midair with USAF Douglas C-124C Globemaster II, AF Ser. No. 52-0981 over farmland near Bridgeport, Texas, USA, killing all 15 on the Globemaster and all 3 on the Flying Boxcar. The two transports crossed paths over a VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) navigational radio beacon during cruise flight under instrument flight rules in low visibility. The C-124 was on a north-northeasterly heading flying at its properly assigned altitude of 7,000 feet (2,100 m); the C-119 was on a southeasterly heading, and the crew had been instructed to fly at 6,000 feet (1,800 m), but their aircraft was not flying at this altitude when the collision occurred.[16][17]
  • 12 December 1961: Two Belgian C-119 aircraft collided mid-air due to a lack of coordination at flight control, while attempting to land at Chièvres Air Base. All occupants of both aircraft were killed (13 in total).
  • 5 June 1965: 51-2680, a C-119G operated by the US Air Force disappeared on a military transport flight between Homestead Air Force Base, Florida and Grand Turk Island Airport. Five crew and four air force mechanics were killed in the accident.[18]
  • 30 September 1966: A United States Air Force C-119 crashed into a mountain peak in the Angeles National Forest, killing all four men aboard.[19]
  • 16 December 1968: A C-119 assigned to the Air Force Reserve's 910th Tactical Air Support Group at Youngstown, Ohio, crashed shortly after its departure from Naval Station Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico on a flight to Homestead AFB, Florida. The wreckage was found at an elevation of 3,400 feet (1,000 m) near El Yunque. All eight occupants were killed. (Source: The Miami News, page 6-A, Dec. 17, 1968)

Surviving aircraft

A number of C-119s have been preserved in museums:

Belgium
C-119 in the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and of Military History, Brussels

Brazil

India
  • IK444 – C-119 on static display at the 50th Parachute Brigade's Officer's Mess of the former Paratrooper's Training School in Agra, Uttar Pradesh. It has been converted to a bar.[25]
  • IK450 – C-119G on static display at the Indian Air Force Museum, Palam in New Delhi. This unit is fitted with an external jet-pack.[26]

Italy

South Korea

Taiwan

United States
A former Canadian C-119G at the Air Mobility Command Museum.
Fairchild C-119L 53-8076 at the Museum of Flight and Aerial Firefighting in Greybull, Wyoming

Specifications (C-119C)
C-119 Flying Boxcars from the 403rd Troop Carrier Wing.

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1951–52[111]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 5 (pilot, co-pilot, navigator, radio operator and crew chief)
  • Capacity: 67 troops or 35 stretchers or 27,500 lb (12,500 kg) cargo[112]
  • Length: 86 ft 6 in (26.37 m)
  • Wingspan: 109 ft 3 in (33.30 m)
  • Height: 26 ft 6 in (8.08 m)
  • Wing area: 1,447 sq ft (134.4 m2)
  • Empty weight: 39,800 lb (18,053 kg)
  • Gross weight: 64,000 lb (29,030 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 74,000 lb (33,566 kg)
  • Fuel capacity: 2,800 US gal (2,300 imp gal; 11,000 L)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-4360-20W 28-cylinder air-cooled radial engines, 3,500 hp (2,600 kW) each [N 3]
  • Propellers: 4-bladed Hamilton-Standard Hydromatic, 15 ft 0 in (4.57 m) diameter

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 281 mph (452 km/h, 244 kn) at 18,000 ft (5,500 m)
  • Cruise speed: 200 mph (320 km/h, 170 kn) (70% normal rated power)[112]
  • Stall speed: 102 mph (164 km/h, 89 kn)
  • Range: 1,770 mi (2,850 km, 1,540 nmi) with 5,500 lb (2,500 kg) cargo
  • Service ceiling: 23,900 ft (7,300 m)
  • Rate of climb: 1,010 ft/min (5.1 m/s)
  • Take-off run to 50 ft (15 m): 2,300 ft (700 m)
  • Landing run from 50 ft (15 m): 1,890 ft (580 m)

Notable appearances in media
Main article: Aircraft in fiction § C-119 Flying Boxcar
gollark: ++remind "3rd june 2021 03:11pm" weird message
gollark: ++remind "3rd june 03:11pm" weird message
gollark: Too bad, I already did.
gollark: Ah, I see.
gollark: https://john.mondecitronne.com/

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

Related lists

References

Notes
  1. The Chinese actually blew up three bridges in succession at the same point: the original concrete span, a wooden replacement, and a third M-2 steel treadway portable bridge installed by U.S. combat engineers.[4]
  2. Other sources state that the eight Flying Boxcars used on the bridge mission were U.S. Marine Corps R4Qs.
  3. C-119F and R4Q-2 had R3350-85-30WA, R3350-89-36W, or R3350-89A-36W engines.[113]

Citations
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  2. Swanborough and Bowers 1963, pp. 262–263.
  3. Lloyd 2005, pp. 55, 165.
  4. Mossman, Billy C., EBB AND FLOW: NOVEMBER 1950 – JULY 1951, p. 137.
  5. Rumley, Chris (May 18, 2010). "314th delivers bridge to combat troops". littlerock.af.mil. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  6. Kelly, John W. "Mid-Air Retrieval of Heavy, Earth-Returning Space Systems" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
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  9. pp. 213–214 Chinnery, Philip Any Time, Any Place Airlife Publishing Ltd 1994
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  11. Italian C-119
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Bibliography

 This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Air Force website https://www.af.mil. Website of origin: USAF Museum

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