List of regicides
This is a list of regicides. Different cultures and authors in history have used different definitions for what constitute the crime of regicide, as such it is difficult to make a universally accepted list of what constitutes a regicide. The following is a list of other cases of monarchs in history that have been deliberately killed in some fashion according to recorded history:
Execution of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico, by Édouard Manet
- 1962 BC Amenemhat I, of Egypt by his own bodyguards
- 1526 BC Mursili I, King of the Hittites by his brother-in-law Hantili I
- Unknown date in late 2nd millennium BC, Eglon of Moab by Ehud
- 1155 BC Ramesses III of Egypt from a neck wound inflicted by conspirators
- 11th century BC Agag of Amalek by the prophet Samuel
- 1005 BC Ish-bosheth of Israel, slain by his own captains
- 900 BC Nadab of Israel, slain by own captain Baasha
- 885 BC King Elah of Israel, murdered by his chariot commander Zimri
- 841 BC Jehoram of Israel, murdered by Jehu
- 836 BC Athaliah, Queen of Judah, by rebels that placed Jehoash on the throne
- 797 BC Jehoash of Judah by his own servants at Miloh
- 771 BC King You of Zhou by the Marquess of Shen
- 767 BC Amaziah of Judah assassinated at Lachish
- 752 BC Zechariah of Israel murdered by Shallum
- 740 or 737 BC Pekahiah, King of Israel, assassinated by Pekah, son of Remaliah
- 732 BC Pekah, King of Israel, by Hoshea
- 681 BC Sennacherib, King of Assyria, assassinated in obscure circumstances
- 641 BC Amon of Judah, assassinated by own servants
- 465 BC Xerxes I of Persia by his chief bodyguard Artabanus
- 424 BC Xerxes II of Persia by his brother Sogdianus
- 336 BC Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great in unclear circumstances
- 330 BC Darius III of Persia, assassinated by his general Bessus
- 317 BC Philip III of Macedon, executed by his stepmother Olympias
- 309 BC Alexander IV of Macedon, assassinated at the age of 14 by the regent Cassander
- 294 BC Alexander V of Macedon, murdered by Demetrius Poliorcetes
- 281 BC Seleucus I Nicator, assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus
- 249 BC Demetrius of Cyrene, assassinated by his wife Berenice II
- 246 BC Antiochus II Theos, poisoned by his wife Laodice I
- 241 BC Agis IV of Sparta, executed by ephors without a regular trial
- 233 BC Deidamia II of Epirus, assassinated during a republican revolt
- 227 BC Archidamus V of Sparta, assassinated possibly by orders of his co-ruler Cleomenes III
- 223 BC Seleucus III Ceraunus, assassinated in Anatolia by members of his army
- 223 BC Diodotus II of Bactria, killed by the usurper Euthydemus I
- 214 BC Hieronymus of Syracuse, assassinated by conspirators
- 207 BC Qin Er Shi through forced suicide put on him by his eunuch Zhao Gao
- 206 BC Ziying executed by Xiang Yu
- 185 BC Brihadratha Maurya of India, assassinated by Pushyamitra Shunga during a military parade
- 149 BC Prusias II of Bithynia, assassinated by supporters of his son
- 120 BC Mithridates V of Pontus, poisoned at a banquet
- 116/111 BC Ariarathes VI of Cappadocia murdered by Gordius for Mithridates VI of Pontus
- 104 BC Jugurtha, King of Numidia, captured by Roman army, paraded in Rome and starved to death in prison
- 100 BC Ariarathes VII of Cappadocia murdered by Mithridates VI of Pontus
- 80 BC Ptolemy XI Alexander II, lynched by the citizens of Alexandria
- 51 BC Ariobarzanes II of Cappadocia, assassinated by Parthian favorites
- 44 BC Burebista, Great King (Emperor) of Dacia was assassinated by the dacian nobles and his advisors.
- 44 BC Ptolemy XIV of Egypt, widely suspected to have been poisoned by Cleopatra VII
- 42 BC Ariobarzanes III of Cappadocia, executed by Gaius Cassius Longinus
- 36 BC Ariarathes X of Cappadocia, executed by Mark Antony
- 30 BC Caesarion, executed by Octavian
- 29 BC Antiochus II of Commagene, executed by Octavian
- 25 AD the Gengshi Emperor by strangulation from Xie Lu
- 41 Caligula by a group of conspirators supported by the Roman senate
- 69 Galba by the praetorian guard
- 69 Vitellius by Vespasian's troops
- 96 Domitian by a group of court officials
- 190 Emperor Shao of Han forced to drink poison by rebels
- 192 Commodus strangled by his wrestling partner supported by a group of conspirators
- 193 Pertinax murdered by Praetorian guard
- 193 Didius Julianus executed on orders by the senate
- 217 Caracalla murdered by a conspiracy
- 218 Macrinus, executed by Elagabalus
- 222 Elagabalus murdered by Praetorian guard
- 235 Severus Alexander murdered by the army
- 238 Maximinus I murdered by Praetorian guard
- 238 Pupienus murdered by Praetorian guard
- 238 Balbinus murdered by Praetorian guard
- 253 Trebonianus Gallus by his own troops
- 253 Aemilian by his own troops
- 268 Gallienus murdered by his own commanders
- 275 Aurelian assassinated by Praetorian guard
- 276 Florianus assassinated by his own troops
- 282 Marcus Aurelius Probus assassinated by his own troops
- 307 Severus II forced to commit suicide by Maxentius
- 310 Maximian forced to commit suicide by Constantine I
- 325 Licinius executed on orders by Constantine I
- 350 Constans killed by supporters of Magnentius
- 359 Gratian murdered by army faction
- 423 Joannes captured and executed by eastern Roman army
- 453 Emperor Wen of Liu Song by Crown Prince Liu Shao
- 455 Valentinian III assassinated
- 456 Emperor Ankō of Japan, by Prince Mayowa
- 565 Diarmait mac Cerbaill, King of Tara, by Áed Dub mac Suibni
- 592 Emperor Sushun of Japan, by Soga no Umako
- 602 Maurice, Byzantine Emperor, beheaded
- 610 Phocas, Byzantine Emperor, executed
- 618 Emperor Yang of Sui, strangled by soldier in coup
- 656 Uthman ibn Affan, Caliph of Islamic Caliphate, assassinated by rebels
- 668 Constans II, Byzantine Emperor, assassinated
- 710 Emperor Zhongzong of Tang poisoned by his wife Empress Wei
- 904 Emperor Zhaozong of Tang by soldiers sent by Zhu Quanzhong
- 908 Emperor Ai of Tang poisoned on orders by Zhu Quanzhong
- 935 Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia killed by his younger brother Boleslaus the Cruel
- 978 Edward the martyr killed in unclear circumstances
- 1014 Brian Boru killed in unclear circumstances
- 1072 Sancho II of Castile and León assassinated by Vellido Dolfos
- 1174 Andrey Bogolyubsky, Prince of Rus, was murdered by members of Kuchkovich family
- 1192 Conrad of Montferrat, King of Jerusalem, assassins unknown to history
- 1199 Richard I of England shot with crossbow by Pierre Basile
- 1206 Muhammad of Ghor, Sultan of the Ghurid Empire, assassinated while doing evening prayers
- 1208 Philip of Swabia, king of Germany, assassinated by Otto VIII, Count Palatine of Bavaria
- 1227 Ken Arok, King of Singhasari, by his stepson Anusapati
- 1296 Przemysł II, King of Poland, by the Margraves of Brandenburg, some Polish families, or maybe both
- 1306 Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, King of Bohemia, Hungary and Poland
- 1323 Emperor Gong of Song, forced to commit suicide by Emperor Yingzong of Yuan
- 1323 Emperor Yingzong of Yuan by a plot formed among Yesün Temür's supporters
- 1327 Edward II of England after forced abdication on behalf of son Edward III of England
- 1328 Jayanegara, King of Majapahit, by Ra Tanca, his doctor
- 1359 Berdi Beg of the Golden Horde by his brother Qulpa
- 1386 Charles II of Hungary by Blaise Forgách
- 1402 the Jianwen Emperor was claimed to have been burned to death in his palace by Zhu Di
- 1483 Edward V of England by either Richard III or some other party
- 1488 Alauddin Riayat Shah of Malacca was poisoned by his officer.
- 1513 Ahmad Shah of Malacca was murdered by his father who later succeed him.
- 1520 Moctezuma II, Emperor of the Aztecs, by either the Spanish or his own people
- 1532 Huáscar, Emperor of the Incas, executed by his brother Atahualpa
- 1533 Atahualpa, Emperor of the Incas, executed by the Spanish
- 1587 Mary, Queen of Scots executed after a trial by an English court of 36 noblemen over the Babington Plot
- 1589 Henry III of France by Jacques Clément
- 1605 False Dmitry I, an impostor who ascended Russian throne, was overthrown and killed by a local mob
- 1610 Henry IV of France by François Ravaillac
- 1622 Osman II of the Ottoman Empire by the Grand Vizier Davud Pasha
- 1648 Ibrahim executed by orders from his mother Kösem Sultan
- 1649 Charles I of England executed following a trial set up by the Rump Parliament
- 1699 Mahmud II , Sultan of Johor murdered by Megat Seri Rama, his admiral in carriage.
- 1747 Nader Shah of the Afshar Dynasty, Shahanshah of Persia (Iran) by Salah Bey
- 1762 Peter III of Russia deposed and supposedly murdered shortly thereafter
- 1782 Taksin, King of Thailand, deposed and executed in a coup
- 1792 Gustav III of Sweden by Jacob Johan Anckarström
- 1793 Louis XVI of France executed following a trial by the National Convention
- 1801 Emperor Paul of Russia by Count Pahlen and his accomplices
- 1815 Joachim Murat, executed in Calabria by orders of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
- 1828 Shaka King of the Zulus by his half-brother and successor Dingane and accomplices
- 1855 Hamengkubuwono V of Yogyakarta by his fifth wife, Kanjeng Mas Hemawati
- 1867 Maximilian I of Mexico executed after a Mexican court-martial
- 1881 Alexander II of Russia by Ignacy Hryniewiecki, a member of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will)
- 1895 Min of Joseon by three mercenary killers allegedly hired by Japanese minister to Korea Miura Goro
- 1896 Nasser al-Din Shah, Qajar king of Persia (Iran), by Mirza Reza Kermani
- 1898 Empress Elisabeth of Austria by Luigi Lucheni, an anarchist in Geneva.
- 1900 Umberto I of Italy by anarchist Gaetano Bresci
- 1903 Alexander I of Serbia and his wife Queen Draga by a group of army officers
- 1908 Carlos I of Portugal, assassinated with his son Infante Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal by Alfredo Luís da Costa and Manuel Buiça, both connected to the Carbonária (the Portuguese section of the Carbonari)
- 1908 The Guangxu Emperor by arsenic poisoning, perhaps on orders from Empress Dowager Cixi or Yuan Shikai.[1][2]
- 1913 George I of Greece by Alexandros Schinas
- 1918 Nicholas II of Russia and the Imperial Family executed by a Bolshevik firing squad under the command of Yakov Yurovsky
- 1933 Mohammed Nadir Shah, king of Afghanistan, assassinated by student Abdul Khaliq Hazara
- 1934 Alexander I of Yugoslavia by Vlado Chernozemski, a member of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
- 1936 George V of the United Kingdom by Bertrand Dawson, his personal physician.
- 1946 Ananda Mahidol of Thailand. The King's death is still a mystery and may have been either regicide or suicide.
- 1948 Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din, king of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, assassinated in the Alwaziri coup
- 1951 Abdullah I of Jordan by Mustafa Ashi
- 1958 Faisal II of Iraq executed by firing squad under the command of Captain Abdus Sattar As Sab, a member of the coup d'état led by Colonel Abdul Karim Qassim
- 1975 Faisal of Saudi Arabia by his nephew Faisal bin Musa'id (Assassin publicly beheaded)
- 1975 Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, widely suspected to have been murdered in his sleep by asphyxiation on the orders of the Derg junta, which had deposed him a year earlier.[3]
- 2001 Birendra of Nepal, presumed to be killed by his son Crown Prince Dipendra, in the Nepalese royal massacre. Controversy surrounds this claim.
Some of the aforementioned monarchs, such as Nicholas II and Haile Selassie, had already ceased to be rulers at the time of their deaths.
References
- Mu, Eric. Reformist Emperor Guangxu was Poisoned, Study Confirms". Danwei. 3 November 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- 钟里满,耿左车,李军等 (2008). "国家清史纂修工程重大学术问题研究专项课题成果:清光绪帝死因研究工作报告". 清史研究 (4): 1–12.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- "Ethiopian Court Hears How Emperor Was Killed". The Washington Post. December 15, 1994. Archived from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
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