List of periodic comets

Periodic comets (also known as short-period comets) are comets with orbital periods of less than 200 years or that have been observed during more than a single perihelion passage[1] (e.g. 153P/Ikeya–Zhang). "Periodic comet" is also sometimes used to mean any comet with a periodic orbit, even if greater than 200 years.

Periodic comets receive a permanent number prefix usually after the second perihelion passage, which is why there are a number of unnumbered periodic comets, such as P/2005 T5 (Broughton). Comets that are not observed after a number of perihelion passages, or presumed to be destroyed, are given the D designation, and likewise comets given a periodic number and subsequently lost are given [n]D instead of [n]P, such as 3D/Biela or 5D/Brorsen.

In nearly all cases, comets are named after their discoverer(s), but in a few cases such as 2P/Encke and 27P/Crommelin they were named for a person who calculated their orbits (the orbit computers). The long-term orbits of comets are difficult to calculate because of errors in the known trajectory that accumulate with perturbations from the planets, and in the days before electronic computers some people dedicated their entire careers to this. Even so, quite a few comets were lost because their orbits are also affected by non-gravitational effects such as the release of gas and other material that forms the comet's coma and tail. Unlike a long-period comet, the next perihelion passage of a numbered periodic comet can be predicted with a high degree of accuracy.

Periodic comets sometimes bear the same name repeatedly (e.g. the nine Shoemaker–Levy comets or the twenty-four NEAT comets); the IAU system distinguishes between them either through the number prefix or by the full designation (e. g. 181P and 192P/Shoemaker–Levy are both "Comet Shoemaker–Levy"). In the literature, an informal numbering system is applied to periodic comets (skipping the non-periodic ones), thus 181P and 192P are known as Comet Shoemaker–Levy 6 and Comet Shoemaker–Levy 1, respectively. Non-periodic Shoemaker–Levy comets are interleaved in this sequence: C/1991 B1 between 2 and 3, C/1991 T2 between 5 and 6, C/1993 K1 and C/1994 E2 after Shoemaker–Levy 9.

In comet nomenclature, the letter before the "/" is either "C" (a non-periodic comet), "P" (a periodic comet), "D" (a comet that has been lost or has disintegrated), "X" (a comet for which no reliable orbit could be calculated usually historical comets), "I" for an interstellar object, or "A" for an object that was either mistakenly identified as a comet, but is actually a minor planet,[1] or for an object on a hyperbolic orbit that does not show cometary activity.[2] Some lists retain the "C" prefix for comets of periods larger than about 30 years until their return is confirmed.[3]

List of Halley-type comets

List of unnumbered Jupiter-Family comets

While Jupiter-family comets are officially defined by (2< TJupiter <3), they can also be loosely defined by any comet with a period of less than 20 years, a relatively low inclination, and an orbit coinciding loosely with that of Jupiter's. These comets are often patchily observed, as orbital interactions with the planet often cause comets' orbits to become perturbed, causing them to not be found at the expected position in the sky and subsequently lost. Additionally, their low cometary albedos and frequent proximity to the Sun compared to Oort Cloud comets cause them to much more quickly become depleted of volatiles, making them comparatively dimmer than comets with longer orbital periods.

Comet designation Name Eccentricity Semimajor axis (AU) Period (years) Inclination (°) Perihelion distance (AU) Absolute magnitude Last perihelion Next unobserved perihelion
X/1979 O3Kowal0.333.095.441.752.0715.81979/07/261985
X/1981 R1Stattmayer0.262.453.8411.001.2813.41981/08/181986
3200 PhaetonIRAS0.889902151.2712052531.4322.2457860.1399569714.62016/08/192018/01/23
X/1991 G1Meyer0.442.413.735.961.3618.71991/04/111995[4]
P/1996 R2Lagerkvist0.309983.7827.362.60542.609646.31997/01/192004/05/30
P/1998 VS24LINEAR0.243934.50419.565.0313.405411.31998/11/032008/05/26
P/1999 J6SOHO0.984183.10055.4626.610.049062004/11/082021/03/27
P/1999 RO28LONEOS0.650793.52726.628.1911.2317619.41999/10/022006/05/17
P/1999 XN120Catalina0.213914.18068.555.02833.28639.92000/05/012008/11/17
P/2000 R2LINEAR0.58373.3386.13.21631.3899717.62000/09/122006/10/18
P/2001 H5NEAT0.60025.99514.688.39932.39666.82001/01/282015/10/03
P/2002 EJ57LINEAR0.593916.4916.534.96972.635515.82001/12/192018/06/30
C/2002 R5SOHO0.985263.216125.7714.120.04742002/09/052008/02/02
P/2002 S7SOHO0.984963.223445.7913.60.048492002/09/212008/07/06
P/2002 T5LINEAR0.4371466.9897918.4830.902953.93417692003/06/282021/12/20
P/2003 F2NEAT0.542196.50316.5811.6052.977213.72003/04/142019/11/12
P/2003 T12SOHO0.7754332.5700784.1211.45790.5771619.72016/03/092020/05/06
X/2004 D5Murakami1.12004/02/15?
P/2004 FY140LINEAR0.17094.952311.022.12794.106112.52004/08/062015/08/13
P/2004 R3LINEAR-NEAT0.441843.83677.527.97232.1414813.52004/05/242011/11/30
P/2004 V3Siding Spring0.44677.11718.9950.45293.9383911.52004/11/112023/11/07
P/2005 E1Tubbiolo0.38477.22519.425.1544.445610.72005/03/182024/08/15
P/2005 J1McNaught0.570963.56646.7431.76591.5301513.42005/04/172012/01/12
P/2005 L1McNaught0.209243.97457.927.73693.142810.22005/12/132013/11/14
P/2005 SB216LONEOS0.4632087.1131218.9724.098433.8182669.92007/02/112018/01/31
P/2005 T2Christensen0.42193.8257.488.33782.211210.42005/04/112012/10/03
P/2005 T5Broughton0.552453.246819.5421.37243.246811.22005/11/032025/05/19
P/2005 W3Kowalski0.530526.407816.2216.77813.00818.52005/08/232021/11/11
P/2005 XA54LONEOS-Hill0.710156.13315.1916.895921.7776689.42006/03/072021/05/15
P/2006 H1McNaught0.581575.684313.5512.870152.3784892006/05/072019/11/24
P/2006 S4Christensen0.508086.236715.5839.62583.067986.32006/06/012021/12/30
P/2006 WY182Christensen0.558566.334715.9426.49162.7963913.72007/01/172012/12/26
P/2007 B1Christensen0.580975.829514.0812.37482.4427213.92007/01/192021/02/17
P/2007 C2Catalina0.4622517.028318.638.67473.779481102007/09/042026/04/22
P/2007 K2Gibbs0.6847.1819.237.61972.2686142007/06/082026/09/01
P/2007 Q2Gilmore0.671235.59413.2310.23841.8390216.72007/08/232020/11/15
P/2007 R2Gibbs0.573713.43856.381.433871.465816.52007/08/262014/01/12
P/2007 R4Garradd0.671435.847614.1420.22571.9213714.72007/09/272021/11/17
P/2007 S1Zhao0.343393.79897.45.9732.494413.52007/12/062015/05/01
P/2007 T2Kowalski0.774833.09045.439.895280.69586318.62007/09/192013/02/23
P/2007 VQ11Catalina0.502275.411312.5912.324652.6933612.52008/02/132020/09/16
P/2008 CL94Lemmon0.119416.170615.338.348195.43378.52006/06/302021/10/28
P/2008 L2Hill0.6138156.0006914.725.860622.31737810.42008/08/182022/05/01
P/2008 QP20LINEAR-Hill0.5063143.490346.527.749721.72313313.92008/11/022015/05/11
P/2008 WZ96LINEAR0.50963.35676.156.957861.6462415.22009/01/232015/03/19
P/2008 Y12SOHO0.97873.078225.423.350.06542008/12/222014/05/17
P/2009 B1Boattini0.637196.68817.322.22852.4265913.22009/02/062026/05/27
P/2009 Q1Hill0.496495.540913.0414.4432.7898812.92009/07/042022/07/19
P/2009 Q4Boattini0.5791973.138945.5610.969323.1389415.52009/11/192015/06/11
P/2009 U4McNaught0.67625.09311.4910.09391.6493612.72009/09/092021/03/07
P/2009 WX51Catalina0.7402973.08035.419.59260.79995620.62010/01/312015/06/30
P/2009 Y2Kowalski0.640526.50716.629.92962.339196.12010/03/302026/11/04
P/2010 A3Hill0.732236.056814.9115.028251.6218286.52010/04/032025/03/01
P/2010 A5LINEAR0.6643125.100111.525.784381.71204514.82010/04/192021/10/26
P/2010 B2WISE0.48033.11045.498.93161.6164616.12009/12/212015/06/18
P/2010 C1Scotti0.259117.065718.789.142475.23495.72009/12/012028/09/12
P/2010 D2WISE0.453016.689417.357.177043.6590211.12010/03/052027/06/23
P/2010 H2Vales0.1928943.850387.5614.25293.107676.92010/03/092017/09/29
P/2010 H4Scotti0.2726.62417.052.3144.82110.82010/07/032027/07/21
P/2010 H5Scotti0.156467.143619.0914.08716.02599.62010/04/172029/05/20
P/2010 T2PANSTARRS0.32315.54613.068.01093.7546.42011/07/092024/07/31
P/2010 TO20LINEAR-Grauer0.0886855.600613.252.63995.10395.92008/09/082021/12/21
P/2010 U1Boattini0.261126.63617.098.246234.9031762010/03/282027/04/30
P/2010 UH55Spacewatch0.575146.51516.638.662572.7679696.62011/05/102027/12/26
P/2010 WKLINEAR0.6919875.730913.7211.479131.76517812.42010/10/192024/07/09
P/2011 A2Scotti0.498613.10895.484.473941.55878215.12010/12/222016/06/15
P/2011 C2Gibbs0.268467.36619.9910.910985.388546.22012/01/072032/01/03
P/2011 FR143Lemmon0.453056.829617.8516.013583.7354111.12011/03/102029/01/14
P/2011 N1ASH0.5459266.293515.7935.668772.85771210.32012/05/312028/03/15
P/2011 NO1Elenin0.7775.5613.115.271.24313.32011/01/202024
P/2011 Q3McNaught0.531535.054311.366.0522.3677814.82011/08/142022/12/23
P/2011 R3Novichonok0.2675694.8570310.719.261643.55743610.52012/04/032022/12/15
P/2011 U2Bressi0.111375.443612.79.623634.837345.52012/05/072025/01/18
P/2011 UA134Spacewatch-PANSTARRS0.63275.585413.210.53952.0515115.72011/12/072025/02/18
P/2011 V1Boattini0.5553.8437.537.3971.709413.72011/05/112018/11/15
P/2011 W1PANSTARRS0.288664.6560610.053.718613.312066.22012/01/222022/02/09
P/2011 Y2Boattini0.712916.225115.536.351391.78714513.62012/03/212027/09/03
P/2012 B1PANSTARRS0.41049666.488770216.537.627793.82515225.62013/07/232030/02/01
P/2012 F2PANSTARRS0.542246.328715.9214.724652.89707122013/04/102029/03/12
P/2012 G1PANSTARRS0.38524.19678.6011.69652.58015.22012/06/062021/01/08
P/2012 K3Gibbs0.425963.6186.8813.20122.076866.92012/09/302019/08/17
P/2012 O1McNaught0.579253.5636.7311.42861.49914516.62012/07/232019/04/15
P/2012 O2McNaught0.538273.5976.8224.52741.66083417.32012/06/252019/04/20
P/2012 O3McNaught0.6488084.55449.7216.496741.59944915.82012/08/162022/05/06
P/2012 S2La Sagra0.690594.43169.338.581811.37119215.32012/08/182021/12/16
P/2012 SB6Lemmon0.384623.910537.7310.98972.406514.12012/10/312020/07/24
P/2012 T2PANSTARRS0.1595.73513.7312.5624.82310.22013/04/102026/12/31
P/2012 T3PANSTARRS0.666.717.29.652.2914.82012/04/152029
P/2012 TK8Tenagra0.261374.18478.566.294573.090936.92013/05/102021/11/30
P/2012 U2PANSTARRS0.506577.352219.9410.53453.627812.12012/12/042032/11/12
P/2012 US27Siding Spring0.648585.181411.7939.292951.8208446.82013/02/082024/11/23
P/2012 WA34Lemmon-PANSTARRS0.340254.809710.556.11673.173212.72013/01/252023/08/14
P/2013 A2Scotti0.455844.001483.36612.17739162013/02/072021/02/07
P/2013 AL76Catalina0.6856.5116.6144.8612.0476162012/12/132029
P/2013 EW90Tenagra0.196214.106058.3231.81023.300412.22012/10/112021/02/05
P/2013 G1Kowalski0.512376.876518.035.468673.35309910.32013/12/102031/12/21
P/2013 G4PANSTARRS0.41044.4329.335.9262.613215.12013/02/092022/06/09
P/2013 J2McNaught0.6561466.2463415.6115.495532.14782810.82013/08/222029/04/02
P/2013 J4PANSTARRS0.646136.463116.434.76132.287114.52013/07/242029/12/29
P/2013 N5PANSTARRS0.73196.80117.7423.24251.8230514.72013/07/022031/03/29
P/2013 O2PANSTARRS0.438943.824917.4813.307062.140113.12013/12/162021/06/09
P/2013 R3Catalina-PANSTARRS0.273453.032935.280.898932.203586.42013/08/052018/11/15
P/2013 R3-ACatalina-PANSTARRS0.27333.03275.280.8982.20382013/08/052018/11/15
P/2013 R3-BCatalina-PANSTARRS0.27333.03275.280.89962.20382013/08/052018/11/15
P/2013 T1PANSTARRS0.62335.86714.2124.212.210516.62013/07/312027/10/16
P/2013 T2Schwartz0.528493.39266.259.35211.5996214.42013/06/202020/09/19
P/2013 TL117Lemmon0.6899143.604396.849.365641.117672116.92014/02/182020/12/22
P/2013 W1PANSTARRS0.593883.48576.514.699511.41561416.52014/03/082020/09/11
P/2013 YG46Spacewatch0.45163.31036.028.2171.81510.62017/01/192023/01/26
P/2014 A2Hill0.649835.924814.4224.51352.0746813.42013/10/282027/03/30
P/2014 A3PANSTARRS0.2424.679610.1213.67063.54712.52013/04/182023/06/01
P/2014 C1TOTAS0.4463.0435.312.67961.685715.62013/12/182019/04/10
P/2014 E1Larson0.4231843.711987.1515.979162.14113314.52014/05/222021/07/16
P/2014 L2NEOWISE0.6467636.3258915.915.184412.2345418.62014/07/152030/06/15
P/2014 M4PANSTARRS0.595575.813914.023.345192.351313.12014/12/272029/01/02
P/2014 MG4Spacewatch-PANSTARRS0.2591725.0122711.229.368763.713238.52013/06/132024/09/01
P/2014 R5Lemmon-PANSTARRS0.41284.06348.191.08812.385913.12014/06/172022/08/25
P/2014 U4PANSTARRS0.47113.48536.516.45711.843415.42014/08/032020/02/05
P/2014 V1PANSTARRS0.448232.613.42014/12/182023
P/2014 W4PANSTARRS0.353126.587716.9115.27384.261506.12015/12/292032/11/26
P/2015 C1TOTAS-Gibbs0.562566.612617.0013.87742.8926412.82015/05/012032/05/01
C/2015 D1SOHO0.99434.91169.620.0283214.72015/02/192026
P/2015 D6Lemmon-PANSTARRS0.36967.23919.4820.18394.563711.02015/07/132035/01/03
P/2015 F1PANSTARRS0.278253.521426.612.804402.5416012.22015/03/142021/10/22
P/2015 J3NEOWISE0.554043.35036.138.12523.350315.92015/03/032021/04/19
P/2015 K5PANSTARRS0.55406.69417.3239.9872.986113.72015/06/062032/09/30
P/2015 M2PANSTARRS0.178967.201719.333.97415.91288.22015/08/312024/12/29
P/2015 P4PANSTARRS0.584246.073614.978.713752.525166.52016/01/192031/01/08
P/2015 PD229Cameron-ISON0.326737.176819.232.026874.8318811.02015/08/142034/11/06
C/2015 Q1Scotti0.4892273.429516.3522.649331.75169912.72015/09/092022/01/14
C/2015 R1PANSTARRS0.632865.898214.3222.66832.1654513.42015/06/252030/01/04
P/2015 R2PANSTARRS0.4404.369.114.82.4415.82015/06/192021/07/29
P/2015 T3PANSTARRS0.433.97.712.22.2115.02015/03/122023
P/2015 TO19Lemmon-PANSTARRS0.358984.56389.756.49992.925476.62016/03/062025/12/04
P/2015 TP200LINEAR0.536217.299319.728.772313.3853113.92016/10/282036/07/18
P/2015 W2Catalina0.634117.320019.8011.61132.6783413.72015/09/302035/07/19
P/2015 X1PANSTARRS0.420393.62926.9112.16222.1035516.32015/10/102022/09/07
P/2015 X3PANSTARRS0.43825.02411.2624.382.82214.52015/08/072026/11/09
P/2015 X6PANSTARRS0.17002.7564.574.55832.287316.12016/03/182020/07/08
P/2016 A2Christensen0.2744.7510.3426.83.4512.12015/06/162025/10/19
P/2016 A7PANSTARRS0.566625.022511.2616.63742.176657.32016/02/252027/05/31
P/2016 BA14PANSTARRS0.666179283.02157695.2518.9180891.0086649520.82016/03/152021/06/14
P/2016 G1PANSTARRS0.210032.583224.1510.96852.0406814.72017/01/262021/03/21
P/2016 J1-APANSTARRS0.2282653.172095.6514.330192.4480116.52016/06/242022/02/16
P/2016 J1-BPANSTARRS0.2282313.172015.6514.33122.4480616.82016/06/242022/02/16
P/2016 J3STEREO0.88035263.9026047.7125.329920.46713.32016/05/212024/02/05
P/2016 P1PANSTARRS0.2943.235.8262.2815.52015/09/072021/08/11
P/2016 R4Gibbs0.475065.335012.3210.86212.8005213.12016/07/202028/11/13
P/2017 B4PANSTARRS0.3604.379.119.92.8014.62017/01/212026/05/06
P/2017 D1Fuls0.440334.8024410.5220.73262.68813.42016/06/282027/01/06
P/2017 K3Gasparovic0.581255.57427213.164.278722.334214.62017/05/312030/07/29
P/2017 R1PANSTARRS0.1950054.13258.402.572653.3266913.92017/04/072025/09/01
P/2017 S5ATLAS0.313303.1724465.6511.85032.178414.12017/07/272023/03/21
P/2017 S8PANSTARRS0.3936962.776214.6329.859941.6832214.82018/01/282022/09/13
P/2017 S9PANSTARRS0.304573.156595.6114.13802.1951816.82017/07/232023/03/03
P/2017 TW13Lemmon0.70987.16319.1744.8372.07878152018/06/202037/08/22
P/2017 U3PANSTARRS0.09974.93610.9715.9094.44411.12019/04/222030/04/09
P/2018 A4PANSTARRS0.781810.97436.353.14232.3956.92018/05/192054
P/2018 A5PANSTARRS0.52305.64813.4223.5772.69413.92017/09/232031
P/2018 C1Lemmon-Read0.53455.57713.175.13502.59613.92018/02/242031
P/2018 H2PANSTARRS0.53984.4059.257.3892.02715.42018/01/232027
P/2018 L1PANSTARRS0.48223.6426.9510.5881.88614.62018/11/122025
P/2018 L4PANSTARRS0.65984.92810.9426.6191.6768.92018/07/312029
P/2018 L5Leonard0.3633553.618156.882.2092.30356.82018/05/042025
P/2018 P3PANSTARRS0.41683.015775.248.912571.75917.82018/10/082024
P/2018 P4PANSTARRS0.4496.65617.1723.1083.666412.12018/11/062036
C/2018 P5PANSTARRS0.640512.7296845.427.25684.5766.52019/02/262064
P/2018 V5Trujillo-Sheppard0.4758.96126.8310.584.718.52018/10/032045
P/2018 VN2Leonard0.4794.06398.1918.1472.117216.42018/06/062026
P/2018 Y2Africano0.47917.476520.4411.6873.8946112019/01/022039
P/2019 A1PANSTARRS0.56895.130711.6213.7442.211713.72018/10/112030
P/2019 A2ATLAS0.38205.733113.7314.8563.54310.82018/11/212032
P/2019 A3PANSTARRS0.26483.14715.5815.3662.313414.92018/08/012024
P/2019 A4PANSTARRS0.08962.61354.2313.31902.379415.42018/12/052023
P/2019 A6Lemmon - PANSTARRS0.63925.372512.4533.22831.938514.52018/08/292031
P/2019 A7PANSTARRS0.16083.18845.6917.77252.675913.22018/01/082023
P/2019 A8PANSTARRS0.43873.35446.142.96671.882813.62018/09/022024
P/2019 B2Groeller0.37293.85347.5616.82872.41656.62019/06/082026
P/2019 F2ATLAS0.865116.550867.3319.18742.23286.22019/09/082086
P/2019 GG21PANSTARRS0.47207.455320.366.08983.936515.02019/05/082039
P/2019 LD2ATLAS0.14075.327912.3011.524.5812.22020/04/072032
P/2019 M20.6483.01985.2512.27221.06321.22019/06/222024
P/2019 S2PANSTARRS0.206684.733510.3010.4733.755213.12019/02/202029
P/2019 S3PANSTARRS0.47063.4136.318.6921.806717.92019/08/262025
P/2019 T6PANSTARRS0.62355.45412.7418.75742.053415.72019/11/082032
P/2019 U4PANSTARRS0.4753.51946.6011.69161.84718.62019/09/182026
P/2019 W1PANSTARRS0.2664.559.7123.4623.3413.22019/05/072029
P/2019 X1Pruyne0.30376.1815.3610.244.302610.32019/07/202034
P/2019 X2PANSTARRS0.4993.6436.9515.881.82418.12019/12/092026
P/2019 Y2Fuls0.39353.516.584.92.129313.82020/01/312026
P/2019 Y3Catalina0.69562.99575.1924.6340.9119619.22019/12/132025
P/2020 G1Pimentel0.8613.656.9818.490.50618.72020/03/172027
P/2020 K9Lemmon-PANSTARRS0.322544.2018.6123.2052.84612.32021/02/122029
P/2020 M1PANSTARRS0.4775.087411.478.6332.66110.12019/12/212031
P/2020 O1Lemmon-PANSTARRS0.122.654.315.2212.328415.92020/05/032024
P/2020 O3PANSTARRS0.10544.66810.098.44974.176212.32021/01/022031
gollark: Ballpoint pens only became possible in the 1940s or so due to precision machining of the ball.
gollark: Also, pens are actually quite complicated.
gollark: Well, they can leak ink and stuff.
gollark: Like how you can do lots by chaining together accursed command line programs.
gollark: Yes, simple tools good?

See also

References

  1. "Cometary Designation System". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 2011-07-03.
  2. "MPEC 2018-H54 : 2. A/ Objects". Minor Planet Center. 20 April 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  3. Comet names and designations
  4. Meyer, Maik. "Unknown comet of 11 April 1991". comethunter.de. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
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