List of marine protected areas

A marine protected area (MPA) is a protected area that includes primarily marine environment and biodiversity.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines a protected area as:

"A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values."[1][2]

This definition is intended to make it more difficult to claim MPA status for regions where exploitation of marine resources occurs. If there is no defined long-term goal for conservation and ecological recovery and extraction of marine resources occurs, a region is not a marine protected area.[2]

As of June 2019 there are 14,830 marine protected areas with a total area of 27,495,595 km² (10,616,109 sq mi) representing 7.59% of the ocean.[3]

Africa

Mozambique

• Bazaruto National Park, 1971, 1,600 km² (620 sq mi)[4]

South Africa

Further information: Marine protected areas of South Africa

The listed MPAs were individually proclaimed. Some were later consolidated with adjacent MPAs and may not still be generally referred to by the original name.

• Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area in the Eastern Cape in South Africa, (2019),[5] 1,200 km² (460 sq mi)
• Agulhas Bank Complex Marine Protected Area – An offshore marine conservation area south of Cape Agulhas in South Africa, (2019),[5] 4,300 km² (1,700 sq mi)
• Agulhas Front Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area off the Eastern Cape in South Africa's EEZ, (2019),[5] 6,200 km² (2,400 sq mi)
• Agulhas Muds Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area off the Western Cape in South Africa, (2019),[5] 207 km² (80 sq mi)
• Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area at Aliwal Shoal off the coast of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, (2004),[6] 670 km² (260 sq mi)
• Aliwal Shoal Offshore Marine Protected Area – 2019 extension to the Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area, (2019),[5] integrated with Aliwal Shoal MPA
• Amathole Offshore Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area in the Eastern Cape in South Africa, (2019),[5] 400 km² (150 sq mi)
• Benguela Muds Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area off the Western Cape province of South Africa, (2019),[5] 72 km² (28 sq mi)
• Betty's Bay Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area in the Western Cape in South Africa, (2000),[6] 20.14 km² (7.78 sq mi)
• Bird Island Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area in the Eastern Cape in South Africa now part of the Addo Elephant National Park, (2004),[6]
• Browns Bank Corals Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area on the continental slope of South Africa, (2019),[5] 399 km² (154 sq mi)
• Cape Canyon Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area off the Western Cape in South Africa, (2019),[5] 580 km² (220 sq mi)
• Castle Rock Marine Protected Area, previously known as the Millers Point Marine Reserve, now part of Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area (2000)[6]
• Childs Bank Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area off the west coast of South Africa, (2019),[5] 1,335 km² (515 sq mi)
• De Hoop Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area on the south coast of the Western Cape of South Africa, (2000),[6] 288.9 km² (111.5 sq mi)
• Dwesa-Cwebe Marine Protected Area – A coastal marine conservation area in the Eastern Cape in South Africa, (2000),[6] 199 km² (77 sq mi)
• Goukamma Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area the Western Cape in South Africa, (2000),[6] 32 km² (12 sq mi)
• Helderberg Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area in the Western Cape in South Africa, (2000),[6] 24.6 km² (9.5 sq mi)
• Hluleka Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area in the Eastern Cape in South Africa, (2000),[6] 40.86 km² (15.78 sq mi)
• iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area in northern kwaZulu-Natal in South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal) 443 km² (171 sq mi)
• iSimangaliso Offshore Marine Protected Area – Large 2019 extension to the iSimangaliso marine protected area, (2019),[5] 10,700 km² (4,100 sq mi)
• Jutten Island Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area (in region) in South Africa, (2000),[6] 1.11 km² (0.43 sq mi)
• Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area in the Langebaan lagoon in the Western Cape province of South Africa, (2000),[6] 280 km² (110 sq mi)
• Malgas Island Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area on the west coast in the Western Cape province in South Africa, (2000),[6] 0.66 km² (0.25 sq mi)
• Maputaland Marine Protected Area, (2000),[6] 384.54 km² (148.47 sq mi)
• Marcus Island Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area in the Western Cape in South Africa, (Western Cape)[6] 0.26 km² (0.10 sq mi)
• Namaqua Fossil Forest Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area off the northwest cost of the Northern Cape province of South Africa, (2019),[5] 1,200 km² (460 sq mi)
• Namaqua National Park Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area in Namaqualand in the Northern Cape, in South Africa, (2019),[5] 500 km² (190 sq mi)
• Orange Shelf Edge Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area off the Northern Cape in South Africa, (2019),[5] 2,000 km² (770 sq mi)
• Pondoland Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area (in region) in South Africa, (2004),[6] 1,380 km² (530 sq mi)
• Port Elizabeth Corals Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area off the Eastern Cape in South Africa, (2019),[5] 270 km² (100 sq mi)
• Prince Edward Islands Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area in the waters of the Prince Edward Islands in the southern Indian Ocean, (2013),[6] 181,229.46 km² (69,973.09 sq mi)
• Protea Banks Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area in the coastal waters of southern kwaZulu-Natal in South Africa, (2019),[5] 1,200 km² (460 sq mi)
• Robben Island Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area around and offshore of Robben Island in Table Bay in the Western Cape province in South Africa, (2019),[5] 580 km² (220 sq mi)
• Robberg Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area around the Robberg peninsula in South Africa, (2000),[6] 42 km² (16 sq mi)
• Sardinia Bay Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area in the Eastern Cape in South Africa, (2000),[6] 12.91 km² (4.98 sq mi)
• Sixteen Mile Beach Marine Protected Area, (2000),[6] 106.91 km² (41.28 sq mi)
• Southeast Atlantic Seamounts Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area in the South Atlantic in the South African EEZ, (2019),[5] 6,000 km² (2,300 sq mi)
• Southwest Indian Seamounts Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area south of Stilbaai in the Western Cape in South Africa, (2019),[5] 7,500 km² (2,900 sq mi)
• Stilbaai Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area in the Western Cape in South Africa, (2008),[6] 20 km² (7.7 sq mi)
• Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area around the Cape Peninsula in South Africa, (2004),[6] 953.25 km² (368.05 sq mi)
• Trafalgar Marine Protected Area, (2000),[6] .29 km² (0.11 sq mi)
• Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area on the south coast of South Africa, (2000),[6] 186 km² (72 sq mi)
• uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area off the coast of kwaZulu-Natal in South Africa, (2019),[5] 5,666 km² (2,188 sq mi)
• Walker Bay Whale Sanctuary – A marine conservation area in the Western Cape province in South Africa, (2001, seasonal),[6] 112.49 km² (43.43 sq mi)

Antarctica

• Ross Sea Region Marine Protected Area, 2,060,058 km² (795,393 sq mi)[7]

Asia

Thailand

• Ao Phang Nga National Park – Marine protected area in southern Thailand, 1981, 400 km² (150 sq mi). IUCN Category II.[8]
• Hat Chao Mai National Park – Marine protected area in Trang Province, Thailand, 1981, 230.86 km² (89.14 sq mi). IUCN Category II.[9]
• Hat Noppharat Thara–Mu Ko Phi Phi National Park – Marine protected area in Krabi Province, Thailand, 1983, 37.9 km² (14.6 sq mi), IUCN Category II.[10]
• Khao Laem Ya–Mu Ko Samet National Park – Marine protected area of Thailand, 1981, 131 km² (51 sq mi). IUCN Category II.[11]
• Khao Sam Roi Yot National Park, 1966, 98.08 km² (37.87 sq mi). IUCN Category II.[12]
• Laem Son National Park, 1983, 315 km² (122 sq mi). IUCN Category II.[13]
• Mu Ko Ang Thong National Park – Marine protected area in Surat Thani Province of Thailand, 1980, 102 km² (39 sq mi). IUCN Category II.[14]
• Mu Ko Chang National Park – National park of Thailand, 1982, 650 km² (250 sq mi). IUCN Category II.[15]
• Mu Ko Lanta National Park – Marine protected area in the southern part of Krabi Province, Thailand, 1990, 134 km² (52 sq mi). IUCN Category II.[16]
• Mu Ko Phetra National Park – Marine protected area in the Strait of Malacca off Thailand, 1984, 494.38 km² (190.88 sq mi). IUCN Category II.[17]
• Similan Islands – Marine protected area in Phang Nga Province, southern Thailand, 1982, 114 km² (44 sq mi). IUCN Category II.[18]
• Surin Islands – Marine protected archipelago in Andaman Sea, Thailand, 1981, 141.25 km² (54.54 sq mi). IUCN Category II.[19]
• Tarutao National Park – Marine protected area off the coast of Satun Province, Thailand, 1976, 1,490 km² (580 sq mi). IUCN Category II.[20]

Australia

• Coral Sea Marine Park – Marine protected areas managed by the Australian government, (2012), 995,251 km² (384,269 sq mi)[7]
• Heard Island and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve – Marine protected areas managed by the Australian government, 71,200 km² (27,500 sq mi)
• North Network – Marine protected areas managed by the Australian government
  • Arafura Marine Park – Australian marine park in the North Marine Parks network
  • Arnhem Marine Park – Australian marine park in the North Marine Parks network
  • Gulf of Carpentaria Marine Park – Australian marine park in the Gulf of Carpentaria, offshore of Queensland, (2018), 23,771 km² (9,178 sq mi),IUCN category VI
  • Joseph Bonaparte Gulf Marine Park – Australian marine park in the North Marine Parks network
  • Limmen Marine Park – Australian marine park in the North Marine Parks network
  • Oceanic Shoals Marine Park – Australian marine park offshore of the Northern Territory, near Darwin, (2018), 71,743 km² (27,700 sq mi) ,IUCN category VI
  • West Cape York Marine Park – Australian marine park offshore of Queensland, 16,012 km² (6,182 sq mi), IUCN category IV
  • Wessel Marine Park – Australian marine park in the North Marine Parks network
• North-west Network – Marine protected areas managed by the Australian government
  • Argo-Rowley Terrace Marine Park – Australian marine park north-west of Broome, Western Australia, (2018), 146,003 km² (56,372 sq mi), IUCN category VI
  • Ashmore Reef Marine Park – Australian marine park north of Broome, Western Australia, (1983), 146,003 km² (56,372 sq mi), IUCN category Ia.
  • Carnarvon Marine Park – Australian marine park in the North-West Network, Western Australia
  • Cartier Island Marine Park (2000) 172 km² (66 sq mi), IUCN category Ia
  • Dampier Marine Park – Australian marine park north-east of Karratha, Western Australia, (2018), 1,252 m² (13,480 sq ft), IUCN category VI
  • Eighty Mile Beach Marine Park – Australian marine park in the North-west Marine Parks network
  • Gascoyne Marine Park – Australian marine park west of the Cape Range Peninsula, Western Australia, (2018), 81,766 km² (31,570 sq mi), IUCN category IV
  • Kimberley Marine Park – Australian marine park offshore of Western Australia, near the Kimberley region, (2018), 74,469 km² (28,753 sq mi), IUCN category VI
  • Mermaid Reef Marine Park – Australian marine park in the Rowley Shoals north-west of Broome, Western Australia, (1991), 540 km² (210 sq mi), IUCN category II
  • Montebello Marine Park – Australian marine park in the North-west Marine Parks network
  • Ningaloo Marine Park (Commonwealth waters) – Australian marine park west of the Ningaloo Coast of Western Australia, (1987), 2,435 km² (940 sq mi), IUCN category IV
  • Roebuck Marine Park – Australian marine park in the North-west Marine Parks network
  • Shark Bay Marine Park – Marine protected area in the Gascoyne region of Western Australia
• Temperate East Network – Marine protected areas managed by the Australian government
  • Central Eastern Marine Park – Australian marine park offshore from the edge of the continental shelf off New South Wales, (2018), 70,054 km² (27,048 sq mi), IUCN category IV
  • Cod Grounds Marine Park – Australian marine park off Laurieton, New South Wales, (2007), 4 km² (1.5 sq mi), UCN category II
  • Gifford Marine Park – Australian marine park in the Temperate East Marine Parks network
  • Hunter Marine Park – Australian marine park in the Temperate East Marine Parks network
  • Jervis Marine Park – Australian marine park in the Temperate East Marine Parks network
  • Lord Howe Marine Park – Australian marine park offshore of New South Wales, near Lord Howe Island, (2018), 110,126 km² (42,520 sq mi),IUCN category IV
  • Norfolk Marine Park – Australian marine park offshore of Norfolk Island, (2018), 188,444 km² (72,759 sq mi), IUCN category IV
  • Solitary Islands Marine Park – Marine protected area in New South Wales, Australia
• South-east Network – Marine protected areas managed by the Australian government
  • Apollo Marine Park – Marine park in Australia in Bass Strait off the coast of Victoria, (2007), 2,928 km² (1,131 sq mi), IUCN category VI
  • Beagle Commonwealth Marine Reserve – Australian marine protected area in the Bass Strai off Victoria, (2007), 2,928 km² (1,131 sq mi), IUCN category VI
  • Boags Commonwealth Marine Reserve – Australian marine protected area in Bass Strait off north-west Tasmania, (2007), 537 km² (207 sq mi), IUCN category VI
  • East Gippsland Commonwealth Marine Reserve – Australian marine protexted area near the New South Wales-Victoria border, (2007), 4,137 km² (1,597 sq mi), IUCN category VI
  • Flinders Commonwealth Marine Reserve – Australian marine protected area off north-east Tasmania, (2007), 27,043 km² (10,441 sq mi), IUCN category II
  • Franklin Commonwealth Marine Reserve – Australian marine protected area off north-west Tasmania, (2007), 671 km² (259 sq mi), IUCN category VI
  • Freycinet Commonwealth Marine Reserve – Australian marine protected area off the east coast of Tasmania., (2007), 57,942 km² (22,372 sq mi) , IUCN category II
  • Huon Commonwealth Marine Reserve – Australian marine protected area south of Hobart, Tasmania, (2007), 9,991 km² (3,858 sq mi) , IUCN category VI
  • Macquarie Island Marine Park – Australian Marine Park near Macquarie Island in the southwest Pacific, (1999), 162,000 km² (63,000 sq mi), IUCN category IV
  • Murray Commonwealth Marine Reserve – Australian marine protected area off the coast of South Australia, (2007), 25,803 km² (9,963 sq mi), IUCN category VI
  • Nelson Commonwealth Marine Reserve – Australian marine protected area near the South Australia-Victoria border, (2007), 6,123 km² (2,364 sq mi), IUCN category VI
  • South Tasman Rise Commonwealth Marine Reserve – Marine protected area south of Tasmania, (2007), 27,704 km² (10,697 sq mi), IUCN category VI
  • Tasman Fracture Commonwealth Marine Reserve – Australian marine protected area off south-west Tasmania, (2007), 42,502 km² (16,410 sq mi), IUCN category VI
  • Zeehan Commonwealth Marine Reserve – Austrlian marine protected area west of Tasmania, (2007), 19,897 km² (7,682 sq mi), IUCN category VI
• South-west Network – Marine protected areas managed by the Australian government
  • Abrolhos Marine Park – Australian marine park in the South-west Marine Parks network
  • Bremer Marine Park – Marine protected area off Western Australia, (2013), 4,472 km² (1,727 sq mi), IUCN category VI
  • Eastern Recherche Marine Park – Australian marine park in the South-west Marine Parks network
  • Geographe Marine Park – Australian marine park in the South-west Marine Parks network
  • Great Australian Bight Marine Park – Marine protected area in the Great Australian Bight off South Australia, (2012), 45,926 km² (17,732 sq mi), IUCN category VI
  • Jurien Marine Park – Australian marine park in the South-west Marine Parks network
  • Murat Marine Park, (2012), 937.77 km² (362.08 sq mi), IUCN category II
  • Perth Canyon Marine Park – Australian marine park in the South-west Marine Parks network
  • South-west Corner Marine Park – Marine protected area off Western Australia, (2013), 271,833 km² (104,955 sq mi), IUCN category VI
  • Southern Kangaroo Island Marine Park – Marine protected area south of Kangaroo Island in South Australia, (2012), 629.93 km² (243.22 sq mi), IUCN category VI
  • Twilight Marine Park – Australian marine park in the South-west Marine Parks network
  • Two Rocks Marine Park – Australian marine park in the South-west Marine Parks network
  • Western Eyre Marine Park – Marine protected area in the Great Australian Bight, off South Australia, (2012), 57,946 km² (22,373 sq mi), IUCN category VI
  • Western Kangaroo Island Marine Park – Marine protected area south-west of Kangaroo Island in Australia, (2012), 2,335.31 km² (901.67 sq mi), IUCN category VI

Europe

Finland

• Metsäkuohu, (2018), 0.08 km² (0.031 sq mi)[21]
• Tervapesä, (2018), 0.07 km² (0.027 sq mi)[21]

Sweden

• Småbodarna, (2018), 0.11 km² (0.042 sq mi)[21]
• Långstrandberget, (2018), 0.74 km² (0.29 sq mi)[21]
• Björkbergsbacken, (2018), 0.14 km² (0.054 sq mi)[21]
• Höksberget, (2018), 0.56 km² (0.22 sq mi)[21]

United Kingdom

• Port Erin Bay MNR, Isle of Man, (2018), 4.34 km² (1.68 sq mi)[21]

North America

United States of America

• Cabrillo State Marine Reserve, (2010), .38 sq mi (0.98 km²)
• Steller Sea Lion Protection Areas, Gulf, (2002), 866,717 km² (334,641 sq mi)[7]
• Pacific Remote Islands, (2009), 1,277,860.0 km² (493,384.5 sq mi), IUCN Category V[22]

Oceania

Cook Islands

• Marae Moana – Marine protected area in the Cook Islands, (2017), 1,981,965 km² (765,241 sq mi),[7] IUCN Category VI.[23]

New Zealand

• Poor Knights Islands – Group of islands and marine reserve off the east coast of New Zealand's North Island, 1981, 19.22 km² (7.42 sq mi), IUCN Category Ia.[24]
• Cape Rodney-Okakari Point, 1975, 5.56 km² (2.15 sq mi), IUCN Category Ia.[25]
• Moutere Hauriri / Bounty Islands, 2014, 1,046.33 km² (403.99 sq mi), IUCN Category Ia.[26]
• Moutere Mahue / Antipodes Island, 2014, 2,173.1 km² (839.0 sq mi), IUCN Category Ia.[27]
• Tawharanui, 2011, 3.94 km² (1.52 sq mi), IUCN Category Ia.[28]
• Tuhua (Mayor Island), 1992, 10.55 km² (4.07 sq mi), IUCN Category Ia.[29]

South America

Chile

• Islas Diego Ramírez y Paso Drake, (2019), 1,443.91 km² (557.50 sq mi)[21]
• Humedales Costeros de la Bahía Tongoy, (2018), 2.59 km² (1.00 sq mi)[21]

Ecuador

• Galápagos Islands – Archipelago and protected area of Ecuador in the Pacific Ocean, 1998, 126,972.09 km² (49,024.20 sq mi)[30]

Grenada

• Grande Anse, (2018), 17.83 km² (6.88 sq mi)[21]

Areas beyond national jurisdiction

• Charlie-Gibbs North High Seas MPA, 2012, 178,651.0 km² (68,977.5 sq mi)[31]
• MAR North of the Azores High Seas MPA, 2010, 93,572.46 km² (36,128.53 sq mi)[32]

To be integrated

• Réserve Naturelle Nationale des Terres australes françaises, (2017) 1,654,999 km² (638,999 sq mi)[7]
• Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument – 583,000 square miles of ocean waters, including ten islands and atolls of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, (2006), 1,516,557 km² (585,546 sq mi)[7]
• Parc Naturel de la Mer de Corail, (2014), 1,291,643 km² (498,706 sq mi)[7]
• Pacific Remote Islands, (2009) 1,277,784 km² (493,355 sq mi)[7]
• South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area, (2012), 1,069,872 km² (413,080 sq mi)[7]
• Pitcairn Islands Marine Reserve, (2016), 839,568 km² (324,159 sq mi)[7]

References

1. "Towards Networks of Marine Protected Areas - The MPA Plan of Action for IUCN's World Commission on Protected Areas" (PDF). IUCN. 2008-11-04. Archived from the original on 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2012-06-07.
2. "When is a Marine Protected Area really a Marine Protected Area". International Union for Conservation of Nature. 8 September 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
3. "Protected areas coverage in 2019". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
4. "Bazaruto in Mozambique". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
5. "Meet South Africa's new Marine Protected Areas". www.marineprotectedareas.org.za. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
6. "Declarations". Pretoria: Government Printer. Retrieved 18 January 2019 – via Centre for Environmental rights.
7. "Size distribution of marine protected areas". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
8. "Ao Phanganga in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
9. "Had Chao Mai in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
10. "Had Noparatthara - Mu Koh Phi Phi in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
11. "Khao Laem Ya - Mu Koh Samed in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
12. "Khao Sam Roi Yot in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
13. "Lam Son in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
14. "Mu Ko Ang Thong in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
15. "Mu Ko Chang in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
16. "Mu Ko Lanta in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
17. "Mu Ko Preta in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
18. "Ao Phangnga - Mu Koh Surin - Mu Koh Similan in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
19. "Mu Ko Surin in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
20. "Tarutao in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
21. "Most recent designations". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
22. "Pacific Remote Islands in United States Minor Outlying Islands". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
23. "Cook Islands Marine Park in Cook Islands". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
24. "Poor Knights Islands in New Zealand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
25. "Cape Rodney-Okakari Point in New Zealand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
26. "Moutere Hauriri / Bounty Islands in New Zealand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
27. "Moutere Mahue / Antipodes Island in New Zealand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
28. "Tawharanui in New Zealand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
29. "Tuhua (Mayor Island) in New Zealand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
30. "Galápagos in Ecuador". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
31. "Charlie-Gibbs North High Seas MPA in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
32. "MAR North of the Azores High Seas MPA in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.