List of largest stars

Below is a list of the largest stars currently known, ordered by radius. The unit of measurement used is the radius of the Sun (approximately 695,700 km; 432,288 mi).

Not to be confused with List of most massive stars.

Relative sizes of the planets in the Solar System and several well-known stars:
  1. Mercury < Mars < Venus < Earth
  2. Earth < Neptune < Uranus < Saturn < Jupiter
  3. Jupiter < Wolf 359 < Sun < Sirius A
  4. Sirius A < Pollux < Arcturus < Aldebaran
  5. Aldebaran < Rigel A < Antares A < Betelgeuse
  6. Betelgeuse < Mu Cephei < VV Cephei A < VY Canis Majoris

Great uncertainties remain with the membership and order of the list, especially when deriving various parameters used in calculations, such as stellar luminosity and effective temperature. Often stellar radii can only be expressed as an average or within a large range of values. Values for stellar radii vary significantly in different sources and for different observation methods.

The angular diameters of many stars can be measured directly using stellar interferometry. Other methods can use lunar occultations or from eclipsing binaries, which can be used to test indirect methods of finding stellar radii. Only a few useful supergiant stars can be occulted by the Moon, including Antares A (Alpha Scorpii A). Examples of eclipsing binaries are Epsilon Aurigae (Almaaz), VV Cephei, and V766 Centauri (HR 5171). Angular diameter measurements can be inconsistent because the boundary of the very tenuous atmosphere (opacity) differs depending on the wavelength of light in which the star is observed.

Caveats
The extreme red hypergiant star VY Canis Majoris compared to the Sun and Earth's orbit.

Complex issues exist in determining the true radii of the largest stars, which in many cases do display significant errors. The following lists are generally based on various considerations or assumptions; these include:

  • Largest stars are usually expressed in units of the solar radius (R☉), where 1.00 R☉ equals 695,700 kilometres.
  • Stellar radii or diameters are usually derived only approximately using Stefan-Boltzmann law for the deduced stellar luminosity and effective surface temperature.
  • Stellar distances, and their errors, for most stars, remain uncertain or poorly determined.
  • Many supergiant stars have extended atmospheres, and many are embedded within opaque dust shells, making their true effective temperatures highly uncertain.
  • Many extended supergiant atmospheres also significantly change in size over time, regularly or irregularly pulsating over several months or years as variable stars. This makes adopted luminosities poorly known and may significantly change the quoted radii.
  • Other direct methods for determining stellar radii rely on lunar occultations or from eclipses in binary systems. This is only possible for a very small number of stars.

Extragalactic large stars

In this list are some examples of more distant extragalactic stars, which may have slightly different properties and natures than the currently largest-known stars in the Milky Way:

  • Some red supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds are suspected to have slightly different limiting temperatures and luminosities. Such stars may exceed accepted limits by undergoing large eruptions or change their spectral types over just a few months.
  • A survey of the Magellanic Clouds has catalogued many red supergiants, where many of them exceed 700 R☉ (490,000,000 km; 3.3 AU; 300,000,000 mi). Largest of these is about 1,200-1,300 R☉, though a few recent discoveries show stars reaching sizes of >1,500.[1][2]

List
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
List of the largest stars
Star name Solar radii
(Sun = 1)		 Method[lower-alpha 1] Notes
Stephenson 2-18 2,150[3] L/Teff Located within the massive open cluster Stephenson 2, where 25 other red supergiants are also located. A calculation of the bolometric luminosity by fitting the spectral energy distribution (SED) gives the star a luminosity of nearly 440,000 L☉ with an effective temperature of 3,200 K, which corresponds to a very large but extreme radius of 2,150 R☉, which would be considerably larger, cooler and more luminous than theoretical models of the largest, coolest, and most luminous possible red supergiants
LGGS J004520.67+414717.3 2,126[2] L/Teff Located in the Andromeda Galaxy
MY Cephei 2,061[4] L/Teff Not to be confused with Mu Cephei (see below). Older estimates have given up to 2,440 R☉ based on much cooler temperatures.[5]
WY Velorum 2,028[6] AD A symbiotic star containing a red supergiant, in the constellation of Vela
Orbit of Saturn1,940-2,169Reported for reference
WOH S71 (LMC 23095) 1,896[2] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
MG73 46 (MSX LMC 891) 1,838[2] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
LGGS J004539.99+415404.1 1,792[2] L/Teff Located in the Andromeda Galaxy
WOH G64 1,784-2,061[7] Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
HV 888 (WOH S140) 1,765[2] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
V744 Sagittarii 1,745[8] L/Teff
WOH S274 1,724[2] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
LGGS J013250.70+304510.6 1,701[9] L/Teff An extreme yellow hypergiant located in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33)
HV 2242 (WOH S69) 1,645[2] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
NML Cygni 1,639-2,770[10] L/Teff De beck et al. 2010 calculates 1,183 R☉,[11] although the quoted size was based on a more accurate measure of its distance combined with assumptions of its temperature
SMC 78282 (PMMR 198) 1,600[12] L/Teff Located in the Small Magellanic Cloud
HV 5993 (WOH S464) 1,531[2] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Westerlund 1-261,530–1,580[13] L/TeffVery uncertain parameters for an unusual star with strong radio emission. The spectrum is variable but apparently the luminosity is not.
RSGC1-F01 1,530[4] L/Teff Located in the open cluster RSGC1
W61 8-88 (WOH S465) 1,491[2] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
UCAC4 116-007944 (MSX LMC 810) 1,468[2] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
WOH S281 (IRAS 05261-6614) 1,459[2] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
W60 A78 (WOH S459) 1,445[2] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
HV 12998 (WOH S369) 1,443[2] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
W60 A72 (WOH S453) 1,441[2] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
VY Canis Majoris1,420[14]ADA candidate for a star in a second red supergiant phase.[15] VY CMa has been described as the largest star in the Milky Way although galactic red supergiants above are possibly larger but they have less accurate radius estimates.[16] Older estimates originally estimated the radius of VY CMa to be above 3,000 R☉,[17] or as little as 600 R☉.[18] The 1,420 R☉ measure has a margin of error of ±120 R☉.[14]
WOH S286 1,417[2] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
LGGS J004428.48+415130.9 1,410[19] L/Teff Located in the Andromeda Galaxy
RU Herculis 1,392[20] L/Teff
IRAS 05280-6910 1,367[7] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
S Persei 1,364±6[21] AD A red supergiant located in the Perseus Double Cluster. Levsque et al. 2005 calculated radii of 780 R☉ and 1,230 R☉ based on K-band measurements.[22] Older estimates gave up to 2,853 R☉ based on higher luminosities.[23]
LBV in PHL 293B 1,348-1,463[24] L/Teff A disappearing luminous blue variable star located in the low metallicity galaxy PHL 293B.
V688 Monocerotis 1,347[25] L/Teff Also one of the coolest stars at 1,670 K.[25]
RSGC1-F03 1,325[3] L/Teff Located in the open cluster RSGC1.
PMMR 62 1,313[12] L/Teff Located in the Small Magellanic Cloud
SMC 18136 (PMMR 37) 1,307[12] L/Teff Located in the Small Magellanic Cloud
LMC 170079 1,294[12] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
LGGS J05294221-6857173 1,292[9] L/Teff
Z Doradus 1,271[12] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
LGGS J004312.43+413747.1 1,270[19] L/Teff Located in the Andromeda Galaxy
BO Crucis 1,250[8] L/Teff
LGGS J004514.91+413735.0 1,250[19] L/Teff Located in the Andromeda Galaxy
LGGS J004428.12+415502.9 1,240[19] L/Teff Located in the Andromeda Galaxy
RSGC1-F09 1,230[3] L/Teff Located in the open cluster RSGC1.
SMC 5092 (PMMR 9) 1,216[12] L/Teff Located in the Small Magellanic Cloud
LGGS J004125.23+411208.9 1,200[19] L/Teff Located in the Andromeda Galaxy
HV 2532 (WOH S287) 1,195[12] L/Teff Located in the Small Magellanic Cloud
HV 2084 (PMMR 186) 1,187[12] L/Teff Located in the Small Magellanic Cloud
LGGS J004524.97+420727.2 1,170[19] L/Teff Located in the Andromeda Galaxy
RW Cephei 1,158[8] L/Teff RW Cep is variable both in brightness (by at least a factor of 3) and spectral type (observed from G8 to M0), thus probably also in diameter. Because the spectral type and temperature at maximum luminosity are not known, the quoted size is just an estimate.
W60 B90 (WOH S264) 1,149[26]–2,555[2] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
LGGS J004047.22+404445.5 1,140[19] L/Teff Located in the Andromeda Galaxy
LGGS J004035.08+404522.3 1,140[19] L/Teff Located in the Andromeda Galaxy
SW Cephei 1,131[27] L/Teff
LGGS J004124.80+411634.7 1,130[19] L/Teff Located in the Andromeda Galaxy
LGGS J013233.77+302718.8 1,129[9] L/Teff Located in the Triangulum Galaxy
HV 2781 (WOH S470) 1,129[12] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
RSGC1-F02 1,128[4] L/Teff Located in the open cluster RSGC1
SMC 56389 (PMMR 148) 1,128[12] L/Teff Located in the Small Magellanic Cloud
VX Sagittarii 1,120–1,550[28] L/Teff A pulsating variable star with a variation of over 7 magnitudes in visual brightness.
HV 2561(LMC 141430) 1,107[12] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
LGGS J004107.11+411635.6 1,100[19] L/Teff Located in the Andromeda Galaxy
RSGC1-F08 1,087[3] L/Teff Located in the open cluster RSGC1.
LGGS J004031.00+404311.1 1,080[19] L/Teff Located in the Andromeda Galaxy
SMC 49478 (PMMR 115) 1,077[12] L/Teff Located in the Small Magellanic Cloud
Trumpler 27-1 1,073[27] L/Teff Located in the massive possible open cluster Trumpler 27
HV 897 (WOH S161) 1,073[12] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
SMC 20133 (PMMR 41) 1,072[12] L/Teff Located in the Small Magellanic Cloud
LMC 174714 1,072[12] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
LGGS J004531.13+414825.7 1,070[19] L/Teff Located in the Andromeda Galaxy
HV 11262 (PMMR 16) 1,067[12] L/Teff Located in the Small Magellanic Cloud
Orbit of Jupiter1,064-1,173Reported for reference
V766 Centauri Aa (HR 5171 Aa) 1,060–1,160[29] L/Teff
SMC 25879 (PMMR 54) 1,053[12] L/Teff Located in the Small Magellanic Cloud
RSGC1-F05 1,047[3] L/Teff Located in the open cluster RSGC1.
WX Piscium 1,044[30] L/Teff
WOH G371 (LMC 146126) 1,043[12] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
WOH S327 (LMC 142202) 1,043[12] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
V358 Cassiopeiae 1,043[31] AD A red hypergiant star in the constellation of Cassiopeia.[20]
LGGS J004114.18+403759.8 1,040[19] L/Teff Located in the Andromeda Galaxy
ST Cephei 1,037[27] L/Teff
LGGS J004125.72+411212.7 1,020[19] L/Teff Located in the Andromeda Galaxy
LGGS J004059.50+404542.6 1,020[19] L/Teff Located in the Andromeda Galaxy
HV 986 (WOH S368) 1,010[32] L/Teff Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud
KW Sagittarii 1,009±142[33] AD
VV Cephei A1,000[34]EB VV Cep A is a highly distorted star in a close binary system, losing mass to the secondary for at least part of its orbit. Data from the most recent eclipse has cast additional doubt on the accepted model of the system. Older estimates give up to 1,900 R☉[22]
RW Cygni 1,000[27] L/Teff
Sextans A 10 995[35] L/Teff Located in the dwarf irregular galaxy Sextans A
NR Vulpeculae980[22]L/Teff
Mu Cephei (Herschel's "Garnet Star") 972[36] L/Teff Prototype of the obsolete class of the Mu Cephei variables and also one of reddest stars in the night sky in terms of the B-V color index.[37] Other estimates have given only 650 R☉ based on much closer distances.[38] Margin of possible error: ±228 R☉[36]
S Cassiopeiae 934[39] L/Teff
CL Carinae 920[8] L/Teff
CD Hydri 920[40] L/Teff
HV 2112 (PMMR 187)916[41]L/TeffLocated in the Small Magellanic Cloud, most likely candidate for a Thorne-Żytkow object.
FR Scuti 906[8] L/Teff
KU Andromedae 905[30] L/Teff
Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis)887[42]ADStar with the third largest apparent size after R Doradus and the Sun. Another estimate gives 955±217 R☉[43]
V341 Lacertae 874[8] L/Teff
Sextans A 5 870[35] L/Teff Located in the dwarf irregular galaxy Sextans A
W Aquilae 862[39] L/Teff A red giant star, it's size could be as low as 400, but there are 2 estimates over 700
RT Carinae861[27]L/Teff
V439 Puppis 840[20] L/Teff
VLH96 A 833[44] L/Teff
V558 Normae832[27]L/Teff
IW Hydrae 823[30] L/Teff
6 Geminorum (BU Geminorum821+60
−27[21]		L/Teff
BC Cygni820[27]L/Teff
S Lyrae 819[39] L/Teff
DQ Puppis 811[8] L/Teff
V396 Centauri808[27]L/Teff
R Andromedae 805[39] L/Teff
U Arietis 801[45] AD
RT Ophiuchi 801[45] AD
U Lacertae785[27]L/Teff
HD 155737 767[27] L/Teff
CK Carinae 761[27] L/Teff
UY Scuti755[27]L/Teff
Outer limits of the asteroid belt750-900Reported for reference
AZ Cygni 748[27] L/Teff
YZ Persei746[27]L/Teff
S Cephei 745[25] L/Teff
UU Pegasi 742[45] AD
GU Cephei 730[6] AD
AD Persei 724[46] L/Teff
V641 Cassiopeiae 716[27] L/Teff
V Camelopardalis 716[45] AD
AG Camelopardalis 713[31] AD
M33 01 710[47] L/Teff
Sextans A 7 710[35] L/Teff Located in the dwarf irregular galaxy Sextans A
Antares A (Alpha Scorpii A)707[6] (varies by 19%)[48]ADAntares was originally calculated to be over 850 R☉,[49][50] but those estimates are likely to have been affected by asymmetry of the atmosphere of the star.[51]
V407 Puppis 703[6] AD
LGGS J004255.95+404857.5700-785[52]L/TeffLocated in the Andromeda Galaxy
LGGS J003950.98+405422.5700[19]L/TeffLocated in the Andromeda Galaxy
LMC 169754700[1]L/TeffLocated in the Large Magellanic Cloud
LMC 65558700[1]L/TeffLocated in the Large Magellanic Cloud
WOH S66 (LMC 20355)700[53]L/TeffLocated in the Large Magellanic Cloud
V770 Cassiopeiae 700[6] AD
The following stars with sizes below 700 solar radii are kept here for comparison
V354 Cephei685[27]-1,520[22]L/Teff
KY Cygni 672[27]-1,420[22] L/Teff
119 Tauri (CE Tauri)587-593[54] (-608[55])ADCan be occulted by the Moon, allowing accurate determination of its apparent diameter.
V382 Carinae (x Carinae)485 ± 40[56]AD Yellow hypergiant, one of the rarest types of a star.
V509 Cassiopeiae400–900[57]ADYellow hypergiant, one of the rarest types of a star.
V1427 Aquilae400–450[29] DSKE V1427 Aquilae may be a yellow hypergiant or a much less luminous star.
CW Leonis390[58]-826[11]L/TeffPrototype of carbon stars. CW Leo was mistakenly identified as the claimed planet "Nibiru" or "Planet X".
Inner limits of the asteroid belt380Reported for reference
AH Scorpii 360[27] L/Teff AH Sco is a variable by nearly 3 magnitudes in the visual range, and an estimated 20% in total luminosity. The variation in diameter is not clear because the temperature also varies.
V1302 Aquilae357[59]L/TeffA yellow hypergiant that has increased its temperature into the LBV range. De beck et al. 2010 calculates 1,342 R☉ based on a much cooler temperature.[11]
Mira A (Omicron Ceti)332-402[60]ADPrototype Mira variable. De beck et al. 2010 calculates 541 R☉.[11]
Pistol Star306[61]ADBlue hypergiant, among the most massive and luminous stars known.
R Doradus298[62]AD Star with the second largest apparent size after the Sun.
Orbit of Mars297-358Reported for reference
La Superba (Y Canum Venaticorum)289[6]ADReferred to as La Superba by Angelo Secchi. Currently one of the coolest and reddest stars.
Sun's red giant phase256[63]At this point, the Sun will engulf Mercury and Venus, and possibly the Earth although it will move away from its orbit since the Sun will lose a third of its mass. During the helium burning phase, it will shrink to 10 R☉ but will later grow again and become an unstable AGB star, and then a white dwarf after making a planetary nebula.[64][65] Reported for reference
Rho Cassiopeiae242[6]ADYellow hypergiant, one of the rarest types of a star.
Eta Carinae A~240[66]Previously thought to be the most massive single star, but in 2005 it was realized to be a binary system. During the Great Eruption, the size was much larger at around 1,400 R☉.[67] η Car is calculated to be between 60 R☉ and 881 R☉.[68]
Orbit of Earth215 (211-219)Reported for reference
Solar System Habitable Zone200-520[69] (uncertain)Reported for reference
Orbit of Venus154-157Reported for reference
Epsilon Aurigae A (Almaaz A)143-358[70]ADε Aurigae was incorrectly claimed in 1970 as the largest star with a size between 2,000 R☉ and 3,000 R☉,[71] even though it later turned out not to be an infrared light star but rather a dusk torus surrounding the system.
Deneb (Alpha Cygni)99.84[6]ADPrototype Alpha Cygni variable.
Peony Star92[72]ADCandidate for most luminous star in the Milky Way.
Canopus (Alpha Carinae)71[73]ADSecond brightest star in the night sky.
Orbit of Mercury66-100Reported for reference
LBV 1806-2046-145[74]L/TeffFormerly a candidate for the most luminous star in the Milky Way with 40 million L☉,[75] but the luminosity has been revised later only 2 million L☉.[76][77]
Aldebaran (Alpha Tauri)43.06[6]ADFourteenth brightest star in the night sky
Polaris (Alpha Ursae Minoris)37.5[78]ADThe current northern pole star.
R136a128.8[79]-35.4[80]ADAlso on record as the most massive and luminous star known (315 M☉ and 8.71 million L☉).
Arcturus (Alpha Boötis)24.25[6]ADBrightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere.
HDE 22686820-22[81]The supergiant companion of black hole Cygnus X-1. The black hole is around 500,000 times smaller than the star.
Sun1The largest object in the Solar System.
Reported for reference
  1. Methods for calculating the radius:
    • AD: radius determined from angular diameter and distance
    • L/Teff: radius calculated from bolometric luminosity and effective temperature
    • DSKE: radius calculated using the disk emission
    • EB: radius determined from observations of the eclipsing binary

See also

References
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