List of banking crises

This is a list of banking crises. A banking crisis is a financial crisis that affects banking activity. Banking crises include bank runs, which affect single banks; banking panics, which affect many banks; and systemic banking crises, in which a country experiences many defaults and financial institutions and corporations face great difficulties repaying contracts.[1] A banking crisis is marked by bank runs that lead to the demise of financial institutions, or by the demise of a financial institution that starts a string of similar demises.[2]

Number of countries having a banking crisis in each year since 1800. This is based on This time is different: Eight centuries of financial folly, which covers only 70 countries. The general upward trend might be attributed to many factors. One of these is a gradual historical increase in the percent of people who receive money for their labor. Another, elsewhere suggested reason related to more recent development trends and to banking crisis during modern era might be changes in the size of banking sector compared to overall GDP. The dramatic feature of this graph is the virtual absence of banking crises during the period of the Bretton Woods agreement, 1945 to 1971. This analysis is similar to Figure 10.1 in Reinhart and Rogoff (2009). For more details see the help file for "bankingCrises" in the Ecdat package available from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN).

Bank runs

Main article: List of bank runs

A bank run occurs when many bank customers withdraw their deposits because they believe the bank might fail. There have been many runs on individual banks throughout history; for example, some of the 2008–2009 bank failures in the United States were associated with bank runs.

Banking panics and systemic banking crises

18th century

• Crisis of 1763, started in Amsterdam, begun by the collapse of Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky and Leendert Pieter de Neufville's bank, spread to Germany and Scandinavia
• Crisis of 1772–1773 in London and Amsterdam, begun by the collapse of the bankers Neal, James, Fordyce and Down.
• Panic of 1792, New York
• Panic of 1796–1797, Britain and United States

19th century

• Panic of 1819, a U.S. recession with bank failures; culmination of U.S.'s first boom-to-bust economic cycle
• Panic of 1825, a pervasive British recession in which many banks failed, nearly including the Bank of England
• Panic of 1837, a U.S. recession with bank failures, followed by a 5-year depression
• Panic of 1847, United Kingdom
• Panic of 1857, a U.S. recession with bank failures
• Panic of 1866, Europe
• Panic of 1873, a U.S. recession with bank failures, followed by a 4-year depression
• Panic of 1884, United States and Europe
• Panic of 1890, mainly affecting the United Kingdom and Argentina
• Panic of 1893, a U.S. recession with bank failures
• Australian banking crisis of 1893
• Panic of 1896, acute U.S. recession

20th century

• Panic of 1901, a U.S. economic recession that started a fight for financial control of the Northern Pacific Railway
• Panic of 1907, a U.S. economic recession with bank failures
• Shōwa Financial Crisis, a 1927 Japanese financial panic that resulted in mass bank failures across the Empire of Japan.
• Great Depression, the worst systemic banking crisis of the 20th century
• Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975 in the UK
• Japanese asset price bubble (1986–2003)
• Savings and loan crisis of the 1980s and 1990s in the U.S.
• 1988–92 Norwegian banking crisis
• Finnish banking crisis of 1990s
• Swedish banking crisis (1990s)
• Rhode Island banking crisis
• Peruvian banking crisis of 1992
• Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994
• 1997 Asian financial crisis
  • Enping financial crisis
• 1998 collapse of Long-Term Capital Management
• 1998 Russian financial crisis
• Argentine economic crisis (1999–2002)
• 1998–99 Ecuador banking crisis

21st century

• 2002 Uruguay banking crisis
• 2003 Myanmar Banking Crisis
• Late-2000s financial crisis, including:

• Subprime mortgage crisis in the U.S. starting in 2007
• 2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package
• 2009 United Kingdom bank rescue package
• 2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis
• 2008–2012 Icelandic financial crisis
• 2008–2009 Russian financial crisis
• 2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis
• 2008–2012 Spanish financial crisis
• 2008–2011 Irish banking crisis

• Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–10
• Ghana's Banking Sector Crisis 2017-2018

See also

• List of economic crises
• List of bank runs

References

Reinhart, Carmen M.; Rogoff, Kenneth S. (2009). This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14216-6.

Taylor, Alan M. The great leveraging. NBER 18290

Notes

1. Laeven L, Valencia F (2008). "Systemic banking crises: a new database" (PDF). IMF WP/08/224. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2008-09-29. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
2. Reinhart C, Rogoff K (2009). "Varieties of crises and their dates" (PDF). This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly. Princeton University Press. pp. 3–20. ISBN 978-0-691-14216-6. Retrieved 2009-11-28.