List of Araceae genera

This is a list of genera in the plant family Araceae. As currently circumscribed, the family contains over 3700 species into approximately a hundred genera. The family's taxonomy remains in flux, and a full taxonomic treatment integrating the mass of phylogenetic data that has become available in the last 10 years remain to be produced. The classification presented here is informed by the review of Mayo et al. (2013).[1]

Genera

Genus Authority	Year [N 1]	Classification	Type species	# of species	Distribution
Gymnostachys R.Br.[2]	1810	Gymnostachydoideae	Gymnostachys anceps R.Br.	1	Eastern Australia
Lysichiton[N 2] Schott[3]	1857	Orontioideae	Lysichiton camtschatcensis (L.) Schott	2	Temperate East Asia to Western United States
Orontium L.[4]	1753	Orontioideae	Orontium aquaticum L.	1	Eastern United States to Texas
Symplocarpus Salisb. ex W.P.C.Barton[5][N 3]	1817	Orontioideae	Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex W.P.C.Barton	5	Temperate East Asia and North America
Landoltia Les & D.J.Crawford[6]	2000 ("1999")	Lemnoideae	Landoltia punctata (G.Mey.) Les & D.J.Crawford	1	South and Central America
Lemna L.[4]	1753	Lemnoideae	Lemna minor L.	c. 13	Cosmopolitan
Spirodela Schleid.[7]	1839	Lemnoideae	Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid.	3	Cosmopolitan
Wolffia Horkel ex Schleid.[8][N 4]	1844	Lemnoideae	Wolffia michelii[N 5] Schleid.	ca. 10	Cosmopolitan
Wolffiella (Hegelm.) Hegelm.[9]	1895 ("1896")	Lemnoideae	Wolffiella oblonga (Phil.) Hegelm.	ca. 10	New World, Africa, Arabian Peninsula
Anthurium Schott[10]	1829	Pothoideae	Anthurium acaule (Jacq.) Schott	over 1000	Central and South America, Caribbean
Pedicellarum M.Hotta[11]	1976	Pothoideae	Pedicellarum paiei M.Hotta	1	Indomalaya
Pothoidium Schott[12]	1857	Pothoideae	Pothoidium lobbianum Schott	1	Taiwan, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Philippines
Pothos L.[4]	1753	Pothoideae	Pothos scandens L.	55+	Tropical Asia and Pacific
Alloschemone Schott[13]	1858	Monsteroideae	Alloschemone poeppigiana[N 6] Schott	2	Bolivia and Northern Brazil
Amydrium Schott[14]	1863	Monsteroideae	Amydrium humile Schott	5	Indochina to New Guinea
Anadendrum Schott[15]	1857	Monsteroideae	Anadendrum montanum[N 7] Schott	12	Southern China to Malesia
Epipremnum Schott[15]	1857	Monsteroideae	Epipremnum mirabile Schott	ca. 15	Tropical and subtropical Asia to Pacific Islands
Heteropsis Kunth[16]	1841	Monsteroideae	Heteropsis salicifolia Kunth	17	Costa Rica to tropical South America
Holochlamys Engl.[17]	1883 ("1882")	Monsteroideae	Holochlamys beccarii (Engl.) Engl.	1	New Guinea
Monstera Adans.[18]	1763	Monsteroideae	Monstera adansonii[N 8] Schott	ca. 60	Continental Neotropics
Rhaphidophora Hassk.[19]	1842	Monsteroideae	Rhaphidophora pertusa (Roxb.) Schott)	ca. 100	Africa to Australasia
Rhodospatha Poepp.[20]	1845	Monsteroideae	Rhodospatha latifolia Poepp.	15	Continental Neotropics
Scindapsus Schott[21]	1832	Monsteroideae	Scindapsus officinalis (Roxb.) Schott	35	Subtropical Asia to northern Australia
Spathiphyllum Schott[21]	1832	Monsteroideae	Spathiphyllum lanceifolium (Jacq.) Schott	40	Malesia, Central and South America
Stenospermation Schott[13]	1858	Monsteroideae	Stenospermation mathewsii Schott	50+	Continental Neotropics
Anaphyllopsis A.Hay[22]	1989 ("1988")	Lasioideae	Anaphyllopsis americana (Engler) A.Hay	3	Tropical South America
Anaphyllum Schott[23]	1857[N 9]	Lasioideae	Anaphyllum wightii Schott	2	India
Cyrtosperma Griff.[24]	1851	Lasioideae	Cyrtosperma lasioides[N 10] Griff.	ca. 12	Malesia and Pacific islands
Dracontioides Engl.[25]	1911	Lasioideae	Dracontioides desciscens Engl.	2	Eastern Brazil
Dracontium L.[4]	1753	Lasioideae	Dracontium polyphyllum L.	24	Neotropical
Lasia Lour.[26]	1790	Lasioideae	Lasia aculeata[N 11] Lour.	2	Tropical Asia to New Guinea
Lasimorpha Schott[23]	1857	Lasioideae	Lasimorpha senegalensis Schott	1	Western and West-Central Africa
Podolasia N.E.Br.[27]	1882	Lasioideae	Podolasia stipitata N.E.Br.	1	Malay Archipelago
Pycnospatha Thorel ex Gagnep.[28]	1941	Lasioideae	Pycnospatha palmata Gagnep.	2	Indochina
Urospatha Schott[29]	1853 ("1857")[N 12]	Lasioideae	Urospatha sagittifolia (Rudge) Schott	10+	Central and Southern America
Gonatopus Hook.f. ex Engl.[30]	1879	Zamioculcadoideae	Gonatopus boivinii (Decne.) Engl.	5	Africa
Zamioculcas Schott[31]		Zamioculcadoideae	Zamioculcas loddigesii[N 13] Schott	1	Tropical Eastern and Southern Africa.
Aglaodorum Schott[13]	1858	Aroideae Aglaonemateae	Aglaodorum griffithii (Schott) Schott	1	Sundaland, southern Indochina
Aglaonema Schott[10]	1829	Aroideae Aglaonemateae	Aglaonema oblongifolium[N 14] Schott	ca. 40	Southeast Asia
Alocasia (Schott) G.Don[32]	1839	Aroideae Colocasieae	Alocasia cucullata (Lour.) G.Don	79	tropical Asia to Australia
Amorphophallus Blume ex Decne.[33]	1834	Aroideae Thomsonieae	Amorphophallus campanulatus[N 15] Blume ex Decne.	ca. 200	Paleotropical
Ambrosina Bassi[34]	1763	Aroideae Ambrosineae	Ambrosina bassii L.	1	Tunisia, Algeria, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily
Anchomanes Schott[35]	1853	Aroideae Nephthytideae	Anchomanes hookeri[N 16] (Kunth) Schott	7 or 8	Tropical Africa
Anubias Schott[36]	1857	Aroideae Anubiadeae	Anubias afzelii Schott	8	West Africa
Apoballis Schott[37]	2010	Aroideae Schismatoglottideae	Apoballis neglecta[N 17] Schott	12	Thailand to Malesia
Aridarum Ridl.[38]	1913	Aroideae Schismatoglottideae	Aridarum montanum Ridl.	7	Borneo
Ariopsis Nimmo[39]	1839	Aroideae Colocasieae	Ariopsis peltata Nimmo	2	Western Ghats, southeastern Himalaya
Arisaema Mart.[40]	1831	Aroideae Arisaemateae	Unclear[N 18]	ca. 150	Eastern and Central Africa, Asia and eastern North America
Arisarum Mill.[41]	1754	Aroideae Arisareae	Arisarum vulgare Targ.Tozz.	3	Mediterranean area East to Caucasus
Arophyton Jum.[42]	1928	Aroideae Arophyteae	Arophyton tripartitum Jum.	7	Northern Madagascar
Arum L.[4]	1753	Aroideae Areae	Arum maculatum L.	ca. 25	Western Palearctic
Asterostigma Fisch. & C.A.Mey.[43]	1845	Aroideae Spathicarpeae	Asterostigma langsdorffianum[N 19] Fisch. & C.A.Mey.	7	Northern South America
Bakoa P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong[44]	2008	Aroideae Schismatoglottideae	Bakoa lucens (Bogner) P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong	1	Borneo
Biarum Schott[21]	1832	Aroideae Areae	Biarum tenuifolium (L.) Schott	ca. 23	Mediterranean
Bognera Mayo & Nicolson[45]	1984	Aroideae Dieffenbachieae	Bognera recondita (Madison) Mayo & Nicolson	1	Brazil
Bucephalandra Schott[13]	1858	Aroideae Schismatoglottideae	Bucephalandra motleyana Scott	5[N 20]	Borneo
Caladium Vent.[46]	1801 ("1800")	Aroideae Caladieae	Caladium bicolor (Aiton Vent.)	7	Tropical South America
Calla L.[4]	1753	Aroideae Calleae[N 21]	Calla palustris L.	1	Temperate Northern Hemisphere
Callopsis Engl.[47]	1895	Aroideae Callopsideae	Callopsis volkensii Endl.	1	Tanzania and Kenya
Carlephyton Jum.[48]	1919	Aroideae Arophyteae	Carlephyton madagascariense Jum.	3	Madagascar
Cercestis Schott[49]	1857	Aroideae Culcasieae	Cercestis afzelii Schott	10	Tropical Africa
Chlorospatha Engl.[50]	1878	Aroideae Caladieae	Chlorospatha kolbii Engl.	ca. 16	Costa Rica to Peru
Colletogyne Buchet[51]	1939	Aroideae Arophyteae	Colletogyne perrieri Buchet	1	Madagascar
Colocasia Schott[21]	1832	Aroideae Colocasieae	Colocasia antiquorum Schott	at least 25	tropical Polynesia and Southeast Asia
Croatiella E.G.Gonç.[52]	2005	Aroideae Spathicarpeae	Croatiella integrifolia (Madison) E.G.Gonç.	1	Eastern Ecuador
Cryptocoryne Fisch. ex Wydler[53]	1830	Aroideae Cryptocoryneae	Cryptocoryne spiralis (Retz.) Fisch. ex Wydler	50 to 60	Tropical Asia and New Guinea
Culcasia P.Beauv.[54]	1803[N 22] ("1805")	Aroideae Culcasieae	Culcasia scandens P.Beauv.	ca. 30	Africa
Dieffenbachia Schott[10]	1829	Aroideae Dieffenbachieae	Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott	56	Neotropical
Dracunculus Mill.[41]	1754	Aroideae Areae	Dracunculus vulgaris Schott	3	Circummediterranean
Eminium (Blume) Schott[31]	1856[N 23]	Aroideae Areae	Eminium spiculatum (Blume) Schott	9	Turkey and Middle East to Central Asia
Filarum Nicolson[55]	1968	Aroideae Caladieae	Filarum manserichense Nicolson	1	Peru
Furtadoa M. Hotta[56]	1981	Aroideae Homalomeneae	Furtadoa sumatrensis M.Hotta	2	Sumatra and Malaysia
Gearum N.E.Br.[57]	1882	Aroideae Spathicarpeae	Gearum brasiliense N.E.Br.	1 or 2	Western Brazil
Gorgonidium Schott[14]	1864 ("1863-1864")	Aroideae Spathicarpeae	Gorgonidium mirabile Schott	8	Peru to Argentina
Hapaline Schott[13][N 24]	1858	Aroideae Caladieae	Hapaline benthamiana (Schott) Schott	8	Southeast Asia to Malesia
Helicodiceros Schott[58]	1855[N 25]	Aroideae Areae	Helicodiceros muscivorus (L.f.) Engl.	1	Balearic islands, Corsica, Sardinia
Hestia S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce[59]	2010	Aroideae Schismatoglottideae	Hestia longifolia (Ridl.) S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce	1	Borneo
Homalomena Schott[21]	1832	Aroideae Homalomeneae	Homalomena cordata Schott	80+	Tropical Asia, Malesia, Papuasia, parts of the Neotropics
Incarum E.G.Gonç.[52]	2005	Aroideae Spathicarpeae	Incarum pavonii (Schott) E.G.Gonç.	1	Central Andes
Jasarum G.S.Bunting[60]	1977 ("1975")	Aroideae Caladieae	Jasarum steyermarkii G.S.Bunting	1	Guyana and Venezuela
Lagenandra Dalzell[61]	1852	Aroideae Cryptocoryneae	Lagenandra toxicaria Dalzell	16	India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
Lorenzia E.G.Gonç.[62]	2012	Aroideae Spathicarpeae	Lorenzia umbrosa E.G.Gonç.	1	Amapá, Brazil
Mangonia Schott[63]	1857	Aroideae Spathicarpeae	Mangonia tweedieana Schott	2	southern Brazil to Uruguay
Montrichardia Crueg.[64]	1854	Aroideae Montrichardieae	Montrichardia aculeatum[N 26] (G.Mey.) Crueg.	2+1 fossil	Neotropical
Nephthytis Schott[65]	1857	Aroideae Nephthytideae	Nephthytis afzellii Schott	6	tropical western Africa
Ooia S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce[66]	2010	Aroideae Schismatoglottideae	Ooia grabowskii (Engl.) S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce	2	Borneo
Peltandra Raf.[67]	1819	Aroideae Peltandreae	Peltandra undulata[N 27] Schott	2	Eastern North America and Cuba
Philodendron Schott[10]	1829	Aroideae Philodendreae	Philodendron grandifolium (Jacq.) Schott	at least 350	Tropical Americas
Philonotion Schott[68]	1829	Aroideae Philonotieae	Philonotion spruceanum (Schott	3	Neotropics
Phymatarum M.Hotta[69]	1965	Aroideae Schismatoglottideae	Phymatarum borneense] M.Hotta	1	Borneo
Pinellia Ten.[70]	1839	Aroideae Arisaemateae	Pinellia tuberifera[N 28] Ten.	9	East Asia
Piptospatha N.E.Br.[71]	1879	Aroideae Schismatoglottideae	Piptospatha insignis N.E.Br.	12	Thailand to Borneo
Pistia L.[4]	1753	Aroideae Pistieae	Pistia stratiotes L.	1	Likely pantropical
Protarum Engl.[72]	1901	Aroideae Colocasieae	Protarum sechellarum Engl.	1	Seychelles
Pseudohydrosme Engl.[73]	1892 ("1893")	Aroideae Nephthytideae	Pseudrohydrosme gabunensis	2	Gabon
Remusatia Schott[21]	1832	Aroideae Colocasieae	Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott	4	Tropical and Subtropical Old World
Sauromatum Schott[21]	1832	Aroideae Areae	Sauromatum guttatum[N 29] (Wall.) Schott	9	Tropical Eurasia to North China
Scaphispatha Brongn. ex Schott[74]	1860	Aroideae Caladieae	Scaphispatha gracilis Brongn. ex Schott	2	Bolivia and Brazil
Schismatoglottis Zoll. & Moritzi[75]	1846[N 30]	Aroideae Schismatoglottideae	Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Roxb.) Zoll. & Moritzi	100-120	Subtropical Asia to Pacific islands
Schottarum P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong[44]	2008	Aroideae Schismatoglottideae	Schottarum sarikeense (Bogner & M.Hotta) P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong	1	Borneo
Spathantheum Schott[76]	1859	Aroideae Spathicarpeae	Spathantheum orbignyanum Schott	2	Andes from Peru to Northern Argentina
Spathicarpa Hook.[77]	1831	Aroideae Spathicarpeae	Spathicarpa hastifolia Hook.	4	Southern tropical America
Steudnera K.Koch[78]	1862	Aroideae Colocasieae	Steudnera colocasiifolia K.Koch	10	Assam, Indochina, South China
Stylochaeton Lepr.[79]	1834	Aroideae Stylochaetoneae	Stylochaeton hypogeum Lepr.	ca. 20	Africa
Synandrospadix Engl.[80]	1883	Aroideae Spathicarpeae	Synandrospadix vermitoxicus (Griseb.) Engl.	1	Peru to northern Argentina
Syngonium Schott[10]	1829	Aroideae Caladieae	Syngonium auritum (L.) Schott	ca. 35	Neotropical
Taccarum Brongn.[81][N 31]	1858 ("1857")	Aroideae Spathicarpeae	Taccarum weddellianum Brongn.	6	South America
Theriophonum Blume[82]	1837 ("1835")	Aroideae Areae	Theriophonum crenatum[N 32] (Wight) Schott	7
Typhonium Schott[10]	1829	Aroideae Areae	Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott	ca. 50	Mongolia to Australia
Typhonodorum Schott[12]	1857	Aroideae Peltandreae	Typhonodorum lindleyanum Schott	1	Madagascar, Zanzibar, Mauritius and Comoros
Ulearum Engl.[83]	1905 ("1906")	Aroideae Calladieae	Ulearum sagittatum Engl.	2	Peru, northern Brazil
Xanthosoma Schott[21]	1832	Aroideae Caladieae	Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott	ca. 50	Neotropical
Zantedeschia Spreng.[84]	1826	Aroideae Zantedeschieae	Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng.	8	Southern Africa
Zomicarpa Schott[31]	1856	Aroideae Calladieae	Zomicarpa pythonium (Mart.) Schott	2	North-eastern Brazil
Zomicarpella N.E.Br.[85]	1881	Aroideae Calladieae	Zomicarpella maculata N.E.Br.	2	Colombia

Notes

1. A second date given in parentheses indicate the printed date on the work, when that date differs from the actual date of publication. This may occur because the work was distributed at a different date, or because a book was printed in multiple issues bound together at a later date.
2. Although Schott's original publication used both Lysichiton and Lysichitum his later publications used only the former name.
3. Since Barton himself credits Nuttall in following Salisbury's (1812, Trans. Hortic. Soc. Lond. 1:267) invalid name, some attribute authorship to that author instead (either in Barton or in Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1:105, 1818)
4. Although Schleiden originally published the genus in an earlier version[7] of that paper, he originally only included one species, W. delilei (≡ Wolffiella hyalina (Delile) Monod). That species was later moved out of Wolffia and into Wolffiella, overlooking that it was already the type of the former name. By the time the problem was noticed in the mid-20th century, Wolffia would have replaced Wolffiella, and the former Wolffia would have had to become Grantia (den Hartog, 1969, Taxon 18(5):591-592), which would have resulted in "intolerable confusion" (McVaugh, 1971, Taxon 20(2-3):384-389) as most of the species of the then Lemnaceae changed genera (two of which similar in name), and so the name was conserved (McVaugh, 1971) with a later date of publication allowing for a valid lectotype to be chosen.[7]
5. Schleiden's species is an illegitimate renaming of Linnaeus' Lemna arrhiza and is properly called Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Horkel ex Wimm.
6. An illegitimate new name for Eduard Poeppig's Scindapsus occidentalis. The species' correct name is Alloschemone occidentalis (Poepp.) Engl. & K.Krause.
7. The species is properly known as Anadendrum microstachyum (de Vriese & Miq.) Backer & Alderw.
8. Although Adanson originally called the species Dracontium pertusum, the combination Monstera pertusa was assigned by Schott (1830, Wiener Z. Kunst 4:1028), the first author to accept Adanson's genus and create combinations in it, to Pothos pertusum Roxb. (currently known as Rhaphidophora pertusa (Roxb.) Schott).
9. Some sources cite Gen. Aroid.:pl. 83 (1858), but there is no reason to believe that the May issue of Bonplandia, which Schott himself cite as the place of publication in Genera Aroidearum Exposita was published with that much delay.
10. Treated now as Cyrtosperma merkusii (Hassk.) Schott.
11. The species is now known at Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites.
12. The year when the work was completed.
13. The species, which is an illegitimate renaming of Loddiges' Calladium zamiifolium, is correctly known as Zamioculcas zamiifolia (G.Lodd.) Schott.
14. The correct name is Aglaonema nitida (Jack) Kunth. Schott's original type species may have been meant to be a renaming of William Roxburgh's Calla oblongifolia (=Aglaonema marantifolia Blume), but Schott mistakenly cited only Heinrich Friedrich Link's Arum integrifolium as a synonym, rendering the type species' new name illegitimate; he would later (1832, Melet. Bot. 1:20) rename it Aglaonema integrifolium. (Nicolson, 1969, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 1:5)
15. The species' name is illegitimate as it is based on the same type as Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson, which is the correct name.
16. This species is now treated as a synonym of Anchomanes difformis (Blume) Engl.
17. Properly treated as Apoballis rupestris (Zoll. & Moritzi ex Zoll.) S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce.
18. If the designation by Pfeiffer (1872, Nomencl. Bot. 1:265) is valid, the type is Arisaema speciosum, otherwise, the designation by Britton and Brown (1913, Ill. Fl. N.U.S., ed. 2. 1:442) of A. nepenthoideshas priority.
19. Although the original description included only this species, which is listed as type in Index Nominum Genericorum, the name is not included in any standard databases for unknown reasons.
20. This number does not account for many more species that remain undescribed or untransferred from original placement in the discredited Microcasia (Boyce & Yeng 2013; Webbia 67(2):139-146).
21. This species was until recently placed in its own subfamily, which was found (Cabrera et al. 2008; Am. J. Bot. 95(9)1153-1165:1160) to be nested within Aroideae. A new, comprehensive taxonomy of the family remains to be published, but Cabrera and al. characterized the demoting of the subfamily back to tribal status as the most sensible option.
22. A first part comprising 10 pages and 6 plates was issued in quarto format in 1803, but this edition was abandoned, and the more common folio edition began publication 2 years later.
23. IPNI and ING gives a part of Schott's Aroideae issued in 1855 as the place of publication, but the premier monograph gives the 1856 publication, which is the only one that could be verified.
24. Schott originally published the genus the year before(Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7:85) as Hapale, but then chose to alter the name as it was homonymous with a now disused genus of marmosets. This new name was later conserved (Brummitt 1984; Taxon 33(4):707) over the original form.
25. Multiple sources give the year of publication as 1853 (Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 3:369), but Schott merely notes after describing his Dracunculus crinita that "a genus Helicodiceros will probably be justified" ("Eine Gattung «Helicodiceros» dürfte hierdurch begründet werden."), which fails to satisfy the requirement of the ICN's article 36.1 (see also Rickett and Stafleu, 1959, Taxon 8(7):231).
26. The species' correct name is Montrichardia arborescens (L.) Schott
27. Treated as a synonym of Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott
28. Tenore's name was an unnecessary renaming of Thunberg's earlier Arum ternatum. The correct name for the species is Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino.
29. Now known as Sauromatum venosum (Dryand. ex Aiton) Kunth.
30. Due to confusion with a later, similarly titled work by Zollinger which has the same standardised abbreviation, some sources erroneously give 1854 as the date of publication.
31. Properly attributed to Brongniart in Schott (who says he is quoting Brongniart's description from a letter without adding any details of his own: "Wir bringen nachstehend den uns vom Autor überlassenen Gattungskarakter dar, indem wir uns nicht erlauben, demselben Eigenes anzufügen."), not Brongniart ex Schott, and not cited to Gen. Aroid.:pl. 65 (1858).
32. Now known as Theriophonum minutum (Willd.) Baill.

References

1. Mayo, Simon J.; Bogner, Josef; Cusimano, Nathalie (2013). "Recent Progress in the Phylogenetics and Classification of the Araceae". In Paul Wilkin and Simon J. Mayo (ed.). Early Events in Monocot Evolution. Systematics Association Special Volume Series. Cambridge University Press. pp. 208–242. ISBN 978-1-107-01276-9.
2. Brown, Robert (1810). Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. London: R.Taylor. p. 337.
3. Schott (1857). "Aroideae". Österreichisches Botanisches Wochenblatt. 7 (8): 61–62. doi:10.1007/BF02059440.
4. Linnaeus (1753). Species Plantarum (in Latin). Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii.
   • Arum, p. 964
   • Calla, p. 968
   • Dracontium, p. 967
   • Lemna, p. 970
   • Orontium, p. 324
   • Pistia, p. 963
5. Barton, William P. C. (1817). Vegetable Materia Medica of the United States. 1. Carey & Sons=. p. 124.
6. Les, Donald H.; Crawford, Daniel J. (1999). "Landoltia, a new genus of duckweed". Novon. 9 (4): 530–533. doi:10.2307/3392157. JSTOR 3392157.
7. Schleiden, M.J. (1829). "Prodromus Monographiae Lemnacearum oder Conspectus Generum Atque Specierum". Linnaea (in German). 13: 385–392.
8. Schleiden, M.J. (1844). "Prodromus Monographiae Lemnacearum oder Conspectus Generum Atque Specierum". Beitrage zur Botanik, Erste Band (in German). Wilh. Engelmann. pp. 229–236, 233.
9. Hegelmaier, F. (1896). "Systematische Übersicht der Lemnaceen". Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie (in German). 21 (3): 268–305, 303.
10. Schott, H.W. (1829). "Für Liebhaber der Botanik" [For Botanical Amateurs]. Wiener Zeitschrift fur Kunst, Litteratur, Theater und Mode (in German). 1829 (3): 732, 779–780, 803, 828, 892, 1180, 1280.
    • Aglaonema, p. 892
    • Anthurium, p. 828
    • Dieffenbachia, p. 803
    • Philodendron, p. 780
    • Syngonium, p. 780
    • Typhonium, p. 732
11. Hotta, Mitsuru (1976). "Notes on Bornean Plants III. : Pedicellarum and Heteroaridarum, two new genera of the aroids". Acta Phytotaxa et Geobotanica. 27 (3–4): 61–65.
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