Leonora Carrington

Leonora Carrington OBE (6 April 1917 – 25 May 2011[1]) was a British-born Mexican artist, surrealist painter, and novelist. She lived most of her adult life in Mexico City and was one of the last surviving participants in the Surrealist movement of the 1930s.[2] Carrington was also a founding member of the Women's liberation movement in Mexico during the 1970s.[3][4]

Leonora Carrington
Born(1917-04-06)6 April 1917
Clayton-le-Woods, Lancashire, England
Died25 May 2011(2011-05-25) (aged 94)
Mexico City, Mexico
Known forPainting
Writing
MovementSurrealism
Spouse(s)Renato Leduc
Emerico "Chiki" Weisz
ChildrenGabriel and Pablo Weisz
Websitewww.leocarrington.com

Early life

Carrington was born in Clayton Green, Chorley, Lancashire,[5][6] England. Her father was a wealthy textile manufacturer,[5][7] and her mother, Maureen (née Moorhead), was Irish.[5] She had three brothers: Patrick, Gerald, and Arthur.[8][9]

Educated by governesses, tutors, and nuns, she was expelled from two schools, including New Hall School, Chelmsford,[10] for her rebellious behaviour, until her family sent her to Florence, where she attended Mrs Penrose's Academy of Art. She also, briefly, attended St Mary's convent school in Ascot.[11] In 1927, at the age of ten, she saw her first Surrealist painting in a Left Bank gallery in Paris and later met many Surrealists, including Paul Éluard.[12] Her father opposed her career as an artist, but her mother encouraged her. She returned to England and was presented at Court, but according to her, she brought a copy of Aldous Huxley's Eyeless in Gaza (1936) to read instead. In 1935, she attended the Chelsea School of Art in London for one year, and with the help of her father's friend Serge Chermayeff, she was able to transfer to the Ozenfant Academy of Fine Arts established by the French modernist Amédée Ozenfant in London (1936–38).[8][13]

She became familiar with Surrealism from a copy of Herbert Read's book, Surrealism (1936), which was given to her by her mother,[9] but she received little encouragement from her family to forge an artistic career. The Surrealist poet and patron Edward James was the champion of her work in Britain; James bought many of her paintings and arranged a show in 1947 for her work at Pierre Matisse's Gallery in New York. Some works are still hanging at James' former family home, currently West Dean College in West Dean, West Sussex.[14]

Association with Max Ernst
Self-Portrait (Inn of the Dawn Horse)

In 1936, Leonora saw the work of the German surrealist Max Ernst at the International Surrealist Exhibition in London and was attracted to the Surrealist artist before she even met him. In 1937, Carrington met Ernst at a party held in London. The artists bonded and returned together to Paris, where Ernst promptly separated from his wife. In 1938, leaving Paris, they settled in Saint Martin d'Ardèche in southern France. The new couple collaborated and supported each other's artistic development. The two artists created sculptures of guardian animals (Ernst created his birds and Carrington created a plaster horse head) to decorate their home in Saint Martin d'Ardèche. In 1939, Carrington painted Portrait of Max Ernst as a capture of some ambivalences in their relationship.[8] The portrait was not her first Surrealist work, though. Before that, between 1937–1938, Leonora painted Self-Portrait, also called The Inn of the Dawn Horse, now exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Sporting white jodhpurs and a wild mane of hair, Carrington is perched on the edge of a chair in this curious, dreamlike scene, her hand outstretched toward a prancing hyena and her back to a tailless rocking horse flying behind her.

"La barca de las garzas" (The boat of the herons).

With the outbreak of World War II Ernst, who was German, was arrested by the French authorities for being a "hostile alien". With the intercession of Paul Éluard, and other friends, including the American journalist Varian Fry, he was discharged a few weeks later. Soon after the Nazis invaded France, Ernst was arrested again, this time by the Gestapo, because his art was considered by the Nazis to be "degenerate". He managed to escape and, leaving Carrington behind, fled to The United States with the help of Peggy Guggenheim, who was a sponsor of the arts.[15]

After Ernst's arrest, Carrington was devastated and fled to Spain. Paralyzing anxiety and growing delusions culminated in a final breakdown at the British Embassy in Madrid. Her parents intervened and had her hospitalised. She was given "convulsive therapy" and was treated with the drugs cardiazol, a powerful anxiolytic drug (eventually banned by some authorities, including the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)), and Luminal, a barbiturate.[16] After being released into the care of a nurse who took her to Lisbon, Carrington ran away and sought refuge in the Mexican Embassy. Meanwhile, Ernst had married Peggy Guggenheim in New York in 1941. That marriage ended a few years later. Ernst and Carrington never resumed their relationship.

Mexico
Cocodrilo on Paseo de la Reforma. The statue was donated to Mexico City by Carrington in 2000 and was moved to its current location in 2006.[17]

Following the escape to Lisbon, Carrington arranged passage out of Europe with Renato Leduc, a Mexican Ambassador. Leduc was a friend of Pablo Picasso, and agreed to a marriage of convenience with Carrington so that she would be accorded the immunity given to a diplomat's wife.[18] Leduc spirited Carrington away to Mexico, which she grew to love and where she lived, on and off, for the rest of her life.[18] The pair divorced in 1943.[18] Events from this period continued to inform her work.

After spending part of the 1960s in New York City, Carrington lived and worked in Mexico once again.[6] While in Mexico, she was asked, in 1963, to create a mural which she named El Mundo Magico de los Mayas,[19] and which was influenced by folk stories from the region.[20] The mural is now located in the Museo Nacional de Antropología in Mexico City.

Carrington designed Mujeres conciencia (1973), a poster, for the Women's Liberation movement in Mexico, depicting a ‘new eve’.[21] In the 1970's, women artists of previous waves and generations, responded to the more liberal climate and movement of the array of feminist waves. Many pushed the issues of gender within their work while others spoke out on issues instead of making art.[22]

Carrington, personally and primarily focused on psychic freedom, understood that such freedom could not be achieved until political freedom is also accomplished.[3] Through these beliefs, Carrington understood that “greater cooperation and sharing of knowledge between politically active women in Mexico and North America” was important for emancipation.[3] Carrington's political commitment led to her winning the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Women's Caucus for Art convention in New York in 1986.[3] Throughout the decade women identified and defined an array of relationships to feminist and mainstream concepts and concerns. Continuing through the decade women continued to question the meaning of existence through form and material.[23]

I didn't have time to be anyone's muse... I was too busy rebelling against my family and learning to be an artist.

— Leonora Carrington[24]

Second marriage and children

She later married Emerico Weisz (nickname "Chiki"), born in Hungary 1911, a photographer and the darkroom manager for Robert Capa during the Spanish Civil War. They had two sons: Gabriel, an intellectual and a poet, and Pablo, a doctor and Surrealist artist. Chiki Weisz died January 17, 2007, at home. He was 97 years old.

Death

Leonora Carrington died on 25 May 2011, aged 94, in a hospital in Mexico City, as a result of complications arising from pneumonia.[25][26]

Themes and major works
Leonora Carrington, National Anthropology Museum

Carrington stated that: "I painted for myself...I never believed anyone would exhibit or buy my work."[3] She was not interested in the writings of Sigmund Freud, as were other Surrealists in the movement. She instead focused on magical realism and alchemy and used autobiographical detail and symbolism as the subjects of her paintings. Carrington was interested in presenting female sexuality as she experienced it, rather than as that of male surrealists’ characterization of female sexuality.[27] Carrington's work of the 1940s is focused on the underlying theme of women's role in the creative process.[3]

Carrington's work is identified and compared with the surrealist movement. Within the surrealist movement, there was a strong exploration of the women's body combining the mysterious forces of nature combined. During this time women artists correlated the woman figure with creative nature while using ironic stances.[28]

When painting, she used small brushstroke techniques building up layers in a meticulous manner, creating rich imagery.

In Self-Portrait (1938), Carrington offers her own interpretation of female sexuality by looking toward her own sexual reality rather than theorizing on the subject, as was custom by other Surrealists in the movement. Carrington's move away from the characterization of female sexuality subverted the traditional male role of the Surrealist movement. Self-Portrait (1937–38) also offers insight into Carrington's interest in the "alchemical transformation of matter and her response to the Surrealist cult of desire as a source of creative inspiration."[3] Self Portrait further explores the duality that comes with being a woman. This concept of duality is explored by Carrington using a mirror to assert duality of the self and the self being an observer with being observed.[29] The hyena depicted in Self-Portrait (1937–38) joins both male and female into a whole, metaphoric of the worlds of the night and the dream.[3] The symbol of the hyena is present in many of Carrington's later works, including "La Debutante" in her book of short stories The Oval Lady.[30]

Three years after being released from the asylum and with the encouragement of André Breton,[31] Carrington wrote about her psychotic experience in her memoir Down Below.[32] In this, she explained how she had a nervous breakdown, didn't want to eat, and left Spain. This is where she was imprisoned in an asylum. She illustrates all that was done to her: ruthless institutional therapies, sexual assault, hallucinatory drugs, and unsanitary conditions. It has been suggested that the events of the book should not be taken literally, given Carrington's state at the time of her institutionalization; however, recent authors have sought to examine the details of her institution in order to discredit this theory.[33][34] She also created art to depict her experience, such as her Portrait of Dr. Morales and Map of Down Below.[35]

Her book The Hearing Trumpet deals with aging and the female body. It follows the story of older women who, in the words of Madeleine Cottenet-Hage in her essay "The Body Subversive: Corporeal Imagery in Carrington, Prassinos and Mansour", seek to destroy the institutions of their imaginative society to usher in a "spirit of sisterhood."[36][37] The Hearing Trumpet also criticizes the shaming of the nude female body, and it is believed to be one of the first books to tackle the notion of gender identity in the twentieth century.[37] Carrington's views of sexuality, however, differ from contemporary feminists in that she sees maternity as a key experience to femininity. Carrington stated, "We, women, are animals conditioned by maternity.... For female animals love-making, which is followed by the great drama of the birth of a new animal, pushes us into the depths of the biological cave."[38]

Carrington had an interest in animals, myth, and symbolism. This interest became stronger after she moved to Mexico and started a relationship with the émigré Spanish artist Remedios Varo. The two studied alchemy, the kabbalah, and the post-classic Mayan mystical writings, Popol Vuh.[39][40]

The first important exhibition of her work appeared in 1947, at the Pierre Matisse Gallery in New York City. Carrington was invited to show her work in an international exhibition of Surrealism, where she was the only female English professional painter. She became a celebrity almost overnight. In Mexico, she authored and successfully published several books.[41]

Sculpture by Carrington on display near the University of Guanajuato during the 2015 Festival Internacional Cervantino.

The first major exhibition of her work in UK for twenty years took place at Chichester's Pallant House Gallery, West Sussex, from 17 June to 12 September 2010, and subsequently in Norwich at the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts, as part of a season of major international exhibitions called Surreal Friends that celebrated women's role in the Surrealist movement. Her work was exhibited alongside pieces by her close friends, the Spanish painter Remedios Varo (1908–1963) and the Hungarian photographer Kati Horna (1912–2000).

In 2013, Carrington was the subject of a major retrospective at the Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin. Titled The Celtic Surrealist, it was curated by Sean Kissane and examined Carrington's Irish background to illuminate many cultural, political and mythological themes present in her work.[42]

Carrington's art often depicts horses, as in her Self-Portrait (Inn of the Dawn Horse) and the painting The Horses of Lord Candlestick.[8] Her fascination with drawing horses began in her childhood.[8] Horses also appear in her writings. In her first published short story, "The House of Fear", Carrington portrays a horse in the role of a psychic guide to a young heroine.[43] In 1935, Carrington's first essay, "Jezzamathatics or Introduction to the Wonderful Process of Painting", was published before her story "The Seventh Horse".[8] Carrington often used codes of words to dictate interpretation in her artwork. "Candlestick" is a code that she commonly used to represent her family, and the word "lord" for her father.[8]

Carrington contributed to the 1973 Mexican horror film The Mansion of Madness directed by Juan López Moctezuma, loosely based on the Edgar Allan Poe short story The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether. She supervised the artistic design for the sets and costumes, with one of her sons, Gabriel Weisz. The repeated appearance of a white horse, Carrington’s alter ego, and the elaborate surreal feasts and costumes show her influence and vision.

In 2005, Christie's auctioned Carrington's Juggler (El Juglar),[44] and the realised price was US$713,000, setting a new record for the highest price paid at auction for a living surrealist painter. Carrington painted portraits of the telenovela actor Enrique Álvarez Félix,[45][46] son of actress María Félix, a friend of Carrington's first husband.

In 2015, Carrington was honoured through a Google Doodle commemorating her 98th birthday. The Doodle was based on her painting, How Doth the Little Crocodile, drawn in surrealist style.[47] The painting was inspired by a poem in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, and this painting was eventually turned into Cocodrilo located on Paseo de la Reforma.[48]

Exhibitions
  • 2019: Surrealism in Mexico , New York, NY, April 25 - June 29, 2019
  • 2019: LEONORA CARRINGTON, The Story of the Last Egg, GALLERY WENDI NORRIS OFFSITE EXHIBITION, New York, NY, May 23 – June 29, 2019
  • 2018: the Leonora Carrington Museum opens in San Luis Potosí, México.
  • 2018: Leonora Carrington. Cuentos Mágicos, Museo de Arte Moderno de la Ciudad de México, Mexico, April - September 2018 [49]
  • 2017: Mad About Surrealism, Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Netherlands, Rotterdam[50]
  • 2017: Surrealist Women, Mayoral, Barcelona, Spain, Barcelona [50]
  • 2016: Monstruosismos, Museo de Arte Moderno de Ciudad de México, Mexico, Bosque de Chapultepec[50]
  • 2016: Surreal Encounters. Collecting the Marvellous, Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, UK, Edinburgh[50]
  • 2016: Dalí, Ernst, Miró, Magritte ... : Surreal Encounters from the Collections Edward James, Roland Penrose[50]
  • 2016: Gabrielle Keiller, Ulla and Heiner Pietzsch, Hamburger Kunsthalle, Germany, Hamburg[50]
  • 2016: Artists and Lovers, Ordovas Gallery, London, UK, Mayfair[50]
  • 2016: Strange Worlds: The Vision of Angela Carter, Royal West Of England Academy, UK, Bristol[50]
  • 2016: Leonora Carrington: The Last Tuesday Society & Viktor Wynd's Museum of Curiosities, Fine Art & Natural History. Hackney, London, September – December 2016[51]
  • 2015: Leonora Carrington: Tate Liverpool, 6 March – 31 May 2015[50]
  • 2015: Surrealism and Magic, Boca Raton Museum of Art, USA, Boca Raton[50]
  • 2015: Kahlo, Rivera & Mexican Modern Art, NSU Art Museum, Fort Lauderdale, USA, Ft. Lauderdale[50]
  • 2015: Mexico: Fantastic Identity. 20th Century Masterpieces from the FEMSA Collection, Museum of Latin American Art, USA, Long Beach [50]
  • 2015: Lorna Otero Project Album of Family, Miami, The Patricia & Phillip Frost Art Museum, Florida International University, USA, Downtown Miami[50]
  • 2015: Surrealism: The Conjured Life, Museum of Contemporary Art (MCA) Chicago, USA, Near North Side[50]
  • 2015: Fields of Dream: The Surrealist Landscape, Di Donna, USA, Upper East Side[50]
  • 2014: Surrealism and Magic, Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University, USA, Ithaca[50]
  • 2014: Paper, Pencil & Ink: Prints & Other Works on Paper, Ruiz-Healy Art, USA, San Antonio[50]
  • 2013: Max Ernst, Fondation Beyeler, Basel, Switzerland, Basel[50]
  • 2013–2014: Leonora Carrington: The Celtic Surrealist, Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin, Ireland (solo)[52]
  • 2012: In Wonderland: The Surrealist Adventures of Women Artists in Mexico and the United States, Los Angeles [50]
  • 2012: County Museum of Art, USA, Park La Brea[50]
  • 2011: Exultation: Sex, Death and Madness in Eight Surrealist Masterworks, Wendi Norris Gallery, USA, Union Square[50]
  • 2011: The Colour of My Dreams The Surrealist Revolution in Art, Vancouver Art Gallery, Canada, Vancouver[50]
  • 2011: The Good, The Bad, The Ugly?, Museum of Latin American Art, USA, Long Beach[50]
  • 2011: Night Scented Stock, Marianne Boesky Gallery, 118 East 64th Street, USA, Upper East Side[50]
  • 2011: Leonora Carrington & Tilly Losch, Viktor Wynd Fine Art Inc.[53]
  • 2010: Surreal Friends, Pallant House Gallery, UK, Chichester,[50] and Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts, UK, Norwich
  • 2010: Divine Comedy, Sotheby's New York, USA, Upper East Side[50]
  • 2009: Latitudes: Latin American Masters from the Femsa Collection, The Bowers Museum of Cultural Art, USA, Santa Ana[50]
  • 2009: Angels of Anarchy: Women Artists and Surrealism, Manchester Art Gallery, UK, Manchester[50]
  • 2008: Arte Americas The Latin American Art Fair, Tresart, USA, Coral Gables [50]
  • 2008: Works from the Natasha and Jacques Gelman Collection of Modern Mexican Art, Irish Museum of Modern Art, Ireland, Dublin[50]
  • 2008: Talismanic Lens, Frey Norris Gallery, San Francisco, CA (solo)[52]
  • 2007: Surrealism: Dreams on Canvas, Nassau County Museum of Art, Roslyn Harbor, NY[52]
  • 2003: Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera and 20th Century Mexican Art: The Jacques and Natasha Gelman Collection, National Museum of Mexican Art, Chicago, IL
  • 2001–2002: Surrealism: Desire Unbound, The Tate, London, England and The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY[52]
  • 1999: Mirror Images: Women, Surrealism and Self-Representation, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA

Surrealism: Two Private Eyes/The Nesuhi Ertegun and Daniel Filipacchi Collections, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY[52]

  • 1993: Regards des Femmes, Musée d'Art Moderne, Lieja, France

Sujeto-Objeto, Museo Regional de Guanajuato, Guanajuato y Museo de Monterrey, Moneterrey, Mexico[52]

  • 1991: Galería de Arte del Auropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México, Mexico City, Mexico (solo)

Serpentine Gallery, London, England (solo) Sainsbury, Norwich, England (solo) Arnolfini, Bristol, England (solo) The Mexican Museum, San Francisco, CA (solo)[52]

  • 1990: Art Company, Leeds, England (solo)

Brewster Gallery, New York, NY (solo)[52]

  • 1989: Museo Nacional de la Estampa, INBA, Mexico (solo)[52]
  • 1987: Brewster Gallery, New York, NY (solo)

Art Space Mirage, Tokyo, Japan (solo) Alexander Iolas Gallery, New York, NY (solo)[52]

  • 1976: Leonora Carrington : a retrospective exhibition, Center for Inter-American Relations, New York City [54]
  • 1976: Leonora Carrington : a retrospective exhibition, University Art Museum, University of Texas at Austin [54]
  • 1970: Impressionism to Surrealism, Worthing Art Gallery, Worthing, England[52]
  • 1969: The Surrealists, Byron Gallery, New York, NY

Galerie Pierre, Paris, France (solo) Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes, Sala Nacional, Mexico (solo) Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City, Mexico (solo) Galería de Arte Mexicano, Mexico City, Mexico (solo)[52]

  • 1968: Artistas Británicos en México 1800/1968, Instituto Anglo-Mexicano de Cultura, Mexico[52]
  • 1967: IX Bienal de Pintura, São Paulo, Brazil[52]
  • 1966: Surrealism: A State of Mind, Universidad de California, Santa Barbara, CA

Surrealismo y Arte Fantástico en México, Galeria Universitaria, Aristos, Mexico 1965: Galería Antonio Souza, Mexico City, Mexico (solo) Instituto Cultural Anglo-Mexicano, Mexico (solo) Galería Clardecor, Mexico City, Mexico (solo)[52]

  • 1963: Pinturas de la colección de Edward James, Worthing Art Gallery, Worthing, England[52]
  • 1961: El Retrato Mexicano Contemporáneo, Museo de Arte Moderno, Mexico City, Mexico[52]
  • 1959: Eros Galerie, Daniel Cordier, Paris, France[52]
  • 1956: Galería de Arte Mexicano, Mexico City, Mexico (solo)[52]
  • 1943: Exhibition by 31 Women, the Art of This Century gallery, New York, NY[55]

First Papers of Surrealism, Madison Avenue Gallery, New York, NY 20th Century Portraits, Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY[52]

  • 1942: Pierre Matisse Gallery, New York, NY (solo)[52]
  • 1938: Esposition du Surréalisme, Galerie Robert, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme, Galerie Beaux-Arts, Paris, France [52]

Books
  • La Maison de la Peur, H. Parisot, 1938 – with illustrations by Max Ernst
  • Down Below (VVV magazine, 1944) Reprinted by Black Swan Press in 1983 and New York Review of Books in 2017.
  • Une chemise de nuit de flanelle, Libr. Les Pas Perdus, 1951, translated by Yves Bonnefoy, with a cover by Max Ernst
  • El Mundo Mágico de Los Mayas, Museo Nacional de Antropología, 1964 – illustrated by Leonora Carrington
  • The Oval Lady: Surreal Stories (Capra Press, 1975)[56]
  • The Hearing Trumpet (Routledge, 1976);[36] Penguin Books, Limited, 2005, ISBN 9780141187990
  • The Stone Door (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1977)[57]
  • The Seventh Horse and Other Tales (Dutton, 1988)[58]
  • The House of Fear (Trans. K. Talbot and M. Warner. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1988)[59]
  • The Complete Stories of Leonora Carrington (Dorothy, a publishing project, 2017. Introduction by Kathryn Davis)

Artworks
gollark: (Nonlinear transition permutations)
gollark: Do it nonroughly so they can all do a cycle every microsecond at around the 0ns mark or something.
gollark: Anyway, I think organisations like Google have solved the issue they're trying to address in a less insane way.
gollark: (In 2062, people randomly firing black holes everywhere made maintaining consistent time synchronisation impossible for non-GTech™ entities.)
gollark: We aren't in 2062.

See also
  • Women Surrealists

References
  1. Mark Stevenson (27 May 2011). "Surrealist Leonora Carrington dies at 94 in Mexico City". Gettysburg Times. Associated Press.
  2. Paul Bond (22 June 2011). "Leonora Carrington dead at 94". World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  3. Chadwick, Whitney (1986). "Leonora Carrington: Evolution of a Feminist Consciousness". Woman's Art Journal: 37–42.
  4. Phaidon Editors (2019). Great women artists. Phaidon Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0714878775.
  5. Leo Carrington & Sons website Archived 29 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  6. See Carrington's "El Mundo Magico de Los Mayas".
  7. Robinson, Michael. Surrealism (Fulham: Star Fire, 2006), pg. 312.
  8. Aberth, Susan (2010). Leonora Carrington: Surrealism, Alchemy and Art. Lund Humphries. pp. 11, 20–43, 149.
  9. William Grimes (26 May 2011). "Leonora Carrington Is Dead at 94; Artist and Author of Surrealist Work". The New York Times.
  10. New Hall School website; retrieved 27 May 2011
  11. Silvano Levy (27 May 2011). "Leonora Carrington: Surrealist painter and sculptor who found her artistic and spiritual home in Mexico". The Independent. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  12. Carrington Leonara. "Carrington Leonara bio". Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  13. Grimes, William (26 May 2011). "Leonora Carrington, Surrealist, Dies at 94". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  14. Leonora and me (accessed online 4 April 2008)
  15. Max Ernst profile; accessed online 21 July 2007.
  16. Gaensbauer, Deborah. "Gaensbauer": 275. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  17. "Cocodrilo, de Leonora Carrington, posa en su nuevo lecho de agua sobre Reforma". La Jornada. UNAM. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  18. Hernández Santiago, Joel; Luis Carlos Sánchez (28 May 2011). "Leonora Carrington y Renato Leduc, amor convenido". Excelsior (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  19. Carrington, Leonora (1964). El mundo mágico de los Mayas. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  20. Aberth, Susan; Barnet-Sanchez, Holly; Carrington, Leonora (Autumn 1992). "Leonora Carrington: The Mexican Years, 1943–1985". Art Journal. 51 (3): 83–85. doi:10.2307/777352. JSTOR 777352.
  21. Chadwick, Whitney (2012). Women, Art, & Society (5 ed.). New York: Thames & Hudson.
  22. Thames & Hudson (1990). Women, Art & Society. london: Thames & Hudson Inc. p. 345. ISBN 9780500204054.
  23. Thames & Hudson (1990). Women, Art, and Society. London: Thames & Hudson inc. p. 345. ISBN 9780500204054.
  24. Leonora Carrington's quotes. "quotes". Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  25. "Leonora Carrington's Death". Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  26. Moorhead, Joanna (26 May 2011). "Leonora Carrington obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  27. Chadwick, Whitney (2012). Women, Art, and Society (5 ed.). New York: Thames & Hudson.
  28. Thames & Hudson (1990). Women, Art & Society. London: Thames & Hudson Inc. p. 183. ISBN 9780500204054.
  29. Thames & Hudson (1990). Women, Art and Society. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. London. p. 314. ISBN 978050020405-4.
  30. Hubert, Renee (1 July 1991). "Leonora Carrington and Max Ernst: Artistic Partnership and Feminist Liberation". New Literary History. 22 (3): 715–745. doi:10.2307/469210. JSTOR 469210.
  31. Hertz, Erich. "Breton": 97. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  32. Gaensbauer, Deborah (1994). "Voyages of Discovery: Leonora Carrington's Magical Prose". Women's Studies. 23 (3): 271–284. doi:10.1080/00497878.1994.9979027.
  33. "Leonora Carrington". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  34. Hoff, Ann (Spring 2009). "'I Was Convulsed, Pitiably Hideous': Convulsive Shock Treatment in Leonora Carrington's Down Below". Journal of Modern Literature. 32 (3): 83–98. doi:10.2979/JML.2009.32.3.83.
  35. Hertz, Erich (2010). "Disruptive Testimonies: The Stakes of Surrealist Experience in Breton and Carrington". Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures. 64 (2): 89–104. doi:10.1080/00397709.2010.483409. ISSN 0039-7709.
  36. Weisz-Carrington, Leonora Carrington; ill. by Pablo (1976). The hearing trumpet. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7100-8637-2.
  37. Caws, Mary; Kuenzli, Rudolf; Raaberg, Gwen; et al. (1991). Surrealism and Women. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 0262530988.
  38. "Obliques". La Femme Surrealiste. 14: 91. 1977.
  39. Carrington. "Leonora Carrington obituary". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  40. Carrington. "Leonora Carrington's Alchemical Paintings and the Sacred Domestic". aristocratsofthesoul.com. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  41. Leonora Carrington: The Mexican Years, 1943–1985 (University of New Mexico Press, 1998).
  42. "Leonora Carrington: The Celtic Surrealist". Áras Nua-Ealaíne na hÉireann. Áras Nua-Ealaíne na hÉireann. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  43. Chadwick, Whitney (1986). "Leonora Carrington: Evolution of a Feminist Consciousness". Woman's Art Journal. 7 (1): 38. doi:10.2307/1358235. JSTOR 1358235.
  44. Christies website entry
  45. Portrait of Enrique Alvarez Félix by Leonora Carrington
  46. Portrait of Enrique dedicated to his mother
  47. Iyengar, Rishi (6 April 2015). "New Google Doodle Honors Surrealist Painter Leonora Carrington". Time. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  48. "Leonora Carrington: Surrealist painter's birthday honoured with a Google doodle". The Independent. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  49. "Exposición: Leonora Carrington. Cuentos Mágicos". Museo de Arte Moderno. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  50. "Leonora Carrington (British, 1917 - 2011)". www.mutualart.com. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  51. Leonora Carrington: The Last Tuesday Society, An Exhibition of 35 works by the Anglo-Mexican Surrealist from The Viktor Wynd Collection, September – December 2016
  52. "Leonora Carrington (British, 1917-2011)". Artnet.
  53. "Viktor Wynd Fine Art Inc". viktorwyndfineart.co.uk. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  54. "Leonora Carrington : a retrospective exhibition : Center for Inter-American Relations, New York City, Nov. 26-Jan. 4, 1976 : University Art Museum, The University of Texas at Austin, Jan. 18-Feb. 29, 1976".
  55. Butler, Cornelia H.; Schwartz, Alexandra (2010). Modern Women: Women Artists at The Museum of Modern Art. New York: Museum of Modern Art. p. 45. ISBN 9780870707711.
  56. Orenstein, Leonora Carrington; illustrated by Pablo Weisz; translated [from the Spanish] by Rochelle Holt; foreword by Gloria (1975). The oval lady, other stories : six surreal stories. Santa Barbara: Capra Press. ISBN 978-0884960362.
  57. Carrington, Leonora (1977). The stone door. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312762100.
  58. Kerrigan, Leonara Carrington; translations by Kathrine Talbot & Anthony (1988). The seventh horse, and other tales (1st ed.). New York: E.P. Dutton. ISBN 0525483845.
  59. Talbot, Leonora Carrington; introduction by Marina Warner; translations by Kathrine; Warner, Marina (1988). The house of fear : notes from Down below (1st ed.). New York: E.P. Dutton. ISBN 0525246487.
  60. June 26, Charles Desmarais; June 26, 2019 Updated; 2019; Am, 10:49. "SFMOMA sold a Rothko for $50 million, this is what they bought with the proceeds". Datebook | San Francisco Arts & Entertainment Guide. Retrieved 27 June 2019.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Further reading
  • Chadwick, Whitney. Women Artists and the Surrealist Movement (Thames and Hudson, New York, 1985)
  • Sills, Leslie & Whitman. A. "Visions: stories of women artists (Morton Grove, Illinois, 1993)
  • Aberth, Susan L. Leonora Carrington: Surrealism, Alchemy and Art (Ashgate/Lund Humphries 2010), ISBN 978-1-84822-056-0
  • Moorhead, Joanna. Another world (article about Carrington), Daily Telegraph (24 April 2010)
  • Van Raay, Stefan, Moorhead, Joanna and Arcq, Teresa. "Surreal Friends: Leonora Carrington, Remedios Varo and Kati Horna" (Lund Humphries in association with Pallant House Gallery, 2010)
  • Chadwick, Whitney. “Leonora Carrington: Evolution of a Feminist Consciousness”, Woman's Art Journal, Vol. 7, no. 1: (1986; accessed 21 February 2012), pg. 38
  • Hertz, Erich. "Disruptive Testimonies: The Stakes of Surrealist Experience in Breton and Carrington." Symposium Vol. 64, no. 2: (2010). Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed 29 March 2012)
  • Aberth, Susan. “Leonora Carrington: The Mexican years, 1943–1985.” Art Journal Vol. 51, no. 3: (Autumn 1992; accessed 1 April 2012) pgs. 83–85
  • Elena Poniatowska, Lilus Kikus and Other Stories (1954)
  • Alejandro Jodorowsky, The Spiritual Journey of Alejandro Jodorowsky: The Creator of el Topo (Park Street Press 2008), ISBN 9781283215367.
  • Elena Poniatowska, Leonora (Seix Barral 2011), ISBN 978-6070706325.
  • Sean Kissane, Leonora Carrington The Celtic Surrealist (DAP 2013), ISBN 9781938922206.
  • Joanna Moorhead, The Surreal Life of Leonora Carrington (Virago, 2017).
  • Gloria Orenstein. "In Memory of the Most Magical Friend I Ever Had: Leonora Carrington," Femspec; Vol. 17, Iss. 1, 2016.
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