Leonor Fini

Leonor Fini (30 August 1907 – 18 January 1996) was an Argentinian surrealist painter, designer, illustrator, and author, known for her depictions of powerful and erotic women.[1]

Leonor Fini
Leonor Fini, 1936
Born(1907-08-30)30 August 1907
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Died18 January 1996(1996-01-18) (aged 88)
Paris, France
NationalityArgentinian
Known forPainting
Illustration
Writing
MovementSurrealism

Early life

Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to Malvina Braun Dubich (born in Trieste, with German, Slavic and Venetian ancestry) and Herminio Fini (with ancestry from Benevento, Italy). Herminio was a handsome and very wealthy man, but also tyrannical, with extreme religious views. He made his young wife very unhappy and, within eighteen month's of Leonor's birth, she fled back to Trieste with the child.[2] Leonor was raised there[3] and she would be expelled from various schools for being rebellious. As a Catholic, Herminio refused to give Malvina a divorce, which was only granted to her in 1919 through an Italian court. Custody battles often involved Fini and her mother in sudden flights and disguises.[4] In her early teens, an eye disease forced her to wear bandages on both eyes. After recovering, she decided to become an artist.[5]

She moved to Milan at the age of 17, and then to Paris, in either 1931 or 1932.[6] There, she became acquainted with Carlo Carrà and Giorgio de Chirico, who influenced much of her work. She also came to know Paul Éluard, Max Ernst, Georges Bataille, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Picasso, André Pieyre de Mandiargues, and Salvador Dalí. She traveled Europe by car with Mandiargues and Cartier-Bresson where Cartier-Bresson took a photograph, one of his best known, of her naked in a pool with her then partner, de Mandiargues. The photograph of Fini sold in 2007 for $305,000 - the highest price paid at auction for one of Cartier-Bresson's works to that date.[7]

Career

Fini had no formal artistic training, yet she was familiar with the traditional Renaissance and Mannerist styles encountered during her upbringing in Italy.[8] When she was 17, she had a painting exhibited in a gallery in Trieste and received a commission to paint portraits from dignitaries in Milan, where she had her first one-woman show at the Galerie Barbaroux in 1929.[5]

Her first major exhibition was in 1936 in New York at Julian Levy Gallery.[7] Fini was part of a pre-war generation of Parisian artists, and very important in the Surrealist movement though she is sometimes overlooked in favour of her male contemporaries.[9] In 1943, Fini was included in Peggy Guggenheim's show Exhibition by 31 Women at the Art of This Century gallery in New York.[10]

In 1949 Frederick Ashton choreographed a ballet conceptualized by Fini, "Le Rêve de Leonor" ("Leonor's Dream") with music by Benjamin Britten. In London, she exhibited at the Kaplan gallery in 1960 and at the Hanover Gallery in 1967. In the summer of 1986 there was a retrospective at the Musée du Luxembourg in Paris that drew in more than 5,000 people a day. It featured over 260 works in a variety of media. A tribute to the many artistic and creative avenues that her career took throughout her lifetime, the exhibition included watercolours and drawings, theatre/costume designs, paintings and masks. Many of Fini's paintings featured women in positions of power or in very sexualised contexts. An example of this is the painting La Bout du Monde where a female figure is submerged in water up to her breasts with human and animal skulls surrounding her. Madonna used the imagery in her video, "Bedtime Story" in 1994. In the spring of 1987, Fini had an exhibition at London's Editions Graphique's gallery.[11]

Her work didn't always fit the typical popular conception of surrealism, sometimes exploring the 'femme fatale' without any particularly ambiguous or monstrous imagery.[12] Nonetheless it often included symbols like sphinxes, werewolves, and witches.[13] Most of the characters in her art were female or androgynous.[12] "The terrifying female monster and the adoring girl-child are socially constructed stereotypes continued by the male surrealists. In order to promote the liberated, autonomous woman, Fini purposefully destabilized these stereotypes by combining each construct in a single figure, so that sphinxes can be protective and creative while girls can be sensual and aggressive."[14] Fini was also featured in an exhibition entitled "Women, Surrealism, and Self-representation" at the San Francisco Modern Museum of Art in 1999.[15]

She painted portraits of Jean Genet, Anna Magnani, Jacques Audiberti, Alida Valli, Jean Schlumberger (jewelry designer) and Suzanne Flon as well as many other celebrities and wealthy visitors to Paris. While working for Elsa Schiaparelli she designed the bottle for the perfume "Shocking", which became the top selling perfume for the House of Schiaparelli and was the acknowledged inspiration for Jean-Paul Gaultier's later torso-shaped bottles.[16] In 1959, Fini made a fairy tale-inspired painting called Les Sorcières for the Mexican actress, María Félix.[17] She designed costumes and decorations for theatre, ballet and opera, including famously the first ballet performed by Roland Petit's Ballet de Paris, "Les Demoiselles de la nuit", featuring a young Margot Fonteyn. She also designed the costumes for two films, Renato Castellani's Romeo and Juliet (1954) and John Huston's A Walk with Love and Death (1968).

In the 1970s, she wrote three novels, Rogomelec, Moumour, Contes pour enfants velu and Oneiropompe. Her friends included Jean Cocteau, Giorgio de Chirico, and Alberto Moravia, Fabrizio Clerici and most of the other artists and writers inhabiting or visiting Paris. She illustrated many works by the great authors and poets, including Edgar Allan Poe, Charles Baudelaire and Shakespeare, as well as texts by new writers. Leonor Fini provided illustrations to books by Lise Deharme, the first being Le Poids d’un oiseau in 1955 and Oh! Violette ou la Politesse des Végétaux in 1969.[5] She was very generous with her illustrations and donated many drawings to writers to help them get published. She is, perhaps, best known for her graphic illustrations for the sexually explicit Histoire d'O.

In 2009, Italy dedicated a large exhibition to Fini's work and circle in Trieste. A section of the exhibition was dedicated to her artist friends such as Fabrizio Clerici, Stanislao Lepri, Pavel Tchelitchew, Jan Lebenstein, Michèle Henricot, Dorothea Tanning; a painting by Eros Renzetti, a friend of recent years, concludes this section of the Leonor Fini l'italienne de Paris.

Personal life

Fini was primarily an heterosexual woman. Throughout her life she lived and had several affairs with men. However, her insistence on sexual freedom included experiencing the love of another woman, but this was sometimes misinterpreted as being a lesbian. She told Whitney Chadwick in 1982: "I am a woman, therefore I have had the 'feminine experience', but I am not a lesbian".[2] She also said: "Marriage never appealed to me, I've never lived with one person. Since I was 18, I've always preferred to live in a sort of community - a big house with my atelier and cats and friends, one with a man who was rather a lover and another who was rather a friend. And it has always worked."[18]

Married once, for a brief period, to Federico Veneziani, they were divorced after she met the Italian Count, Stanislao Lepri, who abandoned his diplomatic career shortly after meeting Fini and lived with her thereafter. She met the Polish writer Konstanty Jeleński, known as Kot in Rome in January 1952. She was delighted to discover that he was the illegitimate half-brother of Sforzino Sforza, who had been one of her favorite lovers. Kot joined Fini and Lepri in their Paris apartment in October 1952 and the three remained inseparable until their deaths.[19] She later employed an assistant to join the household, which he described as "a little bit of prison and a lot of theatre". One of his jobs was to look after her beloved Persian cats. Over the years she acquired as many as 23 of them; they shared her bed and were allowed to roam the dining-table at mealtimes. The 'inner circle' expanded to include the American artist, Richard Overstreet and the Argentinian poet Juan-Bautista Pinero.

Legacy

A biographical song about Leonor Fini's life, "Leonor", is featured on Welsh artist Katell Keineg's 1997 second album, Jet.[20]

The "Catalogue Raisonné of The Oil Paintings of Leonor Fini," by Richard Overstreet and Neil Zukerman is scheduled for publication in the fall of 2019.[21]

In 2018, Fini was the subject of a short documentary, Gloria's Call by Cheri Gaulke.

gollark: What do you mean "chops"?
gollark: OH APIOBEEMETICS
gollark: ~play currents - a flag to wave
gollark: ~np
gollark: ~skip

References
  1. "Fini, Léonor". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
  2. Webb., Peter (2009). Sphinx: The Life and Art of Leonor Fini (1th ed.). New York: Vendome Press. ISBN 978-0865652552.
  3. Nancy., Heller (2003). Women artists : an illustrated history (4th ed.). New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 0789207680. OCLC 54500479.
  4. Harris, Ann Sutherland (1976). Women Artists, 1550-1950. New York: Museum Associates of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. pp. 329–331. ISBN 0-394-41169-2.
  5. Aspley, Keith. "Historical Dictionary of Surrealism". ProQuest Ebook Central. Scarecrow Press.
  6. Folley, Sian (3 November 2014). ""The Problem of Woman": Female Surrealists and their Unique Brand of Mystery". Sotherby's. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  7. "Leonor Fini at CFM Gallery". www.cfmgallery.com. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  8. "Leonor Fini Biography, Art, and Analysis of Works". The Art Story. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  9. Adrian-Diaz, Jenna (5 December 2018). "Meet Leonor Fini, the Surrealist Sidelined for Subverting Gender Norms". Vulture. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  10. Butler, Cornelia H.; Schwartz, Alexandra (2010). Modern Women: Women Artists at The Museum of Modern Art. New York: Museum of Modern Art. p. 45. ISBN 9780870707711.
  11. Webb, Peter (1986). "Leonor Fini Retrospective". The Burlington Magazine. 128 (1002): 699–700. JSTOR 882766.
  12. Grew, Rachael V. (2010), Sphinxes, witches and little girls: reconsidering the female monster in the art of Leonor Fini, Inter-Disciplinary Press, hdl:2134/20405, ISBN 9781904710950
  13. McDermon, Daniel (6 November 2018). "Sex, Surrealism and de Sade: The Forgotten Female Artist Leonor Fini". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  14. Chadwick, Whitney (12 January 2018), "Fini, Leonor", Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t028295
  15. Rapoport, Sonya; Williams, Barbara Lee (1999). "Women, Surrealism, and Self-Representation: San Francisco Museum of Modern Art". Leonardo. 32 (4): 333–335. doi:10.1162/leon.1999.32.4.333c.
  16. Elsa Schiaparelli#Perfumes
  17. Weida, Courtney Lee. "Frida Kahlo, Remedios Varo, Leonora Carrington, and Leonor Fini: Feminist Lessons in Chimerism, Corporeality, Cuisine, and Craft. Visual Culture & Gender". EBSCOHost.
  18. Frank, Priscilla (30 July 2015). "7 Forgotten Women Surrealists Who Deserve To Be Remembered". Huffington Post. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  19. Webb, Peter (2009). Sphinx: The Life and Art of Leonor Fini. p. 88,98.
  20. "PRESS QUOTES". KATELL KEINEG. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  21. "CFM Gallery- New York's Most Exciting Figurative Art Gallery". www.cfmgallery.com. Retrieved 28 February 2018.

Further reading
  • Webb, Peter. Sphinx: The Life and Art of Leonor Fini. New York, Vendome Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-86565-255-2
  • Zukerman, Neil. "Leonor Fini - La Vie Idéale". New York, CFM Gallery. 1997. 0-972-8620-2-1
  • Zukerman, Neil "Leonor Fini - Artist as Designer" New York, CFM Gallery. 1992

Filmography
  • Leonor Fini, documentary by Chris Vermorcken (1987). Produced by Films Dulac and distributed by RM Associates.
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