Toyen

Toyen, born Marie Čermínová (21 September 1902, in Prague – 9 November 1980, in Paris), was a Czech painter, drafter, and illustrator and a member of the surrealist movement. Toyen left the family home at sixteen, and it has been speculated it was due to sympathy towards anarchism.[1]

For the residential area in Oslo, Norway, see Tøyen.
Toyen in 1930
Toyen with Karel Teige in 1925

In 1923, the artist adopted the professional pseudonym Toyen. The name Toyen was derived from the French word 'citoyen,' meaning citizen.[2] Toyen favored the gender-neutral name and would speak Czech in the masculine singular form.[3] Vítězslav Nezval wrote that Toyen "refused... to use the feminine endings" when speaking in the first person.[4]

Quotes

Farewell I am a sad [male] painter.

— Toyen

You’ll have me and you won’t have me, keeping vigil, a nightlight looming up from the very depths of the chapels of Eros scouring the country, displaying as far as the eye can see for you alone the undersurfaces of owlet-moths. And towards you, from their beds livid swamp, your sweethearts, their blood has only circulated once, will describe in vain a thousand convulsive graphs, as for me I shall only need to slip in order to make the fuchsia seeds and Fuseli’s bubbles sprout in your heart. It is for you that my head turns upside down beneath the comb’s high radar. I advance between light and darkness to meet you: do with me whatever you do not want. If the lower edge of my veil becomes covered with hoar-frost at the crossroads, on no account raise it, it would cost you the shadows of memory, but kiss my cherry-red slipper.

— André Breton re Toyen

[5]

Biography

From 1919 to 1920, Toyen attended UMPRUM (Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design) in Prague to study the decorative arts.[4] They worked closely with fellow Surrealist poet and artist Jindřich Štyrský until Štyrský's death.

Toyen joined the Czech avant-garde Devětsil group in 1923 and exhibited with them. The group had strong international connections, especially but not only to French culture. Some of the other members of this very large group included: artist and writer Jindřich Štyrský, future Nobel prizewinning poet Jaroslav Seifert, the constructivist architectural theorist Karel Teige, and the poet František Halas. In the early 1920s Toyen traveled to Paris, and soon returned there with Štyrský to live. While living in Paris, the two founded an artistic alternative to Abstraction and Surrealism, which they dubbed Artificialism. Artificialism was defined by Toyen and Štyrský in a leaflet for an exhibition as "The identification of the painter with the poet," where the artist creates poetry without using language.[4] The two would return to Prague in 1928.

Toyen's sketches, book illustrations, and paintings were frequently erotic. He had an interest in erotic humor, combining themes of both pleasure and pain. His imagery often featured disembodied female figures as well as parts of male bodies like genitalia.[2] His book illustrations often featured female faces.

Toyen contributed erotic sketches for Štyrský's Erotická Revue (1930–33). This journal was published on strict subscription terms based on a circulation of 150 copies. Štyrský also published books under the imprint Edice 69, some of which Toyen illustrated. For example, Toyen illustrated the Marquis de Sade's Justine. Also of note, they contributed pieces in Die Frau als Künstlerin, Woman as an Artist, the prestigious 1928 survey of women artists in Western civilization.

Toyen's output of over 500 illustrated books includes, for example, The Purple Land by W. H. Hudson and Charles Vildrac's L'lle rose, both from 1930.[3]

After their associates Vítězslav Nezval and Jindřich Honzl met André Breton in Paris, in March 1934 Toyen and Štyrský joined them in founding the Czech Surrealist Group along with other artists, writers, and the composer Jaroslav Ježek.

Forced underground during the Nazi occupation and Second World War, he sheltered his second artistic partner, Jindřich Heisler, a poet of Jewish descent who had joined the Czech Surrealist Group in 1938. The two permanently relocated to Paris in 1947, before the Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia in 1948, and joined the Parisian Surrealists. In Paris, Toyen worked with André Breton, Benjamin Péret and other surrealists such as Annie Le Brun. Toyen would continue to collaborate with surrealist-affiliated poets and other writers but soon ceased working for commercial publishers in Czechoslovakia.

Exploring sexuality and gender in surrealism
Toyen with Jindřich Heisler and Karel Teige in 1940

Toyen's artistic identity involved significant attention to gender issues and sexual politics. It has been suggested that this would have been difficult considering the surrealist movement was male-dominated and is often regarded as sexist.[6] However, surrealism began to attract many women in the 1930s and became much more gender-balanced as time went by. Breton in particular admired Toyen and the artist was close to both Breton and his third wife, Elisa.

Toyen was labelled as a woman at birth, but appears to have preferred a less-gendered identification. Some people compare Toyen with "other Surrealist women" (Claude Cahun, Leonora Carrington, and a handful of others[7]). Cahun examined the fluidity of gender roles, which was also true of Toyen. He often dressed in masculine-style clothing and preferred masculine signifiers,[8] choosing a non-conformist position when it came to gender and sexuality, themes heavily mined in Surrealist art.[9] The artist often addressed gender and sexuality in humorous and fantasy-erotic illustrations. Toyen has been theorized by Malynne Sternstein as "hypersexualized."[6]

The surrealists believed that humans are sexual beings, and many surrealists linked sexuality to artistic creativity. Some surrealists deemed sexuality to be central, with genitalia as the center of vitality.[10]

Toyen expressed interest in lesbian sexuality along with many other forms of sexual expression, but it is unknown what the artist's personal sexual activity actually included. Toyen's two major artistic partnerships were with men, but it is not known whether these included sexual contact. According to Huebner, it is best to see Toyen as queer and not attempt to categorize the artist's sexuality or gender.[4]

Toyen has been described as presenting in an "ambiguously gendered" manner due to alternately wearing skirts and more masculine-styled attire. His contemporaries reported Toyen as walking in an unfeminine way and asserting himself to be attracted to women.[3]

gollark: Yes, Intel bad.
gollark: 3.0 x16 is perfectly fine for anything existing now.
gollark: Yes, PCIe *3.0* x8 was a mild bottleneck to the highest-end cards a while ago.
gollark: Not really.
gollark: No, they interact differently with `this` is all.

References
  1. A Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe. 19th and 20th Centuries. Central European University Press. 2006. pp. 580, 581.
  2. Srp, Karel (2011). New Formations: Czech Avant-Garde and Modern Glass from the Roy and Mary Cullen Collection. Museum Fine Arts Houston.
  3. Huebner, Karla (2008). Eroticism, Identity, and Cultural Context: Toyen and the Prague Avant-Garde. University of Pittsburgh.
  4. Huebner, Karla (2016). Czech Feminisms: Perspectives on Gender in East Central Europe. Indiana University Press.
  5. Breton, Andre (1965). Surrealism and Painting. Editions Gallimard. p. 215.
  6. Sternstein, Malynne (2015). The Popular Avant-Garde. Brill.
  7. Surrealism, two private eyes : the Nesuhi Ertegun and Daniel Filipacchi Collections. Weisberger, Edward., Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. New York, N.Y.: Guggenheim Museum. 1999. ISBN 9780810969216. OCLC 42047840.CS1 maint: others (link)
  8. "Toyen (Marie Čermínová)". nationalgalleries.org. National Galleries Scotland. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  9. Huebner, Karla (Spring 2013). "In Pursuit of Toyen: Feminist Biography in an Art-Historical Context". Journal of Women's History. 25 (1): 14–36. doi:10.1353/jowh.2013.0011.
  10. Sternstein, Malynne (2016). The Invention of Politics in the European Avant-Garde. Brills.

    Scholarship
    • Huebner, Karla Tonine. "Eroticism, Identity, and Cultural Context: Toyen and the Prague Avant-garde." Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 2008.
    • Sternstein, Malynne. "This Impossible Toyen." Book chapter, The Invention of Politics in the European Avant-Garde (1906-1940), eds., Saschu Bru and Gunter Martens, Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2006.
    • Bydžovská, Lenka and Srp, Karel. Toyen (English version). Prague: Argo - Prague City Gallery, 2000.
    • Huebner, Karla. “THE CZECH 1930s THROUGH TOYEN.” Czech Feminisms: Perspectives on Gender in East Central Europe, edited by Iveta Jusová and Jiřina Šiklová, Indian University Press, Bloomington; Indianapolis, 2016, pp. 60–76. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2005w2f.7.
    • Taylor, John. “Poetry Today: Prague as a Poem: Vitězslav Nezval and Emil Hakl.” The Antioch Review, vol. 68, no. 2, 2010, pp. 374–381. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40607361.
    • Rosemont, Penelope. Surrealist Women: An International Anthology (Surrealist Revolution Series). Athlone Press, 1998.

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