Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir

Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir, sold under the trade name Harvoni among others, is a medication used to treat hepatitis C.[2] It is a fixed-dose combination of ledipasvir and sofosbuvir.[2] Cure rates are 94% to 99% in people infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1.[3] Some evidence also supports use in HCV genotype 3 and 4.[3] It is taken daily by mouth for 8–24 weeks.[2]

Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir
Ledipasvir
Sofosbuvir structure
Combination of
LedipasvirNS5A inhibitor
SofosbuvirNS5B (RNA polymerase) inhibitor
Clinical data
Trade namesHarvoni, Hepcinat-LP, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
License data
Pregnancy
category
    Routes of
    administration    		By mouth
    ATC code
    Legal status
    Legal status
    • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
    • US: ℞-only
    • EU: Rx-only
    Identifiers
    PubChem CID
    KEGG
    Chemical and physical data
    FormulaC71H83F3N11O15P
    Molar mass1418.476 g/mol
    Melting point170–225 °C (338–437 °F)

    It is generally well tolerated.[4] Common side effects include muscle pains, headache, nausea, rash, and cough.[2] It is unclear if use in pregnancy is safe for the baby.[2] Ledipasvir works by decreasing the activity of NS5A and sofosbuvir works by decreasing the activity of NS5B polymerase.[2]

    Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir was approved for medical use in the United States in 2014.[2] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[5] The wholesale cost in the United States is about US$91,589.40 for 12 weeks as of 2016.[6] In Bangladesh this amount costs US$1,092.00.[7] Some people travel to India to get access to lower cost medication.[8]

    Medical uses

    Cure rates are 94% to 99% in people infected with genotype 1 (46% of HCV cases).[9] It has also been evaluated for the treatment of infection with other hepatitis C genotypes, and has shown promising results in genotypes 3 and 4 (making up 30% and less than 22% of HCV cases respectively).[3][10][11][9]

    Resistance

    NS5A mutations

    Multiple mutations of HCV replicons are necessary to cause a significant effect in resistance due to multiple mechanisms of action.[12] In general, HCV genotype 1a is less resistant to mutation than genotype 1b.[13]

    For genotype 1b a single amino acid substitution (e.g. L31V) in the replicon had less than a 100 fold increase in resistance to the ledipasvir in Harvoni, while a two amino acid substitution had over a 1000 fold increase in resistance.[13][14] Genotype 1a had a similar but more substantial increase in resistance with each respective increase in amino acid substitution with resistance associated substitutions at K24R, M28T/V, Q30R/H/K/L, L31M, and or Y93H/N.[15]

    NS5A polymorphisms also have an effect on viral resistance with the most common resistance-associated amino acid substitutions detected at Q30R, Y93H or N, and L31M in patients with a rapid virological response (RVR).[15] The specific baseline NS5A resistance-associated polymorphisms observed in clinical trials were M28T/V, Q30H, Q30R, L31M, H58P, Y93H, and Y93N in genotype 1a and L28M, A92T, and Y93H in genotype 1b.[15] Patients with multiple baseline NS5A polymorphisms tend to have higher relapse rates when using ledipasvir/sofosbuvir.[15] The difference in relapse rates between treatment naive and treatment experience groups with baseline NS5A polymorphisms ranges from 1% after a 12-week regimen and 0% after a 24-week regimen respectively.[13][15]

    NS5B mutations

    A single amino acid substitution S282T contributes to viral resistance and decreases the activity of sofosbuvir in ledipasvir/sofosbuvir by approximately 2 to 18 fold.[13][16]

    Cross resistance

    No cross resistance was seen in the combination of ledipasvir and sofosbuvir in ION phase 1,2 and, 3 clinical trials as ledipasvir was fully active against sofosbuvir-resistance-associated substitutions and vice versa.[15][17]

    Side effects

    More than 10% of people taking ledipasvir/sofosbuvir have headaches or fatigue; rashes, nausea, diarrhea, and insomnia occur in between 1% and 10% of people taking it.[10][18]

    More severe reactions are connected with allergic reactions to the medications and cardiovascular problems. Harvoni side effects are considered relatively mild compared to older interferon-based treatment.

    Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir could cause hepatitis B re-activation in people co-infected with hepatitis B and C viruses. The European Medicines Agency recommended screening all people for hepatitis B before starting ledipasvir/sofosbuvir for hepatitis C in order to minimize the risk of hepatitis B reactivation.[19]

    Drug interactions

    Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir is a substrate for the drug transporters P-Glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP).[13] Intestinal absorption of these drug transporter substrates may be decreased by inducers such as rifampin and St. John's wort .[20]

    Patients are also advised to stay away from H2 Receptor Antagonists (H2RA) and Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI) because they decrease the concentration of ledipasvir (its solubility is pH-dependent and is higher under acidic conditions). Therefore, it is advised to take a PPI at least two hours after ledipasvir/sofosbuvir with a dose less than or equal to 20 mg daily and H2RAs with a dose of less than or equal to 40 mg twice daily.[13][21]

    Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir should additionally be avoided when taking amiodarone or other drugs that lower heart rate; there is a serious risk of the heart slowing or stopping when ledipasvir/sofosbuvir is used with such drugs.[10][18]

    Mechanisms of action

    The most commonly associated mechanism associated with ledipasvir/sofosbuvir is the hyperphosphorylation of NS5A, a viral polymerase important in proper viral assembly and interferes with proper liver metabolism.[22] Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir inhibits the proper viral assembly by re-positioning NS5A's sub-cellular localization.[13]

    NS5B, a viral polymerase that can initiate RNA synthesis de novo, is also allosterically inhibited by ledipasvir/sofosbuvir.[23]

    NS5A and NS5B inhibitors in combination have a synergistic effect.[24]

    Pharmacokinetics

    Sofosbuvir is absorbed fast in the plasma with a peak concentration (Cmax) at 0.8 to 1 hour after the administered dosage and undergoes extra hepatic metabolism with 61 to 65% bound to human plasma proteins.[25][13] It is then predominantly converted to the inactive phosphate free circulating metabolite GS-331007 (eliminated 76% through renal passive filtration) which has a median peak plasma concentration at 3.5 to 4 hours after the medication is ingested.[15] Sofosbuvir does not appear to be affected by different levels of macronutrients when compared with fasting states.[26]

    Ledipasvir has a maximum concentration at 4 to 4.5 hours after ingestion and is not affected by macronutrients.[13][15] It is more than 98% protein bound and is predominantly eliminated fecally, with minimal metabolism in the liver.[15]

    Elimination

    The median terminal half life after a dosage of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir for 90 mg of [14C]-Ledipasvir is 47 hours; for 400 mg of [14C]-Sofosbuvir it is 0.5 hours (after the initial distribution of medication in body tissue) and 27 hours (the eventual excretion of the medication).[15][27]

    Steady State (Cmax)
    Substance ng/mL
    Ledipasvir 323
    Sofosbuvir 618
    GS-331007 707

    Note: The maximum concentration is 32% higher in healthy individuals than those infected with Hepatitis C.[15]

    Mean Steady State AUC0-24 (Area Under the Curve During 24 hours)
    Substance ng*hr/mL
    Ledipasvir 7290
    Sofosbuvir 1320
    GS-33107 12,000

    Note: The maximum concentration is 24% higher in healthy individuals than those infected with Hepatitis C.[15]

    Blood detection

    An analytical method based on LC tandem MS has been developed for the simultaneous extraction and determination of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir in human plasma using antiviral daclatasvir as an internal standard. Average extraction recoveries for sofosbuvir and ledipasvir were 91.61% and 88.93% respectively.[28]

    Society and culture

    One manufacturer is Gilead Sciences.[2]

    gollark: Well, I can relentlessly nitpick your grammar etc. if you want me to review it.
    gollark: <@738361430763372703>
    gollark: Not the others.
    gollark: The Pi Zero, Pi Pico and Pi 4 can work as USB devices.
    gollark: "V-USB" or something? It does need a crystal and some extra components.

    References
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