Leber congenital amaurosis

Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a rare inherited eye disease that appears at birth or in the first few months of life.[2]

Leber congenital amaurosis
Other namesLeber's congenital amaurosis
SpecialtyOphthalmology 
SymptomsVisual impairment, sensitivity to light[1]
Types> 12 types[1]
CausesGenetic (autosomal recessive)[1]
Frequency1 in 40,000 newborns[1]

It affects about 1 in 40,000 newborns.[1] LCA was first described by Theodor Leber in the 19th century.[3][4] It should not be confused with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, which is a different disease also described by Theodor Leber.

One form of LCA was successfully treated with gene therapy in 2008.[5][6][7][8]

Signs and symptoms

The term congenital refers to a condition present from birth (not acquired) and amaurosis refers to a loss of vision not associated with a lesion. However, beyond these general descriptions, the presentation of LCA can vary, because it is associated with multiple genes.[9][10]

LCA is typically characterized by nystagmus,[9] sluggish or absent pupillary responses,[10] and severe vision loss or blindness.[9]

Genetics

It is usually autosomal recessive; however, importantly for family planning, it is sometimes autosomal dominant. It is a disorder thought to be caused by abnormal development of photoreceptor cells.[9]

OMIM currently recognizes 18 types of LCA.[9]

TypeOMIMGeneLocus[9]
LCA1 204000GUCY2D,[11]17p13.1
LCA2 204100RPE65[12]1p31.3-p31.2
LCA3 609868SPATA714q31.3
LCA4 604393AIPL1[13][14]17p13.2
LCA5 604537LCA5[15]6q14.1
LCA6 605446RPGRIP114q11.2
LCA7 602225CRX[16]19q13.3
LCA8 604210CRB1[16]1q31-q32.1
LCA9 608553NMNAT1[17][18][19][20]1p36.22
LCA10 610142CEP29012q21.32
LCA11 146690IMPDH17q32.1
LCA12 180040RD37q32.1
LCA13 608830RDH121q32.3
LCA14 604863LRAT14q24.1
LCA15 602280TULP14q31
LCA16 603208KCNJ132q37
LCA17 601147GDF68q22
LCA18 179605PRPH26p21

The gene CEP290 has been associated with Joubert syndrome, as well as type 10 LCA.[21]

Diagnosis

Genetic tests and related research are currently being performed at Centogene AG in Rostock, Germany; John and Marcia Carver Nonprofit Genetic Testing Laboratory in Iowa City, IA; GENESIS Center for Medical Genetics in Poznan, Poland; Miraca Genetics Laboratories in Houston, TX; Asper Biogene in Tartu, Estonia; CGC Genetics in Porto, Portugal; CEN4GEN Institute for Genomics and Molecular Diagnostics in Edmonton, Canada; and Reference Laboratory Genetics - Barcelona, Spain.[22]

Treatment

One form of LCA, patients with LCA2 bearing a mutation in the RPE65 gene, has been successfully treated in clinical trials using gene therapy. The results of three early clinical trials were published in 2008 demonstrating the safety and efficacy of using adeno-associated virus to deliver gene therapy to restore vision in LCA patients. In all three clinical trials, patients recovered functional vision without apparent side-effects.[5][6][7][8] These studies, which used adeno-associated virus, have spawned a number of new studies investigating gene therapy for human retinal disease.

The results of a phase 1 trial conducted by the University of Pennsylvania and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and published in 2009 showed sustained improvement in 12 subjects (ages 8 to 44) with RPE65-associated LCA after treatment with AAV2-hRPE65v2, a gene replacement therapy.[23] Early intervention was associated with better results.[23] In that study, patients were excluded based on the presence of particular antibodies to the vector AAV2 and treatment was only administered to one eye as a precaution.[23] A 2010 study testing the effect of administration of AAV2-hRPE65v2 in both eyes in animals with antibodies present suggested that immune responses may not complicate use of the treatment in both eyes.[24] On 19 December 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved voretigene neparvovec-rzyl (Luxturna), an adeno-associated virus vector-based gene therapy for children and adults with biallelic RPE65 gene mutations responsible for retinal dystrophy, including Leber congenital amaurosis. Patients must have viable retinal cells as a prerequisite for the intraocular administration of Luxturna.[25]

Retina surgeon Dr. Albert Maguire and gene therapy expert Dr. Jean Bennett developed the technique used by the Children's Hospital.[5][26]

Dr. Sue Semple-Rowland at the University of Florida has recently restored sight in an avian model using gene therapy.[27]

In March 2020, doctors at the Casey Eye Institute of the Oregon Health & Science University injected a CRISPR-modified virus into a patient's eye in an attempt to treat LCA10.[28]

  • In the episode "The Blackout in the Blizzard" (season 6, episode 16) of the television drama Bones, Dr. Jack Hodgins and his pregnant wife Angela Montenegro, who is an LCA carrier, have to wait during a citywide blackout for Hodgins's genetic test results, to see if he is also an LCA carrier. He does indeed turn out to be a carrier, giving their unborn child a 25% chance of having LCA.
  • In the television series ER (season 14, episode 12 named "Believe the Unseen") Dr. Abby Lockhart diagnoses a young foster girl with Leber congenital amaurosis. The girl to this point hid her condition from her foster families. The episode contains some information about symptoms, clinical diagnosis and mentions gene replacement therapy and clinical trials as hope for help in managing the condition.
  • In the Korean drama The King of Dramas (episode 16, "In Search Of Lost Time") Anthony Kim, played by Kim Myung-min, is diagnosed with Leber congenital amaurosis, the same disease that made his mother blind.
  • 4 year old Gavin who suffers from a form of LCA was made famous in 2013 by a YouTube video showing him using his white cane for the first time to navigate down a curb.[29] He later appeared on the TV show Little Big Shots.
gollark: Okay, that's better. Really need to avoid that.
gollark: Ugh, I say or something too much, hold on.
gollark: When people talk about stuff being detrimental to society it's also typically about more than expected long-run happiness delta but also brings in "degradation of moral fabric" cultural-shift-type issues.
gollark: Well, you seem to be using it as a justification to allow/not allow things.
gollark: Also, I don't think stuff is *generally* regulated based on summing up long term expected happiness change or something? Perhaps it should be, but it's very hard to calculate and runs into problems, and (in my opinion as a libertarian-leaning person) leads to stuff which is "out of scope" of government actions.

See also

References
  1. "Leber congenital amaurosis". Genetics Home Reference. August 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  2. Stone EM (December 2007). "Leber congenital amaurosis - a model for efficient genetic testing of heterogeneous disorders: LXIV Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 144 (6): 791–811. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2007.08.022. PMID 17964524.
  3. Leber's congenital amaurosis at Who Named It?
  4. Leber T (1869). "Über Retinitis pigmentosa und angeborene Amaurose". Archiv für Ophthalmologie (in German). 15 (3): 1–25. doi:10.1007/BF02721213.
  5. Maguire AM, Simonelli F, Pierce EA, Pugh EN, Mingozzi F, Bennicelli J, et al. (May 2008). "Safety and efficacy of gene transfer for Leber's congenital amaurosis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 358 (21): 2240–8. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0802315. PMC 2829748. PMID 18441370.
  6. Simonelli F, Maguire AM, Testa F, Pierce EA, Mingozzi F, Bennicelli JL, et al. (March 2010). "Gene therapy for Leber's congenital amaurosis is safe and effective through 1.5 years after vector administration". Molecular Therapy. 18 (3): 643–50. doi:10.1038/mt.2009.277. PMC 2839440. PMID 19953081.
  7. Cideciyan AV, Hauswirth WW, Aleman TS, Kaushal S, Schwartz SB, Boye SL, et al. (August 2009). "Vision 1 year after gene therapy for Leber's congenital amaurosis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 361 (7): 725–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMc0903652. PMC 2847775. PMID 19675341.
  8. Bainbridge JW, Smith AJ, Barker SS, Robbie S, Henderson R, Balaggan K, et al. (May 2008). "Effect of gene therapy on visual function in Leber's congenital amaurosis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 358 (21): 2231–9. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.574.4003. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0802268. PMID 18441371.
  9. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): LEBER CONGENITAL AMAUROSIS, TYPE I; LCA1 - 204000
  10. Weleber, R. G.; Francis, P. J.; Trzupek, K. M.; Beattie, C.; Adam, M. P.; Ardinger, H. H.; Pagon, R. A.; Wallace, S. E.; Bean LJH; Stephens, K.; Amemiya, A. (1993). "Leber Congenital Amaurosis". GeneReviews. PMID 20301475.
  11. Perrault I, Rozet JM, Calvas P, Gerber S, Camuzat A, Dollfus H, et al. (December 1996). "Retinal-specific guanylate cyclase gene mutations in Leber's congenital amaurosis". Nature Genetics. 14 (4): 461–4. doi:10.1038/ng1296-461. PMID 8944027.
  12. Marlhens F, Bareil C, Griffoin JM, Zrenner E, Amalric P, Eliaou C, et al. (October 1997). "Mutations in RPE65 cause Leber's congenital amaurosis". Nature Genetics. 17 (2): 139–41. doi:10.1038/ng1097-139. PMID 9326927.
  13. Yzer S, Leroy BP, De Baere E, de Ravel TJ, Zonneveld MN, Voesenek K, et al. (March 2006). "Microarray-based mutation detection and phenotypic characterization of patients with Leber congenital amaurosis". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 47 (3): 1167–76. doi:10.1167/iovs.05-0848. PMID 16505055.
  14. "Inherited child blindness probed". BBC News. 2005-09-19. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
  15. Dharmaraj S, Li Y, Robitaille JM, Silva E, Zhu D, Mitchell TN, et al. (January 2000). "A novel locus for Leber congenital amaurosis maps to chromosome 6q". American Journal of Human Genetics. 66 (1): 319–26. doi:10.1086/302719. PMC 1288337. PMID 10631161.
  16. Preising MN, Paunescu K, Friedburg C, Lorenz B (June 2007). "[Genetic and clinical heterogeneity in LCA patients. The end of uniformity]". Der Ophthalmologe (in German). 104 (6): 490–8. doi:10.1007/s00347-007-1533-x. PMID 17525851.
  17. Koenekoop RK, Wang H, Majewski J, Wang X, Lopez I, Ren H, et al. (September 2012). "Mutations in NMNAT1 cause Leber congenital amaurosis and identify a new disease pathway for retinal degeneration". Nature Genetics. 44 (9): 1035–9. doi:10.1038/ng.2356. PMC 3657614. PMID 22842230.
  18. Falk MJ, Zhang Q, Nakamaru-Ogiso E, Kannabiran C, Fonseca-Kelly Z, Chakarova C, et al. (September 2012). "NMNAT1 mutations cause Leber congenital amaurosis". Nature Genetics. 44 (9): 1040–5. doi:10.1038/ng.2361. PMC 3454532. PMID 22842227.
  19. Chiang PW, Wang J, Chen Y, Fu Q, Zhong J, Chen Y, et al. (September 2012). "Exome sequencing identifies NMNAT1 mutations as a cause of Leber congenital amaurosis". Nature Genetics. 44 (9): 972–4. doi:10.1038/ng.2370. PMID 22842231.
  20. Perrault I, Hanein S, Zanlonghi X, Serre V, Nicouleau M, Defoort-Delhemmes S, et al. (September 2012). "Mutations in NMNAT1 cause Leber congenital amaurosis with early-onset severe macular and optic atrophy". Nature Genetics. 44 (9): 975–7. doi:10.1038/ng.2357. PMID 22842229.
  21. Traboulsi EI, Koenekoop R, Stone EM (December 2006). "Lumpers or splitters? The role of molecular diagnosis in Leber congenital amaurosis". Ophthalmic Genetics. 27 (4): 113–5. doi:10.1080/13816810601013146. PMID 17148037.
  22. "GeneTests: Leber Congenital Amaurosis". Archived from the original on 2016-08-21. Retrieved 2015-08-07.
  23. Maguire AM, High KA, Auricchio A, Wright JF, Pierce EA, Testa F, et al. (November 2009). "Age-dependent effects of RPE65 gene therapy for Leber's congenital amaurosis: a phase 1 dose-escalation trial". Lancet. 374 (9701): 1597–605. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61836-5. PMC 4492302. PMID 19854499.
  24. Amado D, Mingozzi F, Hui D, Bennicelli JL, Wei Z, Chen Y, et al. (March 2010). "Safety and efficacy of subretinal readministration of a viral vector in large animals to treat congenital blindness". Science Translational Medicine. 2 (21): 21ra16. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3000659. PMC 4169124. PMID 20374996.
  25. "Approved Products - LUXTURNA". FDA. 2019-04-05.
  26. "ABC News: Miracle Cure for Nearly Blind Youth". Retrieved 2008-04-27.
  27. Williams ML, Coleman JE, Haire SE, Aleman TS, Cideciyan AV, Sokal I, et al. (June 2006). "Lentiviral expression of retinal guanylate cyclase-1 (RetGC1) restores vision in an avian model of childhood blindness". PLOS Medicine. 3 (6): e201. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030201. PMC 1463903. PMID 16700630.
  28. In A 1st, Scientists Use Revolutionary Gene-Editing Tool To Edit Inside A Patient
  29. "4 yr old Gavin using his white cane to navigate down a curb independently".

Further reading
Classification
External resources
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