Lahpet

Lahpet, also spelled laphat, laphet, lephet, leppet, or letpet in English (Burmese: လက်ဖက်; MLCTS: lak hpak, pronounced [ləpʰɛʔ]), is Burmese for fermented or pickled tea. Myanmar is one of very few countries where tea is eaten as well as drunk. Its pickled tea is unique in the region, and is not only regarded as the national delicacy but plays a significant role in Burmese society.[1] Its place in the cuisine of Myanmar is reflected by the following popular expression: "Of all the fruit, the mango's the best; of all the meat, the pork's the best; and of all the leaves, lahpet's the best". In the West, laphet is most commonly encountered in tea leaf salad (လက်ဖက်သုပ်).[2][3]

Lahpet
Lahpet thoke, Burmese tea leaf salad or pickled tea salad is a favourite national dish.
Place of originBurma
Associated national cuisineBurmese cuisine
Main ingredients

Forms
  • Lahpet chauk (လက်ဖက်ခြောက်) or dried tea leaves, also called a-gyan gyauk (အကြမ်းခြောက် crude dry), are used to make green tea - yei-nway gyan (ရေနွေးကြမ်း, plain/crude hot water) or lahpet-yei gyan (လက်ဖက်ရည်ကြမ်း, plain/crude tea); it is the national drink in a predominantly Buddhist country with no national drink other than the palm toddy.
  • Acho gyauk (အချိုခြောက်, lit. sweet and dry) or black tea makes sweet tea (လက်ဖက်ရည်ချို, lahpetyei gyo) with milk and sugar.
  • Lahpet so (လက်ဖက်စို) means wet tea to distinguish it from dried tea and indicates pickled tea although lahpet is generally synonymous with pickled tea.
  • Tasters at a lahpet stall, Mandalay
  • Lahpet dressed with garlic and chilli
  • Fried garnish
  • Lahpet for sale at a market in Mandalay
  • Lahpet thoke and gyin thoke (ginger salad)

Cultivation
Market stall in Mandalay selling lahpet from Namhsan

Tea is native to Myanmar, as in Bangladesh, Northeast India, Laos and China, both Camellia sinensis and Camellia assamica, and grown mainly on the hills in northern Shan State around Namhsan in the Palaung substate of Tawngpeng, but also around Mogok in Mandalay Region, and Kengtung in eastern Shan State. Zayan leaves, which make up about 80% of the harvest, are best picked in April and May before the onset of the monsoons, but they can be picked until October.[4][5] Another old adage goes thus: "For good lahpet, let the Palaung take their time up the hills" (လက်ဖက်ကောင်း စားချင်ရင် ပလောင် တောင်တက် နှေးရမည်).[6]

Over 700 square kilometres (270 sq mi) of land are under tea with an annual yield of 60,000-70,000 tonnes. Of this 69.5% is green tea, 19.5% black tea and 20% pickled tea. Annual consumption runs at 52% green tea, 31% black tea and 17% pickled tea.[7]

History

Lahpet was a pre-colonial symbolic peace offering between warring kingdoms in the history of Myanmar, and is exchanged and consumed after settling a dispute. In both pre-colonial and colonial times, lahpet was served after the civil court judge made a verdict; if the arbitrators ate the lahpet, this signified formal acceptance of the verdict.[8][9] Laphet remains a traditional Burmese gesture of hospitality, served to guests when visiting homes.[10]

Processing

The traditional laphet fermentation process is a three-step process, including pre-fermentation, fermentation, and modification of the fermented tea leaves.[10] Tender juvenile tea leaves and leaf buds are selected for fermenting and the rest for drying.[10] After picking, the tea leaves are steamed for about five minutes before either drying or fermenting.[10] Young leaves are then packed into bamboo vats or clay pots, set in pits and pressed by heavy weights to extract water; the fermentation process is checked at intervals and the pulp may occasionally require re-steaming.[5] The anaerobic fermentation is driven by naturally forming lactic acid bacteria, and completed in 3–4 months,[11] indicated by the pulp's changes in color (from green to golden-green), texture (softened leaves), and reduced acidity.[10] The near-final pulp is then washed, massaged, an drained. The final form of laphet is then flavored with a mixture of minced garlic and ground chili, salt, fresh lemon juice, and peanut oil.[10]

Preparation styles
Pickled tea in the center compartment is served in a lahpet ohk with accompanying condiments

Burmese tea leaf salad (လက်ဖက်သုပ်) is served as two main forms. First is mainly used to serve in ceremonies and is called A-hlu lahpet (အလှူလက်ဖက်, လက်ဖက်သုပ်လူကြီးသုပ် or အဖွားကြီးအိုသုပ်) or Mandalay lahpet. The second one is mostly served with meals and is more popular.

A-hlu lahpet (အလှူလက်ဖက် or လက်ဖက်သုပ်လူကြီးသုပ်) or Mandalay lahpet is served traditionally in a shallow lacquerware dish called lahpet ohk with a lid and divided into small compartments. Pickled tea is laced with sesame oil in a central compartment surrounded, in their own compartments, by other ingredients namely crisp fried garlic, chickpeas, butterfly peas, Australian peas, and toasted sesame and peanuts, crushed dried shrimp, preserved shredded ginger and fried shredded coconut. A rare treat in Mandalay may be a delicacy, dried and lightly pan-fried, called twin poh — a species of aquatic grub that is found only in a lake in the crater of an extinct volcano called Twindaung near Monywa.

No special occasion or ceremony in Myanmar is considered complete without lahpet. A-hlu means alms and is synonymous with a novitiation ceremony called shinbyu. Lahpet is served in this form at hsun jway (offering a meal to monks) and weddings. Nat (spirit) worship features lahpet offered to the guardian spirits of forests, mountains, rivers and fields.[12] Invitation to a shinbyu is traditionally by calling from door to door with a lahpet ohk, and acceptance is indicated by its partaking.[13]

It may be served as a snack or after a meal holding centre stage on table with green tea; it may be just for the family and visitors. Apart from its bittersweet and pungent taste and leafy texture, many believe in its medicinal properties as beneficial for the digestive system and controlling bile and mucus.[4] Its stimulant effect to ward off tiredness and sleepiness is especially popular with students preparing for exams, pwè goers at all-night theatrical performances, and helpers at funerals who keep watch overnight.[1]

Lahpet thohk (လက်ဖက်သုပ်) or Yangon lahpet is pickled tea salad which is very popular all over Myanmar, especially with women. Some teashops would have it on their menu as well as Burmese restaurants. It is prepared by mixing all the above ingredients without the coconut but in addition includes fresh tomatoes, garlic and green chilli, sometimes shredded cabbage, and is dressed with fish sauce, sesame or peanut oil, and a squeeze of lime.[1] Many would have lahpet together with plain white rice, again a student favourite. This form is traditionally served at the end of every meal.[14]

Some of the most popular brands sold in packets include Ayee Taung lahpet from Mandalay, Shwe Toak from Mogok, Yuzana and Pinpyo Ywetnu from Yangon. Mixed ingredients of fried garlic, peas, peanuts and sesame have become available as Hna-pyan jaw (literally twice fried) for convenience although traditionally they have been sold separately.[4][12] Ayee Taung has been around for over 100 years and its new recipes such as Shu-shè (extra hot) and Kyetcheini (Red Cross) are quite popular. Zayan lahpet is mixed with carambola (star fruit), and pickled young leaves may be cut together with coarse leaves. Many prefer Mogok lahpet as it uses only young tea leaves.[4]

In the Northern Thai provinces of Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai and Mae Hong Son, lahpet thohk can be found at restaurants where Shan ethnic food is served. In Thai, it is called yam miang (ยำเหมียง), from Shan neng yam (ၼဵင်ႈယမ်း).[15][16]

Health scandal

On 12 March 2009, the Ministry of Health announced that 43 brands of lahpet including the popular brands contained a dye, auramine O, that is not permitted for food use. This was believed to arise from wholesale dealers using cheaper chemical dyes instead of the traditional food dyes.[17] Singapore ordered a ban on 20 brands of lahpet from Burma, including eight varieties marketed by Yuzana, which were not declared unsafe by the Burmese authorities. Businesses were hit by a dramatic drop in sales of this popular food considered indispensable at social gatherings and on special occasions.[18] Malaysia joined the ban but not Thailand, which has a sizeable Burmese population.[19][20]

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See also

References
  1. Haber, Daniel (March 31, 2002). "Lephet - Green Tea Salad". Swe Sone magazine. Archived from the original on July 8, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-10.
  2. Foodspotting (18 March 2014), The Foodspotting Field Guide, Chronicle Books LLC, p. 71, ISBN 978-1-4521-3008-8
  3. "Burmese Tea Leaves That Feel Like Family", The New York Times, July 26, 2012
  4. Zin Min. "Pickled tea leaves still a Myanmar favourite". Myanmar Times vol.12 no.221. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
  5. "Pickled tea leaves or laphet". Myanmar Travel Information 2007. Archived from the original on 2006-12-12. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
  6. "လက်ဖက် ယဉ်ကျေးမှုနှင့် ပလောင်တို့၏ ဘဝ". ဧရာဝတီ. 2013-08-26. Retrieved 2020-04-27.
  7. "Myanmar Tea". Retrieved 2007-04-10.
  8. Nisbet, John; A. Constable. Burma under British rule and before. 1. p. 1901.
  9. Judson, Adinoram (1893). Robert Charles Stevenson (ed.). Judson's Burmese-English dictionary. Government of Burma. pp. 285–286.
  10. Han, Thazin; Aye, Kyaw Nyein (2015-12-01). "The legend of laphet: A Myanmar fermented tea leaf". Journal of Ethnic Foods. 2 (4): 173–178. doi:10.1016/j.jef.2015.11.003. ISSN 2352-6181.
  11. "Making Tea Edible: Laphet from local plants in three ways". Nordic Food Lab. Retrieved 2020-04-27.
  12. Balun, George. "Pickled tea - a traditional favourite". Myanmar Times vol.10 no.184. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-04-10.
  13. Fytche, Albert (1878). Burma past and present. 2. C. K. Paul & co.
  14. Hart, Alice Marion Rowlands (1897). Picturesque Burma. J. M. Dent. pp. 113.
  15. Sao Tern Moeng (1995). Shan-English Dictionary. ISBN 0-931745-92-6.
  16. Scott, George (1906). Burma. Alexander Moring. pp. 265.
  17. Min Lwin. "Tea Leaves Found to Contain Banned Chemical". The Irrawaddy, April 1, 2009. Archived from the original on March 23, 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-19.
  18. Min Lwin. "Singapore Bans Imports of Laphet". The Irrawaddy, March 19, 2009. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved 2009-04-01.
  19. Min Lwin. "Singapore, Malaysia Ban Burmese Pickled Tea". The Irrawaddy, April 2, 2009. Archived from the original on April 6, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  20. Amazing Green Tea, Eating green tea - Is It Healthy?
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