L'Oréal

L'Oréal S.A. is a French personal care company headquartered in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine[2] with a registered office in Paris.[3] It is the world's largest cosmetics company and has developed activities in the field concentrating on hair colour, skin care, sun protection, make-up, perfume, and hair care.[4]

"Loreal" redirects here. For its use as an adjective, see Lore (anatomy) and Folklore.

L'Oréal S.A.
Société Anonyme
Traded asEuronext Paris: OR
CAC 40 Component
ISINFR0000120321 
IndustryCosmetics
Founded30 July 1909 (1909-07-30)
FounderEugène Schueller
Headquarters
Clichy
,
France
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Jean-Paul Agon
(Chairman and CEO) and Françoise Bettencourt Meyers
(Non-Executive Chairwoman and Owner)
Revenue €29.87 billion (2019)[1]
€5.54 billion (2019)[1]
€4.35 billion (2019)[1]
Total assets €43.80 billion (2019)[1]
Total equity €29.41 billion (2019)[1]
Number of employees
86,000 (2018)[1]
Subsidiaries
Websiteloreal.com

History

Founding

In 1909–1956 the first steps, constructing a model, Eugène Paul Louis Schueller, a young French chemist of German descent,[5] developed a hair dye formula called Oréale. Schueller formulated and manufactured his own products, which he then decided to sell to Parisian hairdressers. On 31 July 1919, Schueller registered his company,[6] the Société Française de Teintures Inoffensives pour Cheveux (Safe Hair Dye Company of France). The guiding principles of the company, which eventually became L'Oréal, were research and innovation in the field of beauty. In 1920, the company employed three chemists. By 1950, the team was 100 strong; by 1984 was 1,000 and is nearly 82,000 today.

Schueller provided financial support and held meetings for La Cagoule at L'Oréal headquarters. La Cagoule was a violent French fascist-leaning and anti-communist group whose leader formed a political party Mouvement Social Révolutionnaire (MSR, Social Revolutionary Movement) which in Occupied France supported the Vichy collaboration with the Germans.[7] L'Oréal hired several members of the group as executives after World War II, such as Jacques Corrèze, who served as CEO of the United States operation. This involvement was extensively researched by Israeli historian Michael Bar-Zohar in his book, Bitter Scent.

L'Oréal got its start in the hair-color business, but the company soon branched out into other cleansing and beauty products. L'Oréal currently markets over 500 brands and thousands of individual products in all sectors of the beauty business: hair color, permanents, hair styling, body and skincare, cleansers, makeup, and fragrance. The company's products are found in a wide variety of distribution channels, from hair salons and perfumeries to hyper - and supermarkets, health/beauty outlets, pharmacies and direct mail.

Research and development facilities

L'Oréal has six worldwide research and development centres: two in France: Aulnay and Chevilly; one in the U.S.: Clark, New Jersey; one in Japan: Kawasaki, Kanagawa Prefecture ; in 2005 one was established in Shanghai, China, and one in India. A future facility in the US will be in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey.

Media

From 1988 to 1989, L'Oréal controlled the film company Paravision, whose properties included the Filmation and De Laurentiis libraries. StudioCanal acquired the Paravision properties in 1994.

Acquisitions

L'Oréal purchased Synthélabo in 1973 to pursue its ambitions in the pharmaceutical field. Synthélabo merged with Sanofi in 1999 to become Sanofi-Synthélabo. Sanofi-Synthélabo merged with Aventis in 2004 to become Sanofi-Aventis.

On 17 March 2006, L'Oréal purchased cosmetics company The Body Shop for £562 million.

Other acquisitions

In January 2014, L'Oréal finalized the acquisition of major Chinese beauty brand Magic Holdings for $840 million.[8]

On 11 February 2014, it was announced that L'Oreal had sealed a deal worth €3.4bn to buy back 8% of its shares from Swiss consumer goods giant Nestle. As a result of the deal, Nestle's stake in L'Oreal will be reduced from 29.4pc to 23.29pc while the Bettencourt Meyers family's stake will increase from 30.6pc to 33.2pc. Nestle has owned a stake in L'Oreal since 1974 when it bought into the company at the request of Liliane Bettencourt, the daughter of the founder of L'Oreal and world's richest woman, who was trying to prevent the French state's intervention in the company.

On 20 February 2014, Shiseido agreed to sell its Carita and Decléor brands to L'Oréal for €227.5 million (US$312.93 million (2014)).[9]

On 18th June 2014, L'Oréal agreed to acquire NYX Cosmetics for an undisclosed price, bolstering its makeup offer in North America where its consumer-products unit has faltered.[10]

In September 2014, L'Oréal announced it had agreed to purchase Brazilian hair care company Niely Cosmeticos Group for an undisclosed amount.[11]

In October 2014, L'Oréal acquired multi-cultural brand Carol's Daughter.[12]

In July 2016, L'Oréal announced it had agreed to acquire IT Cosmetics for $1.2 billion.[13]

In March 2018, L'Oréal acquired the beauty augmented reality company ModiFace.[14]

In May 2018, L'Oréal announce a brand-new beauty and fragrance partnership with Valentino.[15]

Marketing

In 1987, during the growth years of the mail-order business, L'Oréal and 3 Suisses founded Le Club des Créateurs de Beauté for mail-order sales of cosmetic products, with brands including Agnès b., Commence and Professeur Christine Poelman among others. In March 2008, L'Oréal acquired 3 Suisse's stake, taking sole control of the company.[16] In November 2013, L'Oréal announced that Le Club des Créateurs de Beauté would cease activity in the first half of 2014.[17]

Since 1997, L'Oreal is an official partner of Cannes Film Festival.[18] In the years of L'Oreal sponsorship, many L'Oreal ambassadors walked the red carpet of the Cannes Film Festival. In 2017, L'Oreal beauty ambassadors including Julianne Moore, Susan Sarandon, Andie McDowell, and Eva Longoria were responsible for the film selection for the outdoor cinema during the Cannes Film Festival.[19]

L'Oréal's advertising slogan is "Because I'm worth it", which was introduced in 1973 was written by a 23 year old English art director and introduced by model and actress Joanne Dusseau.[20] In the mid-2000s, this was replaced by "Because you're worth it". In late 2009, the slogan was changed again to "Because we're worth it" following motivation analysis and work into consumer psychology of Dr. Maxim Titorenko. The shift to "we" was made to create stronger consumer involvement in L'Oréal philosophy and lifestyle and provide more consumer satisfaction with L'Oréal products. L'Oréal also owns a Hair and Body product line for kids called L'Oréal Kids, the slogan for which is "Because we're worth it too".

In November 2012, L'Oréal inaugurated the largest factory in the Jababeka Industrial Park, Cikarang, Indonesia, with a total investment of US$100 million.[21] The production will be absorbed 25 percent by the domestic market and the rest will be exported. In 2010, significant growth occurred at Indonesia with 61 percent increase of unit sales or 28 percent of net sales.[22]

Spokespeople

In 2015, Soo Joo Park became L'Oréal's first Asian-American global spokesmodel.[23]

In 2015, Kristina Bazan became L'Oreal's first international e-spokesperson.

Miss World 1994 and Bollywood actress Aishwarya Rai is a global spokesmodel of the brand since 2003. Award winning actress Viola Davis is global spokesmodel of the brand as of September 2019.

Corporate affairs

Head office
Centre Eugène Schueller, L'Oréal head office, in Clichy, France

L'Oréal Group has its head office in the Centre Eugène Schueller in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine, close to Paris.[24] The building, constructed in the 1970s from brick and steel, replaced the former Monsavon factory, and employees moved into the facility in 1978. 1,400 employees work in the building.[25] In 2005, Nils Klawitter of Der Spiegel said "the building, with its brown glazed façade of windows, is every bit as ugly as its neighbourhood." Klawitter added that the facility "gives the impression of a high-security zone" due to the CCTV cameras and security equipment. The world's largest hair salon is located inside the head office building. As of 2005, 90 hairdressers served 300 women, including retirees, students, and unemployed people, per day; the customers are used as test subjects for new hair colours.[26]

International units include:

  • L'Oréal USA, changed from Cosmair in 2000 [27] - has its headquarters in New York City, and is responsible for operations in the Americas.[28]
  • L'Oréal Canada Incorporated - Canadian operations, based in Montreal
  • L'Oréal Australia - head office is in Melbourne
  • L'Oréal Nordic - head office is in Copenhagen, Denmark
  • L'ORÉAL Deutschland GmbH - legal seat is in Karlsruhe, head office is in Düsseldorf [29]

Corporate governance

Jean-Paul Agon is the chairman and chief executive officer of L'Oréal.[30] Jean-Pierre Meyers and Peter Brabeck-Letmathe are vice chairmen of the board of directors.[30]

Stockholders

As at year end 2013:[31]

  • Breakdown of share ownership: 33.31% by the Bettencourt family, 23.29% by Nestlé, 21.8% by international institutional investors, 9.3% by French institutional investors, 5,7% by individual shareholders, 1.9% treasury stock and 0.7% by employees.

Business figures
Countries with L'Oréal products available

In 2003, L'Oréal announced its 19th consecutive year of double-digit growth. Its consolidated sales were €14.029 bn and net profit was €1.653 bn. 96.7% of sales derived from cosmetic activities and 2.5% from dermatological activities. L'Oréal has operations in over 130 countries, employing 50,500 people, 24% of which work in France. 3.3% of consolidated sales is invested in research and development, which accounts for 2,900 of its employees. In 2003, it applied for 515 patents. It operates 42 manufacturing plants throughout the world, which employ 14,000 people.

  • Cosmetics sales by division breakdown: 54.8% from consumer products at €7.506 bn, 25.1% from luxury products at €3.441 bn, 13.9% from professional products at €1.9 bn, and 5.5% from active cosmetics at €0.749 bn.
  • Cosmetic sales by geographic zone breakdown: 52.7% from Western Europe at €7.221 bn, 27.6% from North America at €3.784 bn, 19.7% from rest of the world at €2.699 bn.

In 2007, L'Oréal was ranked 353 in the Fortune Global 500.[32] The company had earned $2,585 million on sales of $19,811 million. There were 60,850 employees.[32]

By 19 March 2016 the company had a share value of 89,542 million euros, distributed in 562,983,348 shares. Its reported operating profit in 2016 was €4.54 bn based on revenue of €25.8 bn.[33]

Financial data in € billions[34]
Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Revenue 22.977 22.532 25.257 25.837 26.024
Net Income 2.958 4.910 3.297 3.106 3.586,
Assets 31.298 32.063 33.711 35.630 35.339
Employees 77,452 78,611 82,881 89,331 82,606

Joint ventures and minority interests

L'Oréal holds 10.41% of the shares of Sanofi-Aventis, the world's number three and Europe's number one pharmaceutical company. The Laboratoires Innéov is a joint venture in nutritional cosmetics between L'Oréal and Nestlé; they draw on Nestlé's knowledge in the fields of nutrition and food safety.

Corporate social responsibility

Group-wide sustainability plan

L'Oreal announced a new sustainability plan in 2013, which they hope will help reach the goal of 1 billion new consumers by 2020 by producing more products with less environmental impact and helping customers make sustainable lifestyle choices. The main commitments to achieve by 2020 include: aiming for 100 percent of its products to have an environmental or social benefit; reducing the company's environmental footprint by 60 percent; and empowering consumers to make sustainable consumption choices.[35]

Sustainable development

In 2009, L'Oréal declared their intention to cut greenhouse gas emissions, water consumption and waste by 50% over the period 2005-2015 [36] – a deduction in carbon dioxide emissions that is to be in part achieved by the use of solar panels, biogas and electricity and hot water produced from the combustion of methane gas recovered from agricultural waste.[37] In 2012, the company declared a 37.1% deduction in C02 Emissions, a 24% deduction in water consumption and a 22% deduction in transportable waste, and was named a sector leader by Climate Counts for its practices and achievements in the management of carbon emissions.[38] In 2014, L'Oréal made the commitment to ensure that none of its products were linked to deforestation, and to source 100% renewable raw materials by 2020.[39] The group was included in the Corporate Knights "Global 100" list of the 100 most sustainable companies.[39]

Position on animal testing

Since the 80s, L'Oréal has invested €900 million in researching alternatives to animal testing for product safety, using methods such as reconstructed skin models, such as the Episkin model[40] at their research centres in Gerland, France, and Pudong, China.[41]

Nevertheless, this is complicated by markets such as China,[42] where animal testing of all cosmetics for human use is mandatory. Cosmetics by brands such as The Body Shop, which refuses to do animal testing, are thus not sold in China.

In 2013, L'Oréal was part of a consortium calling on the EU to invest more in research on alternatives to animal testing.[43]

Community involvement and awards

In 2014, L'Oreal was listed 61st among 1200 of India's most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report 2014, a study conducted by Trust Research Advisory, a brand analytics company.[44]

In 2008, L'Oréal was named Europe's top business employer by the European Student Barometer,[45] a survey conducted by Trendence that covers 20 European countries and incorporates the responses of over 91,000 students.

The L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science was established to improve the position of women in science by recognizing outstanding women researchers who have contributed to scientific progress.

The awards are a result of a partnership between the French cosmetics company L'Oréal and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and carry a grant of US$100,000 for each laureate.

The same partnership awards the UNESCO-L'Oréal International Fellowships, providing up to US$40,000 in funding over two years to fifteen young women scientists engaged in exemplary and promising research projects.[46]

L'Oréal organises the yearly L'Oréal Brandstorm, a business game for students in 46 countries. The game is related to marketing and has a first prize of $10,000, a second prize of $5,000 and a third prize of $2500.

L'Oréal is also a founding member of the "Look Good...Feel Better" project, a charity which was formed over 16 years ago to help women combat the visible side effects of cancer treatment.

In 2015, Standard Ethics Aei gave a rating to L'Oreal in order to include it in its Standard Ethics French Index.[47]

Research and innovation

Episkin

Episkin is a reconstructed skin model developed by engineers at L'Oréal France to provide an alternative to animal testing.[48] Human skin cells leftover from breast surgery [48] are developed under in vitro laboratory conditions to form sheets of reconstructed skin.[49] This has advantages over animal testing other than the sparing of animals: it can be adapted to create reconstructions of a range of skin colors, as well as younger and older skin, meaning that safety tests give more relevant results for humans.[49] In 2006, the Episkin division acquired SkinEthic, a leading tissue engineering company.[50]

The aim for L'Oréal is to produce products that cater to their diverse customers specifically, in the emerging markets that currently account for 53% of the entire global beauty market.[51] Through these research methods L'Oréal aims to tap into one billion new consumers [51] in these markets for the upcoming years.

In 2003, the L'Oréal Institute for Ethnic Hair & Skin Research was inaugurated in Chicago to continue their research on African American hair and skin among other ethnicities.[52] The L'Oréal Group opened the Predictive Evaluation Center in Lyon, France in 2011. This center is devoted to evaluating the quality of the products without testing on animals.[53] Additionally, L'Oréal built an international "Consumer Insights" division as well as, regional Research and Innovation centres in six countries: Japan, China, India, the United States, Brazil, and France.[54] The aim of these centres is to collect information on their diverse consumers in order to develop products according to their various needs. In 2011, L'Oréal announced its intention to build a Research and Innovation Center in Bom Jesus Island Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Estimated at 30 million euros (70,000,000 reals), this project is expected to create about 150 jobs by 2015.[55]

The L'Oreal Global Hair Research Centre, a facility in Paris Saint-Ouen opened in March 2012. It serves as the headquarters for the international departments of hair color, hair care, and hairstyling. One of the largest investments in company R&I history, the 25,000m² Centre hosts 500 employees. These include chemists, physical-chemists, opticians, materials scientists, metrologists, rheologists, computer scientists and statisticians. The facility offers automation, modeling and sensory evaluation.[56]

Human skin 3D printing

L'Oreal announced in May 2015 that it was partnering with bioprinting startup Organovo to figure out how to 3D print living, breathing derma that can be used to test products for toxicity and efficacy. "We're the first beauty company that Organovo has worked with," said Guive Balooch, global vice president of L'Oreal's tech incubator.[57]

Modiface

On 16 March 2018, L'Oréal announced that it had acquired Modiface, a beauty tech company that uses augmented reality to allow users to digitally try on different makeup products and hairstyles.[58]

Perso

This smart device creates custom formulas for lipstick, foundation, and skin care.[59] Customers can use it through the Perso app, which uses AI technology, and is expected to get launched in 2021.[60]

Controversy

Discrimination

On 11 August 2005, the Supreme Court of California ruled that former L'Oréal sales manager Elyse Yanowitz had adequately pleaded a cause of action for retaliatory termination under the California Fair Employment and Housing Act, and remanded the case for trial.[61] The case arose out of a 1997 incident in which Jack Wiswall, then the general manager for designer fragrances, allegedly told Yanowitz to fire a dark-skinned sales associate despite the associate's good performance. When Yanowitz refused, Wiswall pointed to a "sexy" blonde-haired woman and said, "God damn it, get me one that looks like that." Wiswall retired as president of the luxury products division of L'Oréal USA at the end of 2006.[61]

The company has recently faced discrimination lawsuits in France related to the hiring of spokesmodels and institutional racism. In July 2007, the Garnier division and an external employment agency were fined €30,000 for recruitment practices that intentionally excluded non-white women from promoting its hair wash, "Fructis Style".[62] L'Oréal is reported as saying the decision was "incomprehensible",[63] and would challenge the measure in court.

L'Oreal continues to sell skin whitening products, capitalising on women's insecurities due to colourism. They advertise these controversial products, which have been criticised for promoting a colonial attitude as well as having safety concerns,[64] on their website by claiming; "Achieve clear, translucent and radiant skin. Our skin whitening products work to fade dark spots and brighten skin to give you the fair, flawless complexion you desire."[65]

Racism Against Munroe Bergdorf
Main article: Munroe Bergdorf race row incident

In August 2017, L'Oréal dismissed Munroe Bergdorf, a mixed-race transgender model, after she responded to the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia by stating in a Facebook post: "Honestly I don't have energy to talk about the racial violence of white people any more. Yes ALL white people"; the post was also quoted as saying that "[white people] existence, privilege and success as a race is built on the backs, blood and death of people of colour", "racism isn't learned, it's inherited and [...] passed down through privilege" and that "white people" ought to "begin to admit that their race is the most violent and oppressive force of nature on Earth".[66] Shortly after terminating Bergdorf, L'Oréal released a statement claiming their commitment to "[support] diversity and tolerance towards all people irrespective of their race, background, gender and religion" and had terminated their partnership with Bergdorf because her comments were "at odds with those values".[67][68]

Involvement in conflicts

Eugène Schueller, the company's founder, was an alleged Nazi sympathizer.[69] L'Oréal concedes that Schueller was an anti-Semitic fascist.[70] He was also a member of La Cagoule, which supported the Vichy regime, and was a violent, pro-fascist and anti-communist organisation. Eugène bankrolled La Cagoule and some meetings of La Cagoule were held at L'Oréal headquarters. Some of the criminal activities perpetrated by La Cagoule include firearms transportation, assassinating a former minister, and firebombing six synagogues.[71][72]

Other controversy arose when Jean Frydman, a shareholder and board member of Paravision, a film subsidiary of L'Oréal, was fired. He claims that he was let go because L'Oréal wanted to avoid an Arab boycott of businesses associated with Jews. In turn, Frydman decided to expose the past of L'Oréal executives. André Bettencourt who married Schueller's daughter, Liliane Bettencourt, and became deputy chairman for L'Oréal, wrote 60 articles for La Terre Française. La Terre Française was an anti-Semitic Nazi propaganda sheet. André has admitted ownership of the propaganda but claimed he was poisoned by the Vichy regime and said, "I have repeatedly expressed my regrets concerning them in public and will always beg the Jewish community to forgive me for them."[71] André Bettencourt also sheltered Schueller and several collaborators from the French Resistance after Liberation.[72] It was also revealed that Eugène Schueller hired Jacques Correze, who was the honorary head of L'Oréal's U.S. affiliate, Cosmair, and was involved with La Cagoule.[70]

Further controversy arose when it was revealed that L'Oréal had its German headquarters for over 30 years, before being sold in 1991, on land confiscated from a Jewish family during World War II. The Jewish family has been battling for restitution from the company for three generations, the latest of which is Edith Rosenfelder, a Holocaust survivor. Fritz Rosenfelder, was forced to sell the house to a Nazi official, of which the family never received the proceeds of the sale. Instead, the family was deported. The Allies passed Jewish restitution legislation which states that transactions with Nazis, even if appearing to be with the owner's consent, can be considered invalid. As the land was sold to an offshoot of L'Oréal, which was later bought out in 1961 by L'Oréal, the company claims that it is not responsible for anything that happened before then. The basis for Rosenfelder's argument is that since the original sale was illegal, all subsequent sales are equally unlawful. There was restitution paid in 1951 to the Jewish Restitution Successor Organization, though this was done without the family's consent and none of the money ever reached the family. A book by Monica Waitzfelder, daughter of Edith Rosenfelder, published in French as L'Oréal a pris ma maison and in English as L'Oréal stole my house!, details how L'Oréal, took over the Waitzfelder home in the German city of Karlsruhe (after the Nazis had engineered the removal of the family) to make it its German headquarters.[73] Monica Waitzfelder is quoted as saying, "All the other businesses which took Jewish property have since returned it, without any great debate. I don't understand why L'Oréal should be any different from the others." A case was brought before the Supreme Court in France, but the public prosecutor ruled that there could be no trial. As of 2007, she is bringing the case to the European Court of Human Rights.[72][73]

On 31 July 2014 during Operation Protective Edge launched by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) in the Gaza Strip, the Israel advocacy organisation StandWithUs posted several Facebook photos of care packages, which they said were donated by Garnier Israel to female IDF soldiers.[74][75][76] This sparked several calls to boycott Garnier and L'Oreal worldwide.[77] As of 17 August 2020 no official statement was made by Garnier or L'Oreal regarding the donation.

Animal testing

L'Oréal began in vitro tissue testing in 1979, and does not test any of its products or ingredients on animals anywhere in the world since 1989—14 years before it was required by regulation.[78] Controversy came from the fact that L'Oréal sells products in China, whose regulators conduct animal testing on cosmetics to be sold within its territory. Even though a ban on animal testing in China came into effect in January 2020, Chinese authorities still perform this practice for imported "ordinary" cosmetics.[79] [80]

Following L'Oréal's 2006 purchase of The Body Shop, which does not support animal testing, The Body Shop's founder Anita Roddick was forced to defend herself against allegations of "abandoning her principles" over L'Oréal's involvement on animal testing. Calls were made for shoppers to boycott The Body Shop. [81] L'Oréal sold The Body Shop to Brazilian group Natura Cosméticos in 2017. [82]

Corporate misconduct

L'Oréal was fined by Autorité de la concurrence in France in 2016 for price-fixing on personal hygiene products.[83]

False advertising

In May 2007, L'Oréal was one of several cosmetic manufacturers (along with Clinique, Estee Lauder, Payot, Lancôme)[84] ordered by the Therapeutic Goods Administration in Australia to withdraw advertising regarding the wrinkle removal capabilities of their products.[85]

In the UK, L'Oréal has faced criticism from OFCOM regarding the truth of their advertising and marketing campaigns concerning the product performance of one of their mascara brands. In July 2007, the British Advertising Standards Authority attacked L'Oréal for a television advert on its "Telescopic" mascara, featuring Penélope Cruz, stating, "it will make your eyelashes 60% longer." In fact, it only made the lashes look 60% bigger, by separating and thickening at the roots and by thickening the tips of the lashes. They also failed to state that the model was wearing false eyelashes.[86]

In July 2011, the British Advertising Standards Authority took action against L'Oréal, banning two airbrushed Lancôme advertisements in the UK featuring actress Julia Roberts and supermodel Christy Turlington. The agency issued the ban after British politician Jo Swinson argued that the two ads misrepresented reality and added to the self-image problem amongst females in the UK. L'Oréal acknowledged that the photos had been airbrushed but argued that the two cosmetic products could actually produce the results depicted in the ads and that the results of the products had been scientifically proven.[87]

In June 2014 the company reached agreement with the U.S. Federal Trade Commission not to make claims about its anti-aging products unless it had credible scientific evidence supporting the claims. The settlement followed an investigation by the commission into claims being made in relation to two products, which the commission described as "false and unsubstantiated".

L'Oréal has a team of 400 members of staff who post content to Facebook every day, according to Marc Menesguen, the company's chief marketing officer.[88]

Brands portfolio
L'Oréal lipsticks
L'Oréal skincare product

Brands are generally categorized by their targeted markets, such as the mass, professional, luxury, and active cosmetics markets. The Body Shop and Galderma are directly attached to the head office. L'Oréal also owns interests in various activities such as fine chemicals, health, finance, design, advertising, and insurance.[89]

Professional products
  • L'Oréal Technique
  • L'Oréal Professionnel, including ARTec and Innate
  • Kérastase (created by L'Oreal in 1964)
  • Kéraskin Esthetics, created by L'Oreal in 2007 and specializing in skincare professionals
  • Matrix Essentials, founded by Arnie Miller in 1980 and acquired by L'Oreal in 2000
  • Mizani, founded in 1991 and bought by L'Oreal in 2001
  • PureOlogy Research, founded in 2001 and acquired by L'Oreal in 2007
  • Redken 5th Avenue NYC, founded by Paula Kent and Jheri Redding in 1960 and acquired by L'Oreal in 1993
  • Shu Uemura Art of Hair
  • Carol's Daughter
  • Carita
  • Essie, founded in 1981 and acquired by L'Oreal in 2010[90]
  • Decléor[91]
  • Botanicals Fresh Care
  • Cheryl's Cosmeceuticals [92]

L'Oreal Luxe
  • ( Valentino)

Consumer products
  • L'Oréal Paris
  • Color&Co
  • Ombrelle
  • Garnier
  • Maybelline
  • NYX Cosmetics
  • SoftSheen-Carson
  • Carol's Daughter
  • Créateurs de Beauté
  • Essie
  • Magic
  • Niely
  • Colorama
  • 3ce[93]

Active cosmetics
gollark: Someone noticed your cc.cc forums post.
gollark: Ħı.
gollark: Um, I *might* also be able to try, don't know if I actually have a CB guardian.
gollark: No offense, I just really don't like brush-y fonts for whatever reason.
gollark: I mean, it's in giant turqoisey brush font, and not a spreadsheet or something.

References
  1. "Annual Results 2018" (PDF). L'Oréal.
  2. Jones, David (26 January 2010). "Nestlé waits for market pressures to soften Hershey". Reuters. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  3. "Statuts Archived 30 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine." L'Oréal. 16 April 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  4. "Review: L'Oreal Men Expert Hydra Energetic". The Moisturizer. 16 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  5. .The Fashion Foot.
  6. Corporate financial reporting by Amberr Aslamm on Prezi. Prezi.com. Retrieved on 12 April 2015.
  7. Gladwell, Malcolm (28 March 2011). "The Color of Money". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 5 May 2012.
  8. L'Oréal Acquires Major Chinese Beauty Brand
  9. Kaiser, Amanda (19 February 2014). "Shiseido Sells Carita, Decléor to L'Oréal". WWD. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  10. "L'Oreal Agrees to Buy U.S. Makeup-Artist Brand NYX Cosmetics". Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  11. "L'Oreal to buy Brazilian hair care group Niely Cosmeticos" (Press release). Reuters. 8 September 2014.
  12. Gleason, Stephanie (23 October 2014). "L'Oréal USA Acquires Carol's Daughter". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  13. Khan, A. "L'Oréal Buys It Cosmetics for $1.2 Billion". Allure. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  14. "L'Oréal acquires ModiFace further expanding its worldwide expertise in beauty tech". L'Oréal Finance. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  15. Nast, Condé. "Valentino and L'Oréal Paris Are Joining Forces on a Luxury Beauty Collection for the Masses". Allure. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  16. "L'Oreal buys stake in beauty brand", Cosmetics Design Asia. Retrieved on 13 June 2013.
  17. "L'Oréal to end the activity of Beauté Créateurs its mail-order subsidiary". Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  18. Orlova-Alvarez, Tamara (9 April 2019). "Cannes Film Festival Beauty – From Beauty Suite to Red Carpet". Ikon London Magazine. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  19. Orlova-Alvarez, Tamara (11 May 2017). "L'Oréal Paris Reveals Movies for Outdoor Cinema at 2017 Cannes Film Festival". Ikon London Magazine. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  20. Malcom Gladwell, « Annals of Advertising, True Colors », The New Yorker, no 36340, 22 mars 1999
  21. "L'Oreal opens the largest factory in Cikarang", The Economic Times, India, 8 November 2012. Retrieved on 13 June 2013.
  22. "L'Oreal to build its largest factory worth $50m in Indonesia". Archived from the original on 10 January 2012.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  23. Nguyen, Michael D.. (27 March 2015) Soo Joo Park Is L'Oreal's First Asian-American Spokesmodel. NBC News. Retrieved on 2015-04-12.
  24. "World Presence." L'Oréal. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
  25. "2.000 salariés de L'Oréal à Clichy." Le Journal du Net. Retrieved 7 July 2010. " Construit à la fin des années 1970 en briques et acier, le Centre Eugène Schueller se dresse à l'emplacement de l'ancienne usine Monsavon, à Clichy-la-Garenne dans les Hauts-de-Seine. Les salariés du siège de l'Oréal y ont emménagé à partir de 1978. Aujourd'hui, ils sont 1.400 à y travailler."
  26. Klawitter, Nils. "L'Oréal's Great Bluff". Der Spiegel. 7 March 2005. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
  27. "Frito-Lay Sued Over Claim Tostitos, Sun Chips Are 'All Natural'". adage.com. 23 December 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  28. Contact Us, L'Oréal USA
  29. "Impressum - L'Oréal-Konzern". www.loreal.de (in German). Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  30. "The board of directors". Loreal.com. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  31. "Annual Report 2013" (PDF). L'Oréal. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
  32. "FORTUNE Global 500 2007: L'Oréal". CNN. 23 July 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  33. "L'Oréal Finance : 2016 Annual Results". www.loreal-finance.com (in French). Retrieved 9 May 2017.
  34. "L'Oreal Bilanz, Gewinn und Umsatz | L'Oreal Geschäftsbericht | 853888". wallstreet-online.de. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  35. "L'Oréal Outlines 2020 Sustainability Goals". Retrieved 14 November 2013.
  36. "L'Oreal to Reduce GHG Emissions, Water Consumption and Waste by 50%". Environmental Leader. 23 April 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  37. "L'Oréal wants to cut its CO2 emissions in half by 2015". Fashionmag.com. 21 April 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  38. "L'Oréal Recognized by Climate Counts as Sector Leader for Managing, Reporting and Reducing its Carbon Emissions". CSR Wire. 5 December 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  39. "L'Oréal reiterates sustainability importance with 'zero deforestation' commitment". Cosmetics design-europe.com. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  40. "L'Oreal builds on skin testing capabilities". Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  41. "Our Position". L'Oréal Answers. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  42. "China Animal Testing Complicates L'Oreal's Expansion". 21 August 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  43. Bibi van der Zee (18 July 2013). "Animal testing – it's time to talk about it again". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  44. "India's Most Trusted Brands 2014". Archived from the original on 2 May 2015.
  45. "The European Student Barometer 2008" (PDF).
  46. "UNESCO/L'ORÉAL Co-Sponsored Fellowships for Young Women in Life Sciences". Portal.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014.
  47. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  48. "Human Skin to Replace Animal Tests". Animal Liberation Front. 12 June 2013.
  49. "L'Oréal Builds on Skin Testing Capabilities". Cosmetic Design Europe. 12 June 2013.
  50. "L´OREAL : EPISKIN, SUBSIDIARY OF L´OREAL, ACQUIRES SKINETHIC, LEADER IN TISSUE ENGINEERING". Euro Investor. 12 June 2013.
  51. "L'Oréal Unveils New Research and Innovation Strategy". GCI. 10 December 2010.
  52. "4th L'Oreal workshop on African hair and skin currently underway". LIFESTYLE Magazine. 9 November 2012.
  53. "L'Oreal 2011 Sustainability Report > Towards Responsible Beauty?". Wizness. 3 May 2011.
  54. "How L'Oréal fights commoditization with reverse innovation". Les Echos. 8 June 2012.
  55. "L'Oréal: a new research and innovation centre in Rio". Premium Beauty News. 20 December 2011.
  56. "L'Oréal Establishes its Global Hair Research Centre in Paris Saint-Ouen". Cosmetics Science Applied. 22 October 2013.
  57. "L'Oreal's Plan to Start 3D Printing Human Skin". Bloomberg. 18 May 2015.
  58. "L'Oreal acquires Modiface, a major AR beauty company". The Verge. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  59. Carman, Ashley (5 January 2020). "L'Oréal's latest gadget mixes lipstick based on what your favorite influencers wear". The Verge. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  60. Prinzivalli, Leah. "L'Oréal's New Gadget Can Create a Custom Lipstick for Every Day of the Week". Allure. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  61. Yanowitz v. L'Oréal USA, Inc., 36 Cal. 4th 1028 (2005).
  62. "L'Oreal found guilty of racism". Sox First. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  63. Rasta Livewire (30 August 2007). "L'Oreal Tells Women of Color to Take a Hike". AfricaResource. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  64. Khan, Coco (23 April 2018). "Skin-lightening creams are dangerous – yet business is booming. Can the trade be stopped?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  65. "Skin Care Whitening". loreal-paris. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020.
  66. Tan, Emily. "L'Oréal drops model Munroe Bergdorf after her Facebook rant". Campaign. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  67. Iqbal, Nosheen (4 September 2017). "Munroe Bergdorf on the L'Oréal racism row: 'It puzzles me that my views are considered extreme'". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  68. Fortin, Jacey (2 September 2017). "L'Oréal Drops Transgender Model Over Comments on Race". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  69. Hoppough, Suzanne (18 March 2005). "Father's Past Haunts French Billionaire". Forbes.
  70. "Business Notes Scandal L'Oreal's". Time. 24 June 2001.
  71. "André Bettencourt". The Daily Telegraph. London. 22 November 2007.
  72. Pascal, Julia (16 January 2007). "L'Oreal Took My Home, by Monica Waitzfelder, translated by Peter Bush". The Independent. London.
  73. Gentleman, Amelia (13 October 2004). "L'Oréal profited from victims of Nazis, court told". The Guardian. London.
  74. StandWithUs - We are honoured to be delivering these.... Facebook. Retrieved on 12 April 2015.
  75. Garnier care packages boost Israeli soldiers' beauty regimens. Stream.aljazeera.com. Retrieved on 12 April 2015.
  76. Les cosmétiques Garnier créent la polémique après une photo de femmes soldats de l'armée israélienne. Huffingtonpost.fr. Retrieved on 12 April 2015.
  77. Boycott Garnier over its support for Israeli army - Palestine Solidarity Campaign. Palestinecampaign.org (6 August 2014). Retrieved on 2015-04-12.
  78. https://inside-our-products.loreal.com/our-approach/our-alternative-methods-animal-testing#:~:text=L'Or%C3%A9al%20has%20been%20at,strictly%20follows%20this%20global%20policy.
  79. https://ethicalelephant.com/understanding-china-animal-testing-laws/
  80. https://chinabizlawyers.com/2019/10/china-ends-cosmetic-animal-testing-from-1st-of-january-2020/#:~:text=New%20regulations%20drafted%20by%20China's,1st%20of%20January%2C%202020.
  81. "Anita's £652m sell-out", The Independent (London). 18 March 2006. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
  82. https://www.ft.com/content/10b37676-5b60-11e7-9bc8-8055f264aa8b
  83. "Huge price-fixing fine is upheld". The Connexion. 28 October 2016. Archived from the original on 9 February 2017.
  84. Costello, John (9 May 2007). "Beauty and the publicity beast". The Evening Herald. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  85. "Wrinkle creams are a rip-off". The Daily Telegraph (Sydney). 7 May 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2007.
  86. "L'Oréal (UK) Ltd". Asa.org.uk. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  87. "Britain bans airbrushed Julia Roberts make-up ad". CNN. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
  88. A Facebook of the Future: Mark Zuckerberg and Sheryl Sandberg Show Us Their New Content, New Algorithms, and New Alliances | Vanity Fair
  89. All the brands of the L'Oréal Group: Garnier, L'Oréal Paris, Redken, Maybelline, Kerastase. L'Oréal. (8 December 2009).
  90. This woman’s name is in more than 25,000 nail salons. Fortune.com. Retrieved on 16 July 2017.
  91. L'Oréal's Professional Products brands: L'Oréal Professionnel, Kérastase … - L'Oréal Group. Loreal.com. Retrieved on 12 April 2015.
  92. . Loreal.com. Retrieved on 1 March 2017.
  93. https://www.marketing-interactive.com/loreal-snaps-up-parent-company-of-korean-brand-stylenanda/

Media related to L'Oréal at Wikimedia Commons

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.