Kimmeridge Clay

The Kimmeridge Clay is a sedimentary deposit of fossiliferous marine clay which is of Late Jurassic to lowermost Cretaceous age and occurs in southern and eastern England and in the North Sea.[1] This rock formation is the major source rock for North Sea oil. The fossil fauna of the Kimmeridge Clay includes turtles, crocodiles, sauropods, plesiosaurs, pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs, as well as a number of invertebrate species.

Kimmeridge Clay Stratigraphic range: Kimmeridgian–Berriasian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Grey cliffs of Upper Kimmeridge Clay above the beach at Egmont Bight
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Ancholme Group (onshore), Humber Group (offshore)
Sub-units	Birch Sandstone Member, Burns Sandstone Member, Claymore Sandstone Member, Dirk Sandstone Member, Magnus Sandstone Member, Ptarmigan Sandstone Member, Ribble Sandstone Member
Underlies	Portland Sand Formation, Speeton Clay Formation, Spilsby Sandstone
Overlies	Ampthill Clay, Corallian Group
Lithology
Primary	Mudstone
Other	Siltstone, Sandstone, Conglomerate
Location
Region	England (surface) North Sea (subsurface)
Country	United Kingdom
Type section
Named for	Kimmeridge Bay
Location	Type area - coastal outcrops from Black Head, Weymouth to Chapmans Pool

Description

Kimmeridge Clay is named after the village of Kimmeridge on the Dorset coast of England, where it is well exposed and forms part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site.[2] Onshore, it is of Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) age and outcrops across England, in a band stretching from Dorset in the south-west, north-east to North Yorkshire. Offshore, it extends into the Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian Stage) and it is found throughout the Southern, Central and Northern North Sea.[1]

The foundations of the Humber Bridge on the southern (Barton) side of the bridge are on Kimmeridge Clay beneath superficial deposits, under the Humber estuary.[3]

Economic importance

Kimmeridge Clay is of great economic importance,[2] being the major source rock for oil fields in the North Sea hydrocarbon province.[4] It has distinctive physical properties and log responses.[5]

A Kimmeridge Oil Shale Project (KOSP) has been pursued by the UK-based oil and shale gas exploration company Cuadrilla Resources.[6]^:6

Vertebrate fauna

Color key Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon		Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Fauna uncovered from the Kimmeridge Clay include:[7]

Ray-finned fish

Ray-finned fishes of the Kimmeridge clay Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Abundance	Notes	Images
Thrissops[8][9]	Indeterminate	Dorset		Most common Kimmeridge clay fish, known from several complete specimens	Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches	Complete specimen
Pachythrissops	Indeterminate	Dorset			Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches
Allothrissops	Indeterminate	Dorset			Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches
Chondrostei	Indeterminate	Dorset		One specimen, a fin	Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches
Lepidotes	Indeterminate	Dorset			Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches
Gyrodus	Indeterminate	Dorset			Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches
Caturus	Indeterminate	Dorset			Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches
Aspidorhynchus	Indeterminate	Dorset			Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches
Hypsocormus	H.tenuirostris	Dorset		Rare	Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches
Pachycormus	Indeterminate	Dorset		Rare	Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches
Eurycormus	Indeterminate	Dorset		Rare, one complete specimen	Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches
Leptolepidae	Indeterminate	Dorset		Fairly common, multiple near complete specimens.	Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches

Lobe-finned fish

Lobe-finned fishes of the Kimmeridge clay Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Abundance	Notes	Images
Holophagus	Indeterminate	Dorset		One specimen, cranial material	Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches. More than 2 metres long
Coelacanthus	Indeterminate	Dorset		One specimen, a portion of the head	Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches

Cartilaginous fish

Cartilaginous fishes of the Kimmeridge clay Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Abundance	Notes	Images
Asteracanthus	Indeterminate	Dorset		Known from many dorsal spines	Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches
Chimaera	Indeterminate	Dorset		Known from many dorsal spines	Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches
Hybodus	Indeterminate	Dorset		Known from many dorsal spines, perhaps a complete head	Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches
Ischyodus	Indeterminate	Dorset		One specimen	Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches
Rhinobatidae	Indeterminate	Dorset		Known from a complete specimen, and other isolated remains	Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches

Archosaurs

Thalattosuchians

Genus	Species	Location	Member	Abundance	Notes	Images
Bathysuchus	B. megarhinus				A pelagic teleosaurid.[10]	Cricosaurus Dakosaurus Metriorhynchus Plesiosuchus Torvoneustes
Cricosaurus	C. gracilis				A metriorhynchine metriorhynchid
Dakosaurus	D. maximus				A geosaurine metriorhynchid
Metriorhynchus	M. geoffreyi				A metriorhynchine metriorhynchid
Plesiosuchus	P. manseli				A geosaurine metriorhynchid
Torvoneustes[11][12]	T. carpenteri[11]				A geosaurine metriorhynchid
	T. coryphaeus[13]				A geosaurine metriorhynchid

Ornithischians

Indeterminate ankylosaur osteoderms have been found in Wiltshire, England.[14] Indeterminate stegosaurid remains have been found in Dorset and Wiltshire, England.[7]

Genus	Species	Location	Member	Abundance	Notes	Images
Cumnoria[7]	C. prestwichii[7]	Oxfordshire[7]		"Fragmentary skull and skeleton."[15]		Cumnoria Dacentrurus
Dacentrurus[7]	D. armatus[7]	Cambridgeshire[7] Dorset[7] Wiltshire[7]			Wiltshire remains include specimens previously referred to Omosaurus armatus and O. hastiger.[7]
Ornithopoda	Indeterminate[7]	Dorset?[7]			Kimmeridge clay remains considered to represent a possible close relative of Bugenasaura[16] are now regarded as the remains of an indeterminate euornithopod.[7](The specimen may have had its locality and horizon mislabelled.)
Omosaurus[7]	O.armatus[7]	Wiltshire[7]		Reclassified as Dacentrurus armatus because the generic name Omosaurus was preoccupied.[7]
	O. hastiger[7]	Wiltshire[7]

Saurischians

Indeterminate ornithomimmid remains have been found in Dorset, England.[7] An undescribed theropod genus was found in Dorset.[7]

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Bothriospondylus[7]	B. suffosus[7]	Wiltshire[7]		"[Seven] dorsal and sacral centra."[17]		Juratyrant
Cetiosaurus[7]	C. humerocristatus[7]	Dorset[7]			Now Duriatitan.[18]
	Indeterminate[7]	Oxfordshire[7]			Remains previously referred to an indeterminate species of Cetiosaurus are now regarded as indeterminate sauropod material.[7]
Duriatitan	D. humerocristatus	Dorset[7]		Humerus[19]	A titanosauriform[18]
Gigantosaurus[7]	G. megalonyx[7]	Cambridgeshire[7]			Remains previously referred to Gigantosaurus megalonyx are now regarded as indeterminate sauropod material.[7]
Ischyrosaurus[7]	I. manseli[7]	Oxfordshire[7]		"Humerus."[20]	Remains previously referred to Ischyrosaurus manseli are now regarded as indeterminate sauropod material.[7]
Juratyrant[21][22]	J. langhami	Dorset		Partial skeleton	A primitive tyrannosaur
Theropoda[7]	Indeterminate	Wiltshire[7] Dorset[7]			Remains previously referred to Megalosaurus are now regarded as indeterminate theropod material.[7]
Sauropoda[7]	Indeterminate[7]	Oxfordshire[7] Cambridgeshire[7] Norfolk[7]			Remains previously attributed to one or more indeterminate species of Ornithopsis (incl. O. leedsii) are now regarded as possible indeterminate sauropod material.[7]

Pterosaurs

Genus	Species	location	Material	Notes	Images
Cuspicephalus[23]	C. scarfi	Dorset	Partial Skull	Missing Crest, lower jaw and dentition	Cuspicephalus Rhamphorhynchus
Rhamphorhynchus	R.etchesi	Dorset
Germanodactylus	indeterminate	Dorset

Plesiosaurs

Genus	Species	Location	Member	Abundance	Notes	Images
Bathyspondylus	B. swindoniensis				Plesiosaur of unknown affinities	Kimmerosaurus Pliosaurus brachydeirus
Colymbosaurus	C. megadeirus				A cryptoclidid
	C. trochantericus				Nomen dubium
Kimmerosaurus	K. langhami				A cryptoclidid
Plesiosaurus	"P." manseli				Distinct from Colymbosaurus.[24]
Pliosaurus[25][26]	P. brachydeirus				A thalassophonean pliosaurid
	P. brachyspondylus
	P. carpenteri				A thalassophonean pliosaurid
	P. kevani				A thalassophonean pliosaurid
	P. portentificus[27]				A thalassophonean pliosaurid
	P. ?rossicus				A thalassophonean pliosaurid; taxonomic identification of specimens tentative[25]
	P. westburyensis				A thalassophonean pliosaurid
	P. sp. 1			Partial skeleton, CAMSM J.35991	A thalassophonean pliosaurid; previously assigned to the nomen dubium P. brachyspondylus[25][26]
	P. sp. 2			Mandible, NHMUK PV OR 39362	A thalassophonean pliosaurid; previously assigned to the nomen dubium P. macromerus[25][26]
Spitrasaurus	Indeterminate

Ichthyosaurs

Ray-finned fishes of the Kimmeridge clay Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Abundance	Notes	Images
Brachypterygius	B.extremus	Dorset				Brachypterygius Nannopterygius Ophthalmosaurus
Grendelius	G.mordax	Dorset
Ichthyosauridae	Indeterminate	Dorset			Giant, near complete specimen. Proposed to have been 6 metres long when complete. Housed at the Etches collection in dorset.
Macropterygius	M.trigonus	Dorset			Nomen dubium - classified by a single vertebra
Nannopterygius	N.enthekiodon	Dorset
Ophthalmosaurus	Indeterminate	Dorset

Invertebrates

An aptychus with the name Trigonellites latus, from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation

The invertebrate fauna of the Kimmeridge Clay includes:[28][29]

• Mollusca:
  • Cardium striatulum
  • Ostrea deltoidea
  • Gryphaea (Exogyra) virgula
  • Trigonellites
  • Belemnotheutis

• Arthropoda:
  • Phlyctosoma sp.
  • Eryma sp.
  • Magitalatimana sp.
  • Mechochirus sp.
  • Archaeolepas redtenbacheri

See also

• List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations

References

1. British Geological Survey. "Kimmeridge Clay Formation". BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
2. Gallois R.W. (2004). "The Kimmeridge Clay: the most intensively studied formation in Britain". Open University Geological Journal. 25 (2).
3. Historic England. "The Humber Bridge (1447321)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
4. Gautier D.L. (2005). "Kimmeridgian Shales Total Petroleum System of the North Sea Graben Province" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
5. Penn I.M.; Cox B.M.; Gallois R.W. (2007). "Towards precision in stratigraphy: geophysical log correlation". In Gregory F.J.; Copestake P.; Pearce J.M. (eds.). Key Issues in Petroleum Geology: Stratigraphy. Geological Society, London. pp. 34–35. ISBN 9781862392373.
6. Andy Lukas (17 July 2013). "Approaches to informed and balanced debate about shale gas in the UK – How we are working with the Communities" (PDF). Fracking and our Gas Future. AJ Lucas Group Ltd. p. 45. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
7. Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic, Europe)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 545–549. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
8. Etches, S, Clarke, J. (2010). Life in Jurassic seas. Dorset, Dorchester: Epic Creative Print.
9. http://www.theetchescollection.org/collections Retrieved 31/10/2017
10. Foffa, D.; Johnson, M.M.; Young, M.T.; Steel, L.; Brusatte, S.L. (2019). "Revision of the Late Jurassic deep-water teleosauroid crocodylomorph Teleosaurus megarhinus Hulke, 1871 and evidence of pelagic adaptations in Teleosauroidea". PeerJ. 7: e6646. doi:10.7717/peerj.6646. PMC 6450380. PMID 30972249.
11. Wilkinson, L.E.; Young, M.T.; Benton, M.J. (2008). "A new metriorhynchid crocodilian (Mesoeucrocodylia: Thalattosuchia) from the Kimmeridgian (Upper Jurassic) of Wiltshire, UK". Palaeontology. 51 (6): 1307–1333. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00818.x.
12. Andrade, M.B.D.; Young, M.T.; Desojo, J.B.; Brusatte, S.L. (2010). "The evolution of extreme hypercarnivory in Metriorhynchidae (Mesoeucrocodylia: Thalattosuchia) based on evidence from microscopic denticle morphology". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (5): 1451–1465. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.501442.
13. Mark T. Young; Marco Brandalise De Andrade; Steve Etches; Brian L. Beatty (2013). "A new metriorhynchid crocodylomorph from the Lower Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Late Jurassic) of England, with implications for the evolution of dermatocranium ornamentation in Geosaurini". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 169 (4): 820–848. doi:10.1111/zoj.12082.
14. Martill, D.M.; Naish, D.; Earland, S. (2006). "Dinosaurs in marine strata: evidence from the British Jurassic, including a review of the allochthonous vertebrate assemblage from the marine Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Great Britain.". Colectivo Arqueológico y Paleontológico Salense (PDF) (Actas de las III Jornadas Internacionales sobre Paleontología de Dinosaurios y su Entorno, 16–17 Sep. 2004. Salas de los Infantes, Burgos, España ed.). pp. 47–84.
15. "Table 19.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 415.
16. Galton, Peter M. (1999). "Cranial anatomy of the hypsilophodont dinosaur Bugenasaura infernalis (Ornithischia: Ornithopoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America". Revue Paléobiologie, Genève. 18 (2): 517–534.
17. "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 270.
18. Paul M. Barrett; Roger B.J. Benson; Paul Upchurch (2010). "Dinosaurs of Dorset: Part II, the sauropod dinosaurs (Saurischia, Sauropoda) with additional comments on the theropods". Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society. 131: 113–126.
19. "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 267.
20. "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 271.
21. Benson, R.B.J. (2008). "New information on Stokesosaurus, a tyrannosauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from North America and the United Kingdom". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (3): 732–750. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[732:NIOSAT]2.0.CO;2.
22. Brusatte, S.L.; Benson, R.B.J. (2013). "The systematics of Late Jurassic tyrannosauroids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Europe and North America". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 58 (1): 47–54. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0141.
23. "A new monofenestratan pterosaur from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Kimmeridgian, Upper Jurassic) of Dorset, England - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica". www.app.pan.pl. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
24. Benson, RBJ; Bowdler, T (2014). "Anatomy of Colymbosaurus (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation of the U.K., and high diversity among Late Jurassic plesiosauroids". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (5): 1053–1071. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.850087.
25. Roger B. J. Benson, Mark Evans, Adam S. Smith, Judyth Sassoon, Scott Moore-Faye, Hilary F. Ketchum and Richard Forrest (2013). "A Giant Pliosaurid Skull from the Late Jurassic of England". PLoS ONE. 8 (5): e65989. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065989. PMC 3669260. PMID 23741520.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
26. Espen M. Knutsen (2012). "A taxonomic revision of the genus Pliosaurus (Owen, 1841a) Owen, 1841b". Norwegian Journal of Geology. 92 (2–3): 259–276. ISSN 0029-196X.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) Low resolution pdf Archived 2013-12-24 at the Wayback Machine High resolution pdf Archived 2013-12-24 at the Wayback Machine
27. Noè, L. F.; Smith, D. T. J.; Walton, D. I. (2004). "A new species of Kimmeridgian pliosaur (Reptilia; Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the nomenclature of Liopleurodon macromerus". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 115: 13–24. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(04)80031-2.
28. http://www.fullbooks.com/The-Student-s-Elements-of-Geology7.html The Student's Elements of Geology by Sir Charles Lyell Part 7 out of 14 accessed 13 February 2009.
29. Wignall, Paul B. (1990). "Benthic palaeoecology of the late Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay of England" (PDF). Special Papers in Palaeontology. The Palaeontological Association, London. 43. ISBN 978-0-901702-42-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 26, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2011.

Bibliography

• Galton, P.M. 1999. Cranial anatomy of the hypsilophodontid dinosaur Bugenasaura infernalis (Ornithischia: Ornithopoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America. Revue Pale´obiologie, 18, 517–534.

Further reading

• Martill, D.M., Naish, D. & Earland, S. 2006. Dinosaurs in marine strata: evidence from the British Jurassic, including a review of the allochthonous vertebrate assemblage from the marine Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Great Britain. In: Colectivo Arqueologico y Paleontologico Salense, (ed.) Actas de las III Jornadas Intrernacionales sobre Paleontologı´a de Dinosaurios y su Entorno, 16–17 September 2004. Salas de los Infantes, Burgos, 47–84.