Magadan Oblast

Magadan Oblast (Russian: Магаданская область, tr. Magadanskaya oblast, IPA: [məgɐˈdanskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. It is geographically located in the Far East region of the country, and is administratively part of the Far Eastern Federal District. Magadan Oblast has a population of 156,996 (2010 Census), making it the least populated oblast and the third-least populated federal subject in Russia.[10]

Magadan Oblast
Oblast
Магаданская область
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: [1]
Coordinates: 62°54′N 153°42′E
Country	Russia
Federal district	Far Eastern[2]
Economic region	Far Eastern[3]
Established	December 3, 1953[4]
Administrative center	Magadan[5]
Government
• Body	Oblast Duma[6]
• Governor[7]	Sergey Nosov[8]
Area [9]
• Total	461,400 km^2 (178,100 sq mi)
Area rank	11th
Population  (2010 Census)[10]
• Total	156,996
• Estimate  (2018)[11]	144,091 (-8.2%)
• Rank	81st
• Density	0.34/km^2 (0.88/sq mi)
• Urban	95.4%
• Rural	4.6%
Time zone	UTC+11 (MSK+8 [12])
ISO 3166 code	RU-MAG
License plates	49
OKTMO ID	44000000
Official languages	Russian[13]
Website	http://www.magadan.ru/

Magadan is the largest city and the capital of Magadan Oblast.

It borders Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the north, Kamchatka Krai in the east, Khabarovsk Krai in the south and the Sakha Republic in the west. The economy is primarily based on mining, particularly gold, silver and other non-ferrous metals.

History

Magadan Oblast was established on December 3, 1953[4] in what had popularly been known as Kolyma. As a result of considerable raw resources, especially gold, silver, tin, and tungsten deposits, mining activities and road building had been developed during the Stalin era in the 1930s and 1940s under the coordination of Dalstroy and its forced labor camps. Upon Stalin's death, Dalstroy was disbanded and the regional administration took over many of its former responsibilities.

From then on, paid labor replaced most of the convict-based manpower, attracted by the region's rapid economic expansion, especially the gold-mining interests.

The indigenous peoples of the region, including the Evens, Koryaks, Yupiks, Chukchis, Orochs, Chuvans and Itelmens, who had traditionally lived from fishing along the Sea of Okhotsk coast or from reindeer herding in the River Kolyma valley, suffered from the industrialization of the area but were able to rely on institutional support until 1987 when Perestroika started to cause many of the older structures to close. As a result, many of those who can no longer rely on traditional sources of income are now unemployed.[14]

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug was formerly administratively subordinated to Magadan Oblast, but declared its separation in 1991.

On 4 July 1997, Magadan, alongside Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Saratov, and Vologda signed a power-sharing agreement with the government of Russia, granting it autonomy.[15] The agreement would be abolished on 30 January 2002.[16]

Terrain and wildlife

Jack London Lake

Burkhalinsky Pass as seen from the Susuman side

Gertner Bay, Magadan

Magadan Oblast consists principally of mountainous desert, tundra, and taiga. The southern part of the region is partly forested with birch, willow, mountain ash, larch and alder.

There are a number of peninsulas along the oblast's coast, the chief ones being {north to south) the Taygonos Peninsula, Pyagina Peninsula, Koni Peninsula, Staritskogo Peninsula, Onatsevicha Peninsula, Khmitevskogo Peninsula and the Onara Peninsula.

The main islands of Magadan Oblast are (north to south) Telan Island, the Yam Islands, Zavyalov Island, Nedorazumeniya Island and the Spafaryev Islands.

The animal species in the south include snow sheep, reindeer, moose and brown bears. There are also many varieties of birds, including ducks and seabirds. Coastal waters of the Sea of Okhotsk host notable biodiversity where large vertebrates such as bowhead whales[17] may appear, and have rich fishing grounds for pollock, herring, cod, flounder and salmon, as well as crabs and shellfish.

Economy

The economy is centered on mining interests for gold, silver and other non-ferrous metals. The city of Magadan is the only large industrial center. Agriculture is not well developed in the region. On April 2014 the Russian government has endorsed bills for extending the operations of the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in Magadan Oblast through to December 31, 2025.[18]

Mining

Magadan Oblast is considered one of the world's richest mining areas. Gold is the region's main resource, although silver and tin deposits are also being developed. There are nearly 2,000 placer gold deposits, 100 gold ore deposits, and 48 silver ore deposits in the territory.[19]

Recently, there has been interest in exploiting the coal resources in the region. Over the medium term, there seem to be excellent opportunities for petroleum and natural gas exploitation.

Fishing

The fishing industry is the region's only food sector and is second in importance after mining. The 600,000 square kilometers (230,000 sq mi) area of the Sea of Okhotsk that borders on Magadan Oblast is one of the most productive regions of the world's oceans. Magadan Oblast has more than 15,900 kilometers (9,900 mi) of coastline and 29,016 kilometers (18,030 mi) of rivers of commercial importance. The catching vessels of the oblast's fishing companies operate mainly in Russia's economic zone, the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea, and to some extent in the Sea of Japan. Most of the catch comes from coastal waters. Fishing industry companies are concentrated in Magadan, Ola, Yamsk, and Evensk. The most important commercial fish are pollock, herring, cod, navaga (a member of the cod family), flounder, and various kinds of salmon. Crabs, squid, shrimp, and whelks are also caught.[19]

Agriculture

Owing to the severe climate, agriculture is Magadan Region's least developed economic sector; as a result, 50% of all food products must be supplied from outside. The agricultural complex consists of companies producing agricultural products, the food and processing industries, a production infrastructure, and farm enterprises. The particular areas of specialization are reindeer herding, fur farming, and traditional hunting, fishing, and fur trapping activities. Companies involved in food processing and production include Gormolzavod, a distillery, a pasta factory, a sausage factory, the Dukcha state poultry farm, and the Khasynsky state farm.[19]

Present situation

Despite rich natural resources, the economy has not prospered as much as might have been expected in recent years. The severe climate and poorly developed infrastructure are partly to blame, but the difficult transition from Soviet times has led to the collapse of a number of companies with the result that many inhabitants have left the region. Recently, there does seem to have been renewed efforts to encourage foreign investment which could lead to improvements in the economy. Indeed, on a visit to Magadan in November 2005, President Vladimir Putin supported the extension of special tax advantages for the region in order to encourage gold exploitation.[20]

While official unemployment in Magadan Region is around 12%, it is higher in remote areas where a large segment of the population is indigenous (16–18%). The actual unemployment figures must be much higher, because many people who live in remote areas have no opportunity to register as unemployed. In some places unemployment is probably almost 20%, although this is not officially recognized. While reindeer herding is ruined in many places, and fishing quotas are nearly impossible to get, the fraction of indigenous workers in industry and mining is almost invisible.

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Magadan Oblast

Demographics

Population: 156,996 (2010 Census);[10] 182,726 (2002 Census);[21] 542,868 (1989 Census).[22]

• Total Fertility Rate: 1.344 children per women (2008)
• Urban TFR: 1.300 children per women (2008)
• Rural TFR: 5.879 children per women (2008)
• Infant Mortality Rate: 14.2 per 1000 births (2007)
• Urban Infant Mortality Rate: 12.9 per 1000 births (2007)
• Rural Infant Mortality Rate: 34.8 per 1000 births (2007) (highest in all of Russia).

Vital statistics for 2012

• Births: 1 917 (12.4 per 1000)
• Deaths: 1 943 (12.6 per 1000) [23]

Total fertility rate:[24]
2009 - 1.54 | 2010 - 1.44 | 2011 - 1.48 | 2012 - 1.65 | 2013 - 1.69 | 2014 - 1.66 | 2015 - 1.66 | 2016 - 1.59(e)

Ethnic groups: According to the 2010 Census, the ethnic composition was:[10]

• 127,936 Russians (84.1%);
• 9,857 Ukrainians (6.5%);
• 2,635 Evens (1.7%);
• 1,415 Tatars (0.9%);
• 1,121 Belarusians (0.8%);
• 4,930 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[25]

Demographics for 2006 and later

Magadan

Magadan is a federal subject that has the highest rate of depopulation in the Russian Federation. Its population, which stood at 384,525 in 1991, stood at 165,820 on January 1, 2008 (according to the State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics), falling at a rate of around 2% per year. The rural population, which had stood at 59,151, was just 8,833 in 2008 and decreasing at a rate of around 10% per year. Entire villages are being emptied out and the population of the rural areas of the districts is simply disappearing. The rural population of Yagodninsky District was reduced from 13,843 (1991) to 445 (2007). The Omsukchansky District saw its rural population plummet from 1,301 to 79. Especially extreme is the example of Susumansky District, where the rural population almost disappeared: from 9,764 in 1991 to just 116 in 2007. Emigration is evident from the fact that for the 20-24 age group, there were only 66 females living in rural areas, compared to 202 males. Male life expectancy for rural areas rose to 53.73 years in 2006 from 51.88 in 2005.[26]

Although Magadan Oblast is a part of the program of resettlement of ethnic Russian families,[27] not a single such family from the near abroad has so far settled in the Oblast.

District	Population	Urban	Rural	Births	BR	Deaths	DR	NGR
Magadan Oblast	171,569	161,937	9,632	1820	10.70	2242	13.20	-0.25%
Magadan	107,265	107,265	0	1171	10.90	1292	12.10	-0.12%
Olsky District	11,463	7,917	3,546	124	10.90	192	16.90	-0.60%
Omsukchansky District	5,993	5,887	106	51	8.60	61	10.30	-0.17%
Severo-Evensky District	3,129	1,797	1,332	29	9.50	55	18.10	-0.86%
Srednekansky District	4,193	2,984	1,209	35	8.70	74	18.40	-0.97%
Susumansky District	11,166	10,952	214	101	9.30	132	12.20	-0.29%
Tenkinsky District	6,523	4,433	2,090	74	11.60	96	15.00	-0.34%
Khasynsky District	9,147	8,587	560	108	12.00	140	15.50	-0.35%
Yagodninsky District	12,690	12,115	575	127	10.40	200	16.30	-0.59%

After 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, Vladimir Zhirinovsky, the leader of Russia's LDPR party, has called on Japanese to leave “the dangerous islands” and move to the Magadan Oblast.[28][29][30]

Religion

Religion in Magadan Oblast as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[31][32]
Russian Orthodoxy			29.6%
Other Orthodox			3.2%
Old Believers			1%
Other Christians			4.2%
Islam			1%
Rodnovery and other native faiths			1.6%
Spiritual but not religious			27%
Atheism and irreligion			13.2%
Other and undeclared			19.2%

According to a 2012 survey[31] 29.6% of the population of Magadan Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 3% is an Orthodox Christian believer without belonging to any church or adheres to other Orthodox churches, 2% of the population adheres to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery) or to Siberian shamanism, 1% to Islam, 1% to the Old Believers. In addition, 27% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 13% is atheist, and 20.4% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[31]

References

Notes

1. Article 44 of the Charter of Magadan Oblast, which deals with the symbols of Magadan Oblast, does not include an anthem, nor has a separate law establishing an anthem been adopted in the oblast.
2. Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
3. Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
4. Decree of December 3, 1953
5. Charter of Magadan Oblast, Article 38.4
6. Charter of Magadan Oblast, Article 45
7. Charter of Magadan Oblast, Article 62
8. Official website of Magadan Oblast. Official Website Of Magadan Oblast (in Russian)
9. Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (May 21, 2004). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
10. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
11. "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
12. "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
13. Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
14. Perestroika's Legacy and Indigenous Peoples in Magadan, Winfried K. Dallmann, Norwegian Polar Institute. Retrieved 26 February 2007.
15. "Moscow Signs Power-Sharing Agreements With Five More Regions". Jamestown. July 7, 1997. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
16. Chuman, Mizuki. "The Rise and Fall of Power-Sharing Treaties Between Center and Regions in Post-Soviet Russia" (PDF). Demokratizatsiya: 146.
17. Zvezda (TV channel). 2016. Гренландский кит устроил водное шоу у берега моря в Магадане. Retrieved on September 28, 2017
18. "Magadan Special Economic Zone in Russia's Far East to be kept up through to 2025". TASS. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
19. "Magadan Region- General Information". Archived from the original on October 25, 2007. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
20. Magadan Still a Zone after Putin Visits, Kommersant, 23 November 2005.
21. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
22. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
23. "Естественное движение населения в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации". www.gks.ru. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
24. Федеральная служба государственной статистики
25. "ВПН-2010". www.gks.ru. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
26. http://www.bricsinfo.org/bricsinfo/research/download.jsp?seq=6037
27. http://www.magadan.ru/economica/prr01.php
28. "The Eurasia Review. Russia's Zhirinovsky Calls On Japanese To Move To Russia". Retrieved March 13, 2020.
29. "Interfax". www.interfax.com. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
30. "Rambler News. Жириновский предложил переселить японцев в Россию". Retrieved March 13, 2020.
31. "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
32. 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.

Sources

• Магаданская областная Дума. №218-ОЗ 28 декабря 2001 г. «Устав Магаданской области», в ред. Закона №2185-ОЗ от 14 июня 2017 г. «О принятии поправки к Уставу Магаданской области». Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Магаданская правда", №201 (18919), 29 декабря 2001 г. (Magadan Oblast Duma. Law #218-OZ of December 28, 2001 Charter of Magadan Oblast, as amended by the Law #2185-OZ of June 14, 2017 On Adopting an Amendment to the Charter of Magadan Oblast. Effective as of the day ten days after the official publication date.).
• Президиум Верховного Совета СССР. Указ от 3 декабря 1953 г. «Об образовании Магаданской области». (Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Decree of December 3, 1953 On Establishing Magadan Oblast. ).

External links

• (in Russian) Official website of Magadan Oblast
• Kommersant newspaper: Overview of Magadan Oblast
• Documentary: GOLD -lost in Siberia (1994) by Theo Uittenbogaard and Gerard Jacobs