Kakuyids

The Kakuyids (also called Kakwayhids, Kakuwayhids or Kakuyah) (Persian: آل کاکویه‎) were a Shia Muslim Daylamite dynasty that held power in western Persia, Jibal and Persian Iraq (c. 1008–c. 1051). They later became atabegs (governors) of Yazd, Isfahan and Abarkuh from c. 1051 to 1141. They were related to the Buyids.[1]

Kakuyid Emirate آل کاکویه
1008–1141
The Kakuyids at their greatest extent
Capital	Isfahan (1008–1051) Yazd (1051–1141)
Common languages	Persian
Religion	Shia Islam
Government	Monarchy
Emir
• 1008–1041	Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar
• 1095–1141	Garshasp II
Historical era	Middle Ages
• Established	1008
• Disestablished	1141
Preceded by Succeeded by Buyid dynasty Great Seljuq Empire Atabegs of Yazd

Origins

Professor of Islamic studies Heemskerk states that the Kakuyids were of Kurdish origin,[2] however, many other scholars consider them relatives of Sayyida Shirin,[3][4][5] who was from the Dailamite[5][6] Bavand dynasty.[5][7][8]

History

The Kakuyids were given control of Isfahan in or before 1008 by Sayyida Shirin, who held the regencies of her young Buyid sons Majd al-Dawla of Ray and Shams al-Dawla of Hamadan. The man who was given the administration of the city was Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar. Over time, he effectively became independent of Buyid control.

At times Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar acted as an ally of the Buyids; when Shams al-Dawla was faced with a revolt in Hamadan, for example, he turned to the Kakuyids for aid. Shortly after Shams al-Daula died, he was succeeded by Sama' al-Dawla, however, the Kakuyids invaded and took control of Hamadan in 1023 or 1024. They then moved on and seized Hulwan from the 'Annazids. The Buyid Musharrif al-Dawla, who ruled over Fars and Iraq, forced the Kakuyids to withdraw from Hulwan, but they retained Hamadan. Peace was made between the two sides, and a matrimonial alliance was eventually arranged.

Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar was succeeded in 1041 by his son Faramurz. While in Hamadan another Kakuyid, Garshasp I, took power. In 1095, Garshasp II became the new Emir of the Kakuyid dynasty, and was later killed at the Battle of Qatwan.[9] Faramurz's reign was cut short by the Seljuks, who after a year-long siege of Isfahan took the city in 1051 or 1052. Despite this, Faramurz was given Yazd and Abarkuh in fief by the Seljuks. The Kakuyids remained the governors of these provinces until sometime in the mid-12th century; their rule during this time was known for the construction of mosques, canals and fortifications.

Kakuyid rulers

• Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar (1008 - 1041)
• Faramurz ibn Muhammad (1041 - 1070's) - Isfahan, later in Yazd and Abarkuh
• Garshasp I ibn Muhammad (1041 - 1048) - Hamadan, Nihawand, Borujerd and western Jibal
• Ali ibn Faramurz (1070's - 1095) - Yazd. Married Chaghri Beg's daughter, Arslan Khatun Khadija, in 1076-1077.[10]
• Garshasp II (1095 - 1141)

Family tree

Sharwin (Sharwin III?)

Sayyida Shirin

Rustam Dushmanziyar

Muhammad

Faramurz

Garshasp I

Abu Harb

Ali

Garshasp II

References

1. The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World, C.E. Bosworth, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 5, ed. J. A. Boyle, John Andrew Boyle, (Cambridge University Press, 1968), 37.
2. Heemskerk 2000, p. 54.
3. Huart 1993, p. 667-668.
4. Bosworth 1993, pp. 359-362. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBosworth1993 (help)
5. Kennedy 2004, p. 244.
6. Sadiq Sajjadi; Sayyid Ali Al-i Dawood. "Al-i Kakuya". CGIE. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
7. Madelung 1975, p. 217.
8. Madelung 1984, pp. 747-753.
9. Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, Historic cities of the Islamic world, (BRILL, 2007), 562.
10. Dailamīs in Central Iran: The Kākūyids of Jibāl and Yazd, C. E. Bosworth, Iran, Vol. 8, (1970), 86.

Sources

• Bosworth, C. E. (1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–202. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Janine and Dominique Sourdel, Historical Dictionary of Islam, Éd. PUF, ISBN 978-2-13-054536-1, article Kakuyids, pp. 452–453.
• Bosworth, C. Edmund (1998). "KĀKUYIDS". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XV, Fasc. 4. London et al.: C. Edmund Bosworth. pp. 359–362.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Bosworth, C. Edmund (1984). "ʿALĀʾ-AL-DAWLA MOḤAMMAD". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XV, Fasc. 7. London et al.: C. Edmund Bosworth. pp. 773–774.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Bosworth, C. Edmund (1983). "ABŪ MANṢŪR FARĀMARZ". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XV, Fasc. 3. London et al.: C. Edmund Bosworth. pp. 335–336.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Bosworth, C. E. (1975). "Iran under the Buyids". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 250–305. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Nagel, Tilman (1990). "BUYIDS". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 6. London u.a.: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 578–586.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Kennedy, Hugh N. (2004). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century (Second ed.). Harlow, UK: Pearson Education Ltd. ISBN 0-582-40525-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Madelung, W. (1975). "The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran". In Frye, R.N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–249. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Madelung, W. (1984). "ĀL-E BĀVAND (BAVANDIDS)". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7. London u.a.: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 747–753. ISBN 90-04-08114-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Frye, R. N. (1986). "Bāwand". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 1110. ISBN 90-04-08114-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Heemskerk, Margaretha T. (2000). Suffering in the Mu'tazilite theology. Brill.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Bosworth, C. E. (1975). "The early Ghaznavids". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 162–198. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Huart, CL. (1993). "Kākōyids". E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume IIII. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 667–668. ISBN 9789004097902.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Meisami, Julie Scott (1999). Persian Historiography to the End of the Twelfth Century. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–319. ISBN 9780748612765.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Ch. Bürgel; R. Mottahedeh (1988). "ʿAŻOD-AL-DAWLA, ABŪ ŠOJĀʾ FANNĀ ḴOSROW". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 3. London u.a.: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 265–269.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)