Kâmil Pasha

Mehmed Kâmil Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: محمد كامل پاشا‎; Turkish: Kıbrıslı Mehmet Kâmil Paşa, "Mehmed Kamil Pasha the Cypriot"), also spelled as Kiamil Pasha (1833 – 14 November 1913), was an Ottoman statesman of Turkish Cypriot origin in the late-19th-century and early-20th-century. He was the Grand Vizier of the Empire during four different periods.[1] He was a devoted liberal and opposed Ottoman entry into the First Balkan War.

In this Ottoman Turkish style name, Mehmed Kâmil is the given name, the title is Pasha, and there is no family name.

Kıbrıslı Mehmed Kâmil Pasha
Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
In office 25 September 1885 – 4 September 1891
Monarch	Abdul Hamid II
Preceded by	Mehmed Said Pasha
Succeeded by	Ahmed Cevad Pasha
In office 2 October 1895 – 7 November 1895
Monarch	Abdul Hamid II
Preceded by	Mehmed Said Pasha
Succeeded by	Halil Rifat Pasha
In office 5 August 1908 – 14 February 1909
Monarch	Abdul Hamid II
Preceded by	Mehmed Said Pasha
Succeeded by	Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha
In office 29 October 1912 – 23 January 1913
Monarch	Mehmed V
Preceded by	Ahmed Muhtar Pasha
Succeeded by	Mahmud Shevket Pasha
Personal details
Born	1833 Nicosia, Cyprus Eyalet, Ottoman Empire
Died	14 November 1913 (aged 80) Nicosia, Protectorate of Cyprus, United Kingdom
Nationality	Ottoman
Political party	Freedom and Accord Party

Biography

Kâmil Bey, 1860s

He was born in Nicosia in 1833, son of Captain Salih Ağa from the village of Pyrogi, in Cyprus. His first post was in the household of the Khedive of Egypt who at that time was only nominally dependent to the central Ottoman power in Constantinople. In the course of this appointment he visited London for the Great Exhibition of 1851 in charge of one of the Khedive's sons. Kiamil's sojourn in London left in him a lifelong admiration for Britain and during his career within the Ottoman state, he was always known to be an Anglophile.

Having full command of English, thenceforth to the close of his career he zealously sought the friendship of the Brits for the Ottomans.

After remaining in Egypt for ten years, Mehmed Kamil exchanged the service of Abbas I for that of the Ottoman Government as of 1860 and for the ensuing nineteen years – that is to say until he first entered the Cabinet – he filled very numerous administrative appointments in every part of the Empire. He governed, or helped to govern provinces such as Eastern Rumelia, Hercegovina, Kosovo, and his native Cyprus.

Career

Kâmil Pasha wearing the diplomatic uniform.

Enver Bey asking Kâmil Pasha to resign during the raid on the Sublime Porte.

His periods in office as premier were:

• from 25 September 1885 to 4 September 1891, under Abdülhamid II's reign,
• from 2 October 1895 to 7 November 1895, under Abdülhamid II's reign,
• from 5 August 1908 to 14 February 1909, under Abdülhamid II's reign and during the Second Constitutional Era in the Ottoman Empire,
• and from 29 October 1912 to 23 January 1913, under Mehmed V Reşad's reign and during the Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire.

In May 1913, he returned to his native Cyprus which he had not seen since he had ceased to govern it as far back as 1864.

The reason was no happy one. After the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, Kamil initially had tried to compromise with the new men in power. But soon he decided to oppose the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) and became a figurehead of the more liberal and pro-decentralization opposition group of Young Turks, known as the Freedom and Accord Party (also Liberal Union or Entente). After the overthrow of the CUP regime in summer 1912 by the Savior Officers, he became Grand Vizier of the new Freedom and Accord Party government. He was appointed Grand Vizier for his friendly relations with the British (he was often known as İngiliz Kamil, or "English Kamil", for his Anglophilia[2]), in the hopes that he would be able to get favorable terms for the end of the ongoing, disastrous First Balkan War (since the victorious Bulgaria's foreign interests were represented by the British). In January 1913, Kamil's government decided to accept severe peace conditions including massive territorial losses.

The CUP in the military forces used this pretext for their second coup d'état on 23 January 1913. That day, Enver Bey, one of the CUP's military leaders, burst with some of his associates into the Sublime Porte while the Cabinet was in session. By most accounts, one of Enver's officers, Yakup Cemil, shot the Minister of War Nazım Pasha and the group pressed Kamil Pasha to resign immediately at gunpoint.

Kamil was put under house arrest and surveillance. The ex-Grand Vizier (who probably was in danger of life) was invited by his British friend Lord Kitchener to stay with him in Cairo. After three months in Egypt, Mehmed Kamil Pasha decided to wait a favourable turn of fortune in his native Cyprus.

Five weeks after his return to Cyprus, the assassination of his CUP successor to the premiership, Mahmud Shevket Pasha, occurred in June 1913, by a relative of Nazım Pasha to avenge his death. The CUP regime reacted with persecution of well-known opposition politicians. Djemal Pasha, then the CUP prefect of the capital Constantinople, indicated to Kamil's family that he had to leave the Ottoman Empire or he too would be arrested. His family joined his exile.

On 14 November 1913, while full of plans for revisiting England in 1914, Kamil Pasha suddenly died of syncope and was buried in the court of the Arab Ahmed Pasha Mosque.

Sir Ronald Storrs, British Governor of Cyprus from 1926 to 1932, caused a memorial to be raised over Kamil Pasha's grave. He also composed the English inscription, carved on the headstone below a Turkish one in old lettering. It runs as follows:

His Highness Kiamil Pasha
Son of Captain Salih Agha of Pyroi
Born in Nicosia in 1833
Treasury Clerk
Commissioner of Larnaca
Director of Evqaf
Four times Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
A Great Turk and
A Great Man.

See also

• List of Ottoman Grand Viziers

Sources

• Cyprus by Sir Harry Luke for a short biography of Kamil Pasha and a moving account of his funeral

1. İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1971 (Turkish)
2. Finkel, Caroline (1 August 2007). Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire. Basic Books. p. 523. ISBN 978-0-465-00850-6.

External links

• Newspaper clippings about Kâmil Pasha in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

Government offices
Preceded by Kartallı Mehmed Emin Pasha	Vali of Aleppo 1877–1879	Succeeded by Abdullah Galib Pasha
Preceded by Hasan Fehmi Pasha	Vali of Aidin 1895–1907	Succeeded by Ibrahim Faik Bey
Political offices
Preceded by Abdüllatif Subhi Pasha	Minister of Religious Endowments 1880	Succeeded by Mehmed Nazif Pasha
Preceded by Mehmed Tahir Münif Efendi	Minister of Education 1880–1881	Succeeded by Ali Fuad Bey
Preceded by Mehmed Asim Pasha	Minister of Religious Endowments 1882–1885	Succeeded by Mustafa Zihni Efendi
Preceded by Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha	Grand Vizier 1885–1891	Succeeded by Ahmed Cevad Pasha
Preceded by Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha	Grand Vizier 1895	Succeeded by Halil Rifat Pasha
Preceded by Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha	Grand Vizier 1908–1909	Succeeded by Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha
Preceded by Said Halim Pasha	Chairman of the Council of State 1912	Succeeded by Arif Hikmet Pasha
Preceded by Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha	Grand Vizier 1912–1913	Succeeded by Mahmud Şevket Pasha
Notes and references
1. Kuneralp, Sinan (1999). Son dönem Osmanlı erkân ve ricali, 1839-1922 (in Turkish). Beylerbeyi, Istanbul: İsis.

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