Iris variegata

Iris variegata is a plant species in the genus Iris, also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial from eastern Europe. It has dark green, ribbed leaves. The branched flowering stems can be as tall as the leaves, they can hold 2–3 flowers in summer. They are yellowish-white, with brown-purple veins on the drooping falls. It is very hardy and it is commonly cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. There are several cultivars.

Iris variegata
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Iris
Species:
I. variegata
Binomial name
Iris variegata
Synonyms[1]
  • Iris flavescens Delile
  • Iris lepida Heuff.
  • Iris leucographa A.Kern
  • Iris limbata Besser ex Steud.
  • Iris mangaliae Prodán
  • Iris reginae Horvat & M.D.Horvat
  • Iris rudskyi Horvat & M.D.Horvat
  • Iris × squalens subsp. lepida (Heuff.) Nyman
  • Iris variegata var. foienii Prodán & Buia
  • Iris variegata subsp. leucographa (A.Kern.) Nyman
  • Iris variegata var. pontica Prodán
  • Iris variegata var. tirnavae Prodán & Buia

Description

Iris variegata has often been confused for Iris pallida 'Argentea Variegata, which has variegated leaves. But Iris variegata has variegated flowers.[2]

It has stout rhizome,[3] with roots that can go up to 10 cm deep in the ground.[4]

It has leaves that are around 1–3 cm wide,[4][5] dark green, ribbed leaves.[6] They are slightly falcate (sword shaped).[4][7]

It can be variable in height in the wild (30–45 cm).[8] Generally, it grows up to 45 cm (18 in) high,[4][9][2] The branched flowering stems can be as tall as the leaves.[10][7] There are normally 2–3 flowers per stem.[7] The scentless flowers[2] appear in early summer,[8] May – June.[6][11][3]

The perianth tube is 2–2.5 cm long. The flowers are yellowish-white, with brown-purple veins on the falls. The flowers are generally about 5–7 cm wide.[2][8][5] The falls are obovate-oblong shaped and nearly 2 cm wide, yellow with purple or chestnut brown veins, which are darker closer to the apex.[7] It has a yellow beard in the centre on the lower part of the fall, the standards are erect,[7] (vary in colour)[9] from pale yellow[8] to bright yellow[10] and gold.[9]

It has a seed capsule measuring 2.2–2.8 cm long by 1–1.3 cm wide, with 6 ribs along the edge.[7]

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[9] It has a chromosome count: 2n=24.[12]

Taxonomy

It is commonly known as the 'Hungarian iris'.[4][12] It is known as 'skäggiris' in Swedish.[13]

It was once known as Iris hungarica.[14] which also applies to Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica.

It was described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus[15] in 'Species Plantarum' (on 1 May 1753).[16]

Between 1800 and 1850, several Iris breeders (including Lémon, Jacques and Salter), started breeding border irises for the garden. These irises were all the progeny of two species, Iris pallida and Iris variegata.[17] It was William Rickatson Dykes who worked out that these were the parents of most hybrids,[10] especially those bi-coloured hybrids.[6] These new irises were known as 'Tall Bearded Irises'.[9] In the wild, hybrids of Iris pallida and Iris variegata are very similar to Iris germanica.[2]

Hundreds of hybrids exist representing every colour from jet black to sparkling whites. The only colour really missing is bright scarlet. Many modern garden bearded irises are crosses of 'Iris germanica' and Iris variegata.[4]

Iris variegata is an accepted name by the RHS,[18] and it was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 20 April 2009.[13]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to parts of Europe.[13]

Range

Iris variegata is found in the Pannonian (ancient Roman province) region of central Europe.[2] It occurs in southern Moravia, southern Slovakia, south-western Germany,[13] southern Romania, Bulgaria,[13] western Ukraine,[6][3] Croatia, Czechoslovakia,[3] Serbia, Hungary and Vienna, Austria .[11][13]

It has been introduced into Switzerland, Bohemia and Italy.[19]

Habitat

It prefers to grow in open stony areas[9] and amongst scrub and light woodland,[8] and also on the sunny slopes of the steppes and beside forest margins.[3]

Conservation

It is an 'endangered' and protected species in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.[3]

Cultivation

It is extremely hardy, as after flowering, its leaves die entirely away in the autumn and the plants remain dormant, until the spring when it regrows leaves and stems.[11] It is best cultivated in well-drained fertile soils, but is tolerant of partial shade.[6]

It can be easily grown in gardens in Kashmir.[7]

Lifting, dividing and replanting the rhizomes is best done once flowering has finished, because this is when the plant grows the new shoots that will flower the following year. The rhizomes are placed on the surface of the soil facing towards the sun and with at least 45 cm of open ground in front of them – this allows two years growth and flowering. The plant is held in place by removing half the leaf mass to reduce wind rock and by using the old roots as anchors in the soil. The rhizome is placed on well dug ground and the roots placed either side into 10 cm deep grooves. The soil is then gently firmed around the roots, so holding the plant steady. New roots and leaves are created rapidly as the rhizome moves forwards.[9]

It also can be propagated by seed.[4]

Cultivars
  • 'Staten Island' (registered in 1945),[2]
  • 'Gracchus' (1884),[20]
  • 'Mary Vernon' (1940)[2]

Known variants
  • Iris variegata var. Reginae (white flowers with purple and violet veining),[2] which was collected in Hungary in 1947.[21]
  • Iris amoena (white standards, lilac/mauve falls),[2]
  • Iris variagate var. pontica,[22]
  • Illustration from The Botanical Magazine, Plate 16 (Volume 1, 1787
  • Downward view of iris
  • side view of iris
gollark: Lots of these are just random presumably famous people dying, that happens every year.
gollark: All part of my evil plan.
gollark: What? <#645777807275851776> please.
gollark: I think it's still going through trials.
gollark: > i feel like literally getting people killed because of differing opinions on facts is a terrible idea… well, yes, what of it?

See also

References
  1. "Iris variegata L." theplantlist.org. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  2. Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. ISBN 0715305395.
  3. Hoskovec, Ladislav (8 February 2014). "Iris variegata L. – Hungarian Iris". botany.cz. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  4. "Iris variegata (Hungarian iris)". kew.org. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  5. Christopher Bricknell, ed. (1989). Gardeners' Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers (7th ed.). Dorling Kindersley. p. 524. ISBN 978-0751301472.
  6. Phillips, Roger; Rix, Martyn (1991). Perennials Vol. 1. Pan Books Ltd. p. 190. ISBN 9780330327749.
  7. Singh, Gurcharan. "Hungarian Iris". flowersofindia.net. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  8. "Iris variegata". encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  9. Austin, Claire (2005). Irises: A Gardeners Encyclopedia. Timber Press, Incorporated. p. <!- 28, 134 in diff edition-->. ISBN 978-0881927306. OL 8176432M.}
  10. Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-88192-089-4.
  11. Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  12. "(SPEC) Iris variegata L." wiki.irises.org. 9 February 2010. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  13. "Iris variegata". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  14. Robert Sweet The British Flower Garden: Containing Coloured Figures and descriptions of Hardy Herbaceous Plants, Volume 1 (1825), p. 74, at Google Books
  15. Kelly D. Norris A Guide to Bearded Irises: Cultivating the Rainbow for Beginners and Enthusiasts, p. 122, at Google Books
  16. "Iridaceae Iris variegata L". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  17. Wister, John C. (October 1920). "NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF THE BEARDED IRIS". Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 21(250): 181–191. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  18. "Iris variegata". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  19. "Iris variegata L." eunis.eea.europa.eu. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  20. "PlantFiles: Miniature Tall Bearded Iris, Historic Iris Iris variegata 'Gracchus'". davesgarden.com. 2004. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  21. "Iris variegata var.Reginae". historiciris.blogspot.co.uk. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  22. "Iris variagate var. pontica". signa.org. 15 June 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2014.

Sources
  • Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson. 2009. Våra kulturväxters namn – ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin).
  • Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR).
  • Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR.
  • Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 22–23.
  • Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea.
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