HLA-A24
HLA-A24 (A24) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within HLA-A serotype group. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of α24 subset of HLA-A α-chains. For A24, the alpha, "A", chain are encoded by the HLA-A*24 allele group and the β-chain are encoded by B2M locus.[1] This group currently is dominated by A*2402. A24 and A*24 are almost synonymous in meaning. A24 is a split antigen of the broad antigen HLA-A9 and it is a sister serotype of HLA-A23.
| HLA-A24 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (MHC Class I, A cell surface antigen) | ||||||||||
 | ||||||||||
| About | ||||||||||
| Protein | transmembrane receptor/ligand | |||||||||
| Structure | αβ heterodimer | |||||||||
| Subunits | HLA-A*24--, β2-microglobulin | |||||||||
| Older names | HL-A9 | |||||||||
| Subtypes | ||||||||||
| ||||||||||
| Alleles link-out to IMGT/HLA database at EBI | ||||||||||
A*2402 has one of the highest "A" frequencies identified for a number of peoples, including Papua New Guineans, Indigenous Taiwanese (Eastern Tribals), Yupik and Greenland Eskimos. It is common over much of Southeastern Asia. In Eurasia it is least common in Ireland, and A24 is relatively uncommon in Africa except North Africa and Kenya.
Serotype
| A*24 | A24 | A9 | Sample |
| allele | % | % | size (N) |
| *2402 | 97 | 3098 | |
| *2403 | 55 | 4 | 282 |
There are over 90 known A*24 alleles, 69 code for different isoforms and 7 are nulls. A*2403 can also be detected as A2403 serotype.
Associated disease
A24 has a secondary risk factor for myasthenia gravis,[3] Buerger's disease.[4] It is also associated with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)[5][6] and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)[7].
Alleles
| Study population | Freq. (in %)[8] |
|---|---|
| Taiwan Paiwan | 86.3 |
| Taiwan Tsou | 78.4 |
| Taiwan Rukai | 76.0 |
| Papua New Guinea Goroka | 74.4 |
| PNG Karimui Plateau | 74.4 |
| Taiwan Puyuma | 64.0 |
| Taiwan Ami | 62.8 |
| PNG Wanigela | 62.7 |
| Taiwan Atayal | 61.8 |
| Ecuador Cayapa | 61.4 |
| New Caledonia | 60.7 |
| Venezuela Perja Mtn. Bari | 60.2 |
| USA Alaska Yupik Natives | 58.1 |
| Taiwan Tao | 54.0 |
| PNG Wosera | 51.3 |
| Taiwan Siraya | 47.1 |
| Taiwan Taroko | 44.5 |
| Mexico Chihuahua Tarahuma… | 37.5 |
| USA Arizona Pima | 36.0 |
| Taiwan Pazeh | 33.6 |
| Japan Okinawa Ryukyuan | 33.5 |
| American Samoa | 33.0 |
| Japan (5) | 32.7 |
| Philippines Ivatan | 32.0 |
| PNG New Britain Rabaul | 31.6 |
| N. Mexico Canoncito Navaj… | 30.5 |
| Australia Indig. Yuendumu | 29.8 |
| Australia Indig. Groote E… | 29.3 |
| China Tibetans | 27.2 |
| S. Dakota Lakota Sioux | 26.2 |
| Mexico Mixtec Oaxaca | 24.5 |
| Japan Ainu Hokkaido | 24.0 |
| Venezuela Perija Mtns. Yu… | 23.3 |
| Mexico Zaptotec Oaxaca | 23.1 |
| USA North American Native… | 22.7 |
| Australia Indig. Cape Yor… | 22.3 |
| Ch. Guangdong Meizhou Han | 22.2 |
| Russia Tuva (2) | 21.5 |
| Singapore Chinese Han | 21.5 |
| India North Hindus | 20.2 |
| Mongolia Buriat | 20.0 |
| China Inner Mongolia | 19.6 |
| USA Asian | 18.9 |
| Taiwan Minnan (1) | 18.6 |
| China South Han | 17.2 |
| Georgia Tibilisi Georgian… | 17.1 |
| India Mumbai Marathas | 16.7 |
| Mexico Guadalajara Mestiz… | 16.5 |
| Singapore Riau Malay | 16.5 |
| Croatia | 16.0 |
| India Khandesh Pawra | 16.0 |
| Singapore Javanese Indone… | 16.0 |
| South Africa Natal Tamil | 16.0 |
| India Tamil Nadu Nadar | 15.6 |
| PNG Madang | 15.3 |
| China North Han | 15.2 |
| USA South Texas Hispanics | 15.2 |
| PNG West Schrader Ranges | 14.2 |
| China Guangxi Maonan | 13.4 |
| Mexico Mestizos | 13.4 |
| Georgia Svaneti Svans | 13.1 |
| Romanian | 12.7 |
| Pakistan Burusho | 12.5 |
| USA Hispanic | 12.2 |
| Bulgaria | 11.8 |
| Georgia Tibilisi Kurds | 11.7 |
| India New Delhi | 11.4 |
| Pakistan Sindhi | 10.7 |
| USA Caucasian | 10.7 |
| France South East | 10.6 |
| Pakistan Pathan | 10.2 |
| Cameroon Pygmy Baka | 10.0 |
| Finland | 9.4 |
| Brazil | 8.6 |
| Australia Indig. Kimberly | 8.3 |
| Australia New South Wales | 8.2 |
| Israel Arab Druse | 8.0 |
| Pakistan Baloch | 8.0 |
| Portugal Centre | 8.0 |
| Cameroon Sawa | 7.7 |
| Brazil Terena | 7.5 |
| Ireland South | 6.8 |
| Tunisia | 6.7 |
| Belgium | 6.6 |
| Morocco Berber Nador Meta… | 6.2 |
| Jordan Amman | 5.9 |
| Oman | 5.9 |
| Mexico Mixe Oaxaca | 5.7 |
| Portugal North | 5.4 |
| Sudanese | 5.3 |
| Mexico Sonora Seri | 4.5 |
| Uganda Kampala | 4.3 |
| Thailand | 3.9 |
| Iran Baloch | 3.4 |
| USA African America | 2.8 |
| Kenya | 2.1 |
| Guinea Bissau | 1.5 |
| Czech Republic | 1.0 |
| Kenya Nandi | 1.0 |
| Allele frequencies presented, only | |
A*2402 is a secondary risk factor,[9] alters type 1 diabetes risk,[10][11] and allele associated with thymoma-induced myasthenia gravis.
Haplotypes
| freq | Rank in | |||
| ref. | Population | (%) | Pop. | |
| [12] | Java (Indonesia) | 8.0 | 1 | 4 |
| [12] | S. Amer. Native | 6.3 | 1 | 3 |
| [12] | N. Amer. Native | 5.4 | 1 | 5 |
| [12] | Mexican | 4.7 | 1 | |
| [12] | Inuit | 4.2 | 1 | |
| [12] | Brazilian | 3.8 | 1 | |
| [12] | Austria | 3.5 | 1 | |
| [12] | Portuguese | 3.1 | 1 | 3 |
| [12] | Yakut | 2.9 | 1 | |
| [12] | Mongolian | 2.7 | 1 | |
| [12] | Timor | 2.5 | 1 | 5 |
| [12] | Bharghavas (India) | 2.4 | 1 | |
| [12] | Greek | 2.3 | 1 | |
| [12] | Italian | 2.2 | 1 | |
| [12] | Mongolian | 1.9 | 1 | |
| [12] | Vietnamese | 1.8 | 1 | |
| [12] | Japanese | 1.6 | 2 | |
| [12] | French | 1.2 | 2 | |
| 1 Cw4. 2 Cw9. | ||||
A24-Cw7-B39
A24-Cw10-B60
A24-Cw10-B61
A24-B48
A24-Cw4-B35
This particular haplotype is common across a fairly wide region, possibly the most widely spread A-Cw-B haplotype in humans. Cw4-B35 has a node within the region once referred to as Thracia/Dacia.
A24-Cw*14-B51
| freq | ||
| ref. | Population | (%) |
| [12] | Korean | 3.5 |
| [12] | Iyers | 3.4 |
| [12] | Mongolian | 2.9 |
| [12] | Japanese | 2.6 |
| [12] | Romanian | 2.2 |
| [12] | Greek | 2.1 |
| [12] | Hungarian | 2.0 |
| [12] | Italian | 0.6 |
gollark: I assume all truth cuboids have it.
gollark: As I said, there is, yes.
gollark: No, and I haven't heard of it.
gollark: Yes.
gollark: No, and it isn't.
References
- Arce-Gomez B, Jones EA, Barnstable CJ, Solomon E, Bodmer WF (February 1978). "The genetic control of HLA-A and B antigens in somatic cell hybrids: requirement for beta2 microglobulin". Tissue Antigens. 11 (2): 96–112. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1978.tb01233.x. PMID 77067.
- Allele Query Form IMGT/HLA - European Bioinformatics Institute
- Machens A, Löliger C, Pichlmeier U, Emskötter T, Busch C, Izbicki JR (June 1999). "Correlation of thymic pathology with HLA in myasthenia gravis". Clinical Immunology. 91 (3): 296–301. doi:10.1006/clim.1999.4710. PMID 10370374.
- Numano F, Sasazuki T, Koyama T, Shimokado K, Takeda Y, Nishimura Y, Mutoh M (1986). "HLA in Buerger's disease". Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics. 3 (4): 195–200. PMID 3274054.
- Adamashvili I, McVie R, Gelder F, Gautreaux M, Jaramillo J, Roggero T, McDonald J (July 1997). "Soluble HLA class I antigens in patients with type I diabetes and their family members". Human Immunology. 55 (2): 176–83. doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(97)00096-7. PMID 9361970.
- Kronenberg D, Knight RR, Estorninho M, Ellis RJ, Kester MG, de Ru A, Eichmann M, Huang GC, Powrie J, Dayan CM, Skowera A, van Veelen PA, Peakman M (July 2012). "Circulating preproinsulin signal peptide-specific CD8 T cells restricted by the susceptibility molecule HLA-A24 are expanded at onset of type 1 diabetes and kill β-cells". Diabetes. 61 (7): 1752–9. doi:10.2337/db11-1520. PMC 3379678. PMID 22522618.
- Adamashvili I, Wolf R, Aultman D, Milford EL, Jaffe S, Hall V, Pressly T, Minagar A, Kelley R (November 2003). "Soluble HLA-I (s-HLA-I) synthesis in systemic lupus erythematosus". Rheumatology International. 23 (6): 294–300. doi:10.1007/s00296-003-0306-3. PMID 12879264.
- Middleton D, Menchaca L, Rood H, Komerofsky R (2003). "New allele frequency database: http://www.allelefrequencies.net". Tissue Antigens. 61 (5): 403–7. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2003.00062.x. PMID 12753660.
- de Juan MD, Reta A, Belzunegui J, Figueroa M, Maruri N, Cuadrado E (February 2004). "HLA-A*2402 and a microsatellite (D6S248) are secondary independent susceptibility markers to ankylosing spondylitis in Basque patients". Human Immunology. 65 (2): 175–80. doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2003.11.006. PMID 14969772.
- Noble JA, Valdes AM, Bugawan TL, Apple RJ, Thomson G, Erlich HA (August 2002). "The HLA class I A locus affects susceptibility to type 1 diabetes". Human Immunology. 63 (8): 657–64. doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(02)00421-4. PMC 4049513. PMID 12121673.
- Nakanishi K, Inoko H (June 2006). "Combination of HLA-A24, -DQA1*03, and -DR9 contributes to acute-onset and early complete beta-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes: longitudinal study of residual beta-cell function". Diabetes. 55 (6): 1862–8. doi:10.2337/db05-1049. PMID 16731854.
- Sasazuki, Takehiko; Tsuji, Kimiyoshi; Aizawa, Miki (1992). HLA 1991: proceedings of the eleventh International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference, held in Yokohama, Japan, 6-13 November, 1991. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-262390-4.
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