Greenhorn Limestone

The Greenhorn Limestone or Greenhorn Formation is a geologic formation in the Great Plains Region of the United States. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cenomanian and Turonian of the Late Cretaceous period.

Greenhorn Limestone
Stratigraphic range: Cenomanian-Turonian
The Jetmore Chalk Member of the Greenhorn Formation in Kansas.
TypeFormation
Unit ofColorado Group (lower),
Benton Formation/Group, or
Cody Shale
Sub-unitsColorado members:
Bridge Creek Limestone
Hartland Shale
Lincoln Limestone
Kansas members:
Pfeifer Shale
Jetmore Chalk member
Hartland Shale
Lincoln Limestone
UnderliesCarlile Shale
OverliesGraneros Shale
Lithology
PrimaryShale to chalky shale
Limestone, chalk to marl
Otherbentonite
Location
Regionmid-continental
CountryUnited States
Type section
Named forGreenhorn Station, 14 mi south of Pueblo, CO, and for Greenhorn Creek[1]
Named byGrove Karl Gilbert
Year defined1896[2]

The formation was named for the Greenhorn Station on Greenhorn Creek in Colorado in 1896 by Grove Karl Gilbert;[2] and it is the eponym of the Greenhorn Marine Cycle of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway. With the underlying Graneros Shale, it records the progressive stage of Greenhorn Marine Cycle while the overlying Carlile Shale records the regressive stage.

The unit under that name is recognized in the Great Plains Region from Minnesota and Iowa to New Mexico to Montana and the Dakotas. In much of Alberta and Saskatchewan, the "Second White-Specked Shale" contains limy equivalents of the Greenhorn.[3]

In Kansas, the Greenhorn Formation is divided into the (lowest) Lincoln Limestone, Hartland Shale, Jetmore Chalk, and (highest) Pfeifer shale members, each noted by changes in chalkiness and limestone rhythmite patterns.[4] In Colorado and western Kansas Hydrocarbon exploration, the divisions are Lincoln Limestone, Hartford Shale, and Bridge Creek Limestone.[5] In other states, where the formation is less developed, the unit is not subdivided and is named the Greenhorn Limestone, as a formation or as a member of another formation, e.g., Cody Shale.

Lithologic character
This I-70 road cut shows the chalky rhythmites of the formation.

The Greenhorn Formation is characterized as shale to chalky shale, light bluish-gray in color, with rhythmic beds of chalk or limestone that become marly closer to the Rocky Mountains. The shale can weather to buff under hilltops.

Exposures show many thin, rust-colored bentonite beds (named for the Old Benton Limestone classification that the Greenhorn and other names replaced), several of which are consistent and widespread marker beds. These orange seams in the weathered shale and the yellow/orange stainings of some of the weathered limestones in the Greenhorn are associated with volcanic events in the Sevier orogeny.[6] The oceanic iron (Fe) and volcanic sulfur (S) that precipitated with the volcanic ash into the calcareous mud (CaCO3) formed pyrite (FeS2), which later altered to selenite (CaSO4·2H2O), siderite (FeCO3), and limonite (FeO(OH)·nH2O),[7] leading to the yellow to orange staining.

Paleofauna

The formation is recognized for its sequence of index fossils, including Ostrea, Ammonoidea, Belemnitida, and Inoceramidae.[8]

Dinosaur remains have been recovered from the formation.[9]

gollark: Ncurses, you have seen through my false "greeting".
gollark: Greetings, mortal!
gollark: We have 550 or so.
gollark: It is not "dead", we used very safe\* apiothaumaturgic resurrection things.
gollark: I will have to consult our heavconsultant linguists.

See also

References
  1. "Geologic Unit: Greenhorn". National Geologic Database. Geolex — Unit Summary. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2018-03-11.
  2. Donald E. Hattin (1975). Stratigraphy and Depositional Environment of Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous) of Kansas, Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 209. University of Kansas Publications, State Geological Survey of Kansas. p. History of Stratigraphic Nomenclature.
  3. W.J. Frazier, D.R. Schwimmer. Regional Stratigraphy of North America. p. 420.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  4. Donald E. Hattin (1975). Stratigraphy and Depositional Environment of Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous) of Kansas, Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 209. University of Kansas Publications, State Geological Survey of Kansas. p. Stratigraphy of the Greenhorn Limestone.
  5. Cobban, W.A., and Scott, G.R. (1972), Stratigraphy and ammonite fauna of the Graneros Shale and Greenhorn Limestone near Pueblo, Colorado, Professional Paper 645, U.S. Geological SurveyCS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  6. Donald E. Hattin (1975). Stratigraphy and Depositional Environment of Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous) of Kansas, Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 209. University of Kansas Publications, State Geological Survey of Kansas. p. Stratigraphy of the Greenhorn Limestone, continued. These [many bentonite] seams represent devitrified volcanic ash from sources in the Sevier orogenic belt (Fig. 21)
  7. Donald E. Hattin (1965). Stratigraphy of the Graneros Shale (Upper Cretaceous) in Central Kansas, Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 178. University of Kansas Publications, State Geological Survey of Kansas. p. Origin of Sediments: Diagenesis (In the Graneros the source of the sulfide is organic decay, but in the Colorado group the source is volcanic emissions.).
  8. Donald E. Hattin (1975). Stratigraphy and Depositional Environment of Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous) of Kansas, Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 209. University of Kansas Publications, State Geological Survey of Kansas. p. Biostratigraphy.
  9. Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous, North America)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 574-588. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
  10. Alvin R. Leonard and Delmar W. Berry (1961). Geology and Ground-water Resources of Southern Ellis County and Parts of Trego and Rush Counties, Kansas, Bulletin 149. University of Kansas Publications, State Geological Survey of Kansas. p. Geologic Formations in Relation to Ground Water. The upper 175 feet of the Carlile is classed as the Blue Hill Shale member. Most of it is blue-gray fissile argillaceous shale that contains selenite crystals and flakes of bright yellow ochre.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
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