Graham Martin

Graham Anderson Martin (September 22, 1912 – March 13, 1990) was an American diplomat. He was the ambassador to Thailand and as U.S. representative to SEATO from 1963 to 1967, ambassador to Italy from 1969 to 1973 and the last United States Ambassador to South Vietnam from 1973 until his evacuation during the Fall of Saigon in 1975.

For the American actor, see Graham Patrick Martin.

Graham Martin
Graham Martin (1975)
United States Ambassador to South Vietnam
In office September 6, 1973 (1973-21-06) – May 4, 1975 (1975-29-04)
President	Gerald Ford
Preceded by	Ellsworth Bunker
Succeeded by	Post dissolved
United States Ambassador to Italy
In office June 10, 1969 (1969-30-10) – October 2, 1973 (1973-10-02)
President	Richard Nixon
Preceded by	Gardner Ackley
Succeeded by	John A. Volpe
United States Ambassador to Thailand
In office September 10, 1963 (1963-09-10) – September 9, 1967 (1967-09-09)
President	John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson
Preceded by	Kenneth Todd Young
Succeeded by	Leonard S. Unger
United States Ambassador to the United Nations and other International Organizations in Geneva
In office June 9, 1960 (1960-18-09) – March 4, 1962 (1962-15-04)
President	Dwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded by	Henry Serrano Villard
Succeeded by	Roger Tubby
Personal details
Born	Graham Anderson Martin (1912-09-22)September 22, 1912 Mars Hill, North Carolina, U.S.
Died	March 13, 1990(1990-03-13) (aged 77) Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.
Resting place	Arlington National Cemetery
Spouse(s)	Dorothy Martin (nee Wallace)
Children	Janet Martin Tantensapya, Nancy Lane, Michael Martin
Alma mater	Wake Forest College
Committees	National Recovery Administration
Awards	Distinguished Honor Award
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	United States Army Air Forces
Years of service	1930s-1946
Unit	Military Intelligence Corps (United States Army)
Battles/wars	World War II

Early life

Martin was born and raised in the small town of Mars Hill, North Carolina, in the state's western mountains. His father was an ordained Baptist minister. He graduated from Wake Forest College in 1932. During World War II, he was a U.S. Army Intelligence Officer, and was aboard USS Missouri for the Japanese surrender in 1945.[1]

Career

Martin first worked in the diplomatic field at the U.S. embassy in Paris, France, from 1947 to 1955. His abilities as an administrative counselor and deputy Chief of Mission gained him attention from the State Department, which rapidly advanced his career. President Eisenhower appointed Martin as the Representative of the United States to the European Office of the United Nations in Geneva, and he served in that office 1960–62.[2]

Ambassador to Thailand

Martin was appointed on 10 September 1963 and left this post on 9 September 1967.[2]

While serving as ambassador to Thailand, Martin came to the attention of Richard Nixon during a banquet for the Thai King at the Embassy. Former VP Nixon was in Thailand acting as a corporate attorney; accompanying Vice-President Hubert Humphrey. When the King toasted President Johnson, Humphrey tried to return the toast with a toast to the King. Martin interceded and gave the toast himself, explaining later to both Humphrey and Nixon that as the Ambassador, he was the President's personal representative.[3] He finished his explanation by saying "If you become President yourself someday, Mr. Vice President, you can be sure that I will guard your interests as closely as I did President Johnson's tonight".

During Ambassador Martin's tenure in Thailand, he forged close bonds with the local government and the Thai Royal family. President Johnson and Secretary of Defense McNamara heeded the Joint Chief's request to escalate bombing runs over North Vietnam; and to provide close air support cover for covert missions in the highlands of South Vietnam; the secret war in Laos; and Cambodian excursions. The U.S. military needed more air bases for staging, and to launch B-52 bomber missions. Using his personal relations with Thai royals and government leaders, Martin convinced Thailand to allow more U.S. troops and materiel to be stationed at bases on Thai soil. Ambassador Martin advised that if Thai commanders were "in charge", these would remain "Thai bases"...and avoid embarrassment or public support for the escalating U.S. war. [3] The U.S. military worked to expand existing bases and build new ones; including Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base; and the U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield in October 1965. From 1966-1975, U-Tapao became the most important strategic air base for U.S. bombing and cover missions of the entire war. [2]

Ambassador to Italy

Martin was appointed on 30 October 1969 and left this post on 10 February 1973.[2]

Ambassador to South Vietnam

Martin (left) meeting with President Ford, Henry Kissinger and Frederick C. Weyand at the Oval Office in 1975

Martin was appointed as Ambassador to South Vietnam on 21 June 1973[2] (in 1965 his foster son died in combat in the Vietnam War).[4]

Martin was a controversial U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam; he was ill-prepared to act as an ambassador in a country fighting for its survival. In 1975, he ignored intelligence and field reports that the North Vietnamese invasion was achieving great success with the fall of provincial capitals. He continued to believe that the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) would hold Saigon and the Mekong Delta area after observing ARVN's tenacious 12 days of fighting in the Battle of Xuan Loc under the command of General Le Minh Dao. His delays in initiating an evacuation cost thousands of lives as the options of travel out of the country dwindled down to the final option – Marine helicopters to Navy ships.

In fact, in the NSA history The Secret Sentry, the author says: "In Saigon, Ambassador Graham Martin refused to believe the SIGINT (signals intelligence) reporting that detailed the massive North Vietnamese military buildup taking place all around (Saigon) ... and repeatedly refused to allow NSA's station chief, Tom Glenn, to evacuate his forty-three man staff and their twenty-two dependents from Saigon." Because of Martin's refusal to believe the SIGINT, and his refusal to allow the evacuation of the intelligence staff from the embassy, "The North Vietnamese captured the entire 2,700 man (South Vietnamese SIGINT) organization intact as well as their equipment."

Martin was evacuated by helicopter from the US Embassy, Saigon on the morning of 30 April 1975 as Communist forces overran the city. Though he did not know it, the helicopter’s crew had orders to arrest him and bring him on board by force if he had refused to go. The helicopter used was a USMC CH-46 Sea Knight call sign Lady Ace 09 of HMM-165 serial number 154803. Ambassador Martin's wife, Dorothy, had already been evacuated by previous flights, and left behind her personal suitcase so a South Vietnamese woman might be able to squeeze on board with her.

Death

Martin died in March 1990 and is buried in Section 3 at Arlington National Cemetery.[5]

Family

While Martin was serving as Ambassador to Thailand, his adopted nephew, Marine 1st Lt Glenn Dill Mann, was killed near Chu Lai, South Vietnam, in November 1965, while attacking enemy positions at Thach Tru with his UH-1 helicopter gunship. 1st Lt Mann is buried in Section 3 at Arlington National Cemetery.[4]

Exhibits

The helicopter that evacuated the ambassador out of Saigon, on the same day the Vietnam War ended, is on display at the Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum in San Diego, California.

References

1. "North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources". The Fall of Saigon and Ambassador Graham Martin. North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources.
2. "Graham Anderson Martin - People - Department History - Office of the Historian". US Department of State. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
3. "Diplomatic List: Order of Precedence and Date of Presentation of Credentials". Office of the Chief of Protocol, U.S. Department of State.
4. Glenn Dill Mann
5. Alfonso A. Narvaez (1990-03-15). "Graham Martin, 77,Dies: Envoy at Saigon's Fall". The New York Times.

Sources

• Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War, ed. Spencer Tucker, s.v. Graham A. Martin.
• Aid, Matthew M. The Secret Sentry, ISBN 978-1-59691-515-2, Bloomsbury Press, 2009; pages 125-7.
• Snepp, Frank. Decent Interval: An Insider's Account of Saigon's Indecent End Told by the CIA's Chief Strategy Analyst in Vietnam, (ISBN 0-7006-1213-0), Simon & Schuster, 1981.

Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Kenneth Todd Young	United States Ambassador to Thailand 1963–1967	Succeeded by Leonard S. Unger
Preceded by Gardner Ackley	U.S. Ambassador to Italy 1969–1973	Succeeded by John A. Volpe
Preceded by Ellsworth Bunker	U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam 1973–1975	Succeeded by None