Gobo (lighting)

A gobo is a stencil or template placed inside or in front of a light source to control the shape of the emitted light. Lighting designers typically use them with stage lighting instruments to manipulate the shape of the light cast over a space or object—for example to produce a pattern of leaves on a stage floor.

A decorative lighting device that projects a gobo. Components from right to left are the lamp house, the gobo itself (a grid made of wires), and the focusing lens. In a theatrical unit, all three would be in an enclosure to prevent light spillage. The insert at lower right shows the pattern this device projects. The spacing of the gobo and the lens can be varied to alter the size and focus of the image.

A gobo in a gobo holder, which goes in a stage lighting instrument. The discolored portion is oxidation of the stainless steel caused by the high temperature of the lamp, but the gobo is still usable.

The term "gobo" has come to sometimes refer to any device that produces patterns of light and shadow, and various pieces of equipment that go before a light (such as a gobo arm or gobo head).[1] In theatrical lighting, however, the term more specifically refers to a device placed in 'the gate' or at the 'point of focus' between the light source, called a lamp and the lenses (or other optics). This placement is important because it produces a crisp, sharp edged pattern or design (of logos, fine detail, architecture, etc.). Gobos placed after the optics do not produce a finely focused image, and are more precisely called "flags" or "cucoloris" ("cookies").

Derivation

The exact derivation of gobo is unclear. It is cited by some lighting professionals as "goes before optics" or, less often, "goes between optics".[2][3][4] An alternative explanation is "graphical optical black out."[5] The term is traced back to the 1930s, and originated in reference to a screen or sheet of sound-absorbent material for shielding a microphone from sounds coming from a particular direction, with no application to optics.[6][7][8][9] The treatment of the word as an acronym is recent and ignores the original definition in favor of popular invention. There are many examples of acoustic gobos.[10][11][12] The word most likely is a derivative of "goes between."

Use

A glass gobo of the Earth, projected using a halogen projector.

Gobos are used with projectors and simpler light sources to create lighting scenes in theatrical applications. Simple gobos, incorporated into automated lighting systems, are popular at nightclubs and other musical venues to create moving shapes.[13] Gobos may also be used for architectural lighting, as well as in interior design, as in projecting a company logo on a wall.

Materials

Gobos are made of various materials. Common types include steel, glass, and plastic.

Steel gobos or metal gobos use a metal template from which the image is cut out. These are the most sturdy, but often require modifications to the original design—called bridging—to display correctly. To correctly represent the letter "O" for example, requires small tabs or bridges to support the opaque center of the letter. These can be visible in the projected image, which might be undesirable in some applications.

Glass gobos are made from clear glass with a partial mirror coating to block the light and produce "black" areas in the projected image. This eliminates any need for bridging and accommodates more intricate images. Glass gobos can also include colored areas (much like stained glass windows), whether by multiple layers of dichroic glass (one for each color) glued on an aluminium or chrome coated black and white gobo, or by newer technologies that vary the thickness of the dichroic coating (and therefore the color) in a controlled way on a single piece of glass—which makes it possible to turn a color photo into a glass gobo. Glass gobos generally offer the highest image fidelity, but are the most fragile. Glass gobos are typically created with laser ablation or photo etching.[14]

Plastic gobos or Transparency gobos can be used in LED ellipsoidal spotlights. These "LED Only" plastic gobos can be full color (like a glass gobo), but are far less delicate. They are new to the market, as are LED lights, and their durability and effectiveness vary between brands.

In the past, plastic gobos were generally custom made for when a pattern requires color and glass does not suffice. However, in a "traditional" (tungston-halogen) light fixture, the focus point position of a gobo is extremely hot, so these thin plastic films require special cooling elements to prevent melting. A lapse in the cooling apparatus, even for seconds, can ruin a plastic gobo in a tungsten-halogen lighting instrument.

Patterns

Theatrical and photographic supply companies manufacture many simple and complex stock patterns. They also can produce custom gobos from customer artwork. Generally, a lighting designer chooses a pattern from a manufacturer's catalog. Because of the large number of gobos available, they are generally referred to by number, not name. Lighting technicians can also hand cut custom gobos out of sheet metal stock, or even aluminum pie tins.

Gobos are often used in weddings and corporate events. They can project company logos, the couple's names, or just about any artwork. Some companies can turn a custom gobo out in as little as a week. Designers also use "stock" gobo patterns for these events—for example for projecting stars or leaves onto the ceiling.

Mechanics/optics

A gobo with the fleurs-de-lis design on the left projects with a red gel a pattern like the one on the right.

The gobo is placed in the focal plane of the lantern (generally an ellipsoidal reflector spotlight or a moving head). The gobo is inserted upside-down and back-to-front. The lighting instrument inverts the projected image.

Common sizes

Letter Size	O.D. (mm)	I.A. (mm)	Notes
C Size	150	120
A Size	100	75	(ADB Europe 1000/1200W)
B Size	86	64.5	Standard Size for Ellipsoidal lights (Source 4, Source 4 Zoom)
BG Size	79	64.5
M Size	66	48	(Source 4 Jr.)
G Size	65.5	48	For Clay Paky Goldenscans.
D Size	53.3	38	(Martin PR-1, EcoSpot 40)
Golive	52.8	48	Golive 400
Cyberlight	44.25	38
E Size	37.5	28	Martin Mac Viper, Mac 2000 Clay Paky Alpha Profile/Spot 1200/1500 Robe Colourspot 1200/2500AT Vari Lite VL3000 Spot, VL3500 EcoSpot 25, EcoSpot 30
Studio Spot 575	36.3	31	For HES Studio Spot 575.
Mac 500/918	27.9	22
Robe Color spot	26.8	22
V Size	25.5	22	For HES Intellibeam 700hx
Mac 250	22.5	17
518 Size	20	13
O.D = Outside Diameter; I.A. = Image Area

A Gobo being projected with beams of smoke

Other usages

The term "gobo" also is used to describe black panels of different sizes or shapes placed between a light source and photographic subject (such as between sun light and a portrait model) to control the modeling effect of the existing light. It is the opposite of a photographer using a "reflector" to redirect light into a shadow, which is "additive" lighting and most commonly used. Use of a gobo subtracts light from a portion of an overall shaded subject and creates a contrast between one side of the face and another. It allows the photographer to expose with wider open apertures giving soft natural transitions between the sharp subject and unsharp background, called bokeh.

See also

• Bat-Signal

References

1. Box, Harry C. Set lighting technician's handbook Third Edition, Focal Press, 2003. p. 120.
2. Yaron Abulafia (September 16, 2015). The Art of Light on Stage: Lighting in Contemporary Theatre. Routledge. ISBN 9781317429708.
3. Archer, Stephen M.; Gendrich, Cynthia M.; Hood, Woodrow B. (2010). Theatre: Its Art and Craft. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 231. ISBN 9780742539136.
4. Eisemann, Elmar; Schwarz, Michael; Assarsson, Ulf; Wimmer, Michael (April 19, 2016). Real-Time Shadows. CRC Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780742539136.
5. "High-speed 3D-measurement system with gobo-projection - Fraunhofer IOF". Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
6. "the definition of gobo". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
7. "Definition of GOBO". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
8. "gobo | Definition of gobo in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
9. "Gobo definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
10. "FreeStand Acoustic Panel© (gobo)". www.gikacoustics.com. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
11. "ATS Acoustics Studio Stacker, Portable Gobo". www.amazon.com. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
12. "Vocal GOBO". www.instructables.com. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
13. Edwin Paul J. Tozer (2004). Broadcast engineer's reference book. Focal Press. p. 516. ISBN 978-0-240-51908-1.
14. Cadena, Richard (2013-05-20). Automated Lighting: The Art and Science of Moving Light in Theatre, Live Performance and Entertainment. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136085260.