Giza

Giza (/ˈɡiːzə/; sometimes spelled Gizah or Jizah; Arabic: الجيزة‎ al-Jīzah, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [el ˈgiːze]) is the third-largest city in Egypt and the capital of the Giza Governorate. It is located on the west bank of the Nile, 4.9 km (3 mi) southwest of central Cairo, and is a core city of the Greater Cairo metropolis.

This article is about the city in Egypt. For other uses, see Giza (disambiguation).

Giza الجيزة ϯⲡⲉⲣⲥⲓⲥ, ϯⲡⲉⲣⲥⲓⲟⲓ ϯⲡⲉⲣⲥⲓⲥ ⲙ̀ⲃⲁⲃⲩⲗⲱⲛ
City
Clockwise from top: Giza panorama, Pyramids of Giza, Cairo University, Great Sphinx of Giza, Smart Village
Flag Seal
Giza Location of Giza within Egypt
Coordinates: 29.9870°N 31.2118°E / 29.9870; 31.2118
Country	Egypt
Governorate	Giza
Founded	642 AD
Government
• Mayor	Faud al Muhammed Sisi
Area
• Total	1,579.75 km^2 (609.94 sq mi)
Elevation	19 m (62 ft)
Population  (October 2018[1])
• Total	8,800,000
• Density	5,600/km^2 (14,000/sq mi)
• Demonym	Gizan, Gizanne
Time zone	UTC+2 (EST)
Area code(s)	(+20) 2
Website	Giza.gov.eg

Giza lies less than 20 km (12.43 mi) north of Memphis (Men-nefer), which was the capital city of the first unified Egyptian state from the days of the first pharaoh, Narmer.

Giza is most famous as the location of the Giza Plateau: the site of some of the most impressive ancient monuments in the world, including a complex of ancient Egyptian royal mortuary and sacred structures, including the Great Sphinx, the Great Pyramid of Giza, and a number of other large pyramids and temples. Giza has always been a focal point in Egypt's history due to its location close to Memphis, the ancient pharaonic capital of the Old Kingdom. Its St. George Cathedral is the episcopal see of the Coptic Catholic Eparchy of Giza.

Geography

The "city" of Giza is the capital of the Giza Governorate, and is located near the northeast border of this governorate. The city's population was reported as 2,681,863 in the 2006 national census,[2][3] while the governorate had 6,272,571 at the same census, without specifying what the city is. The former figure corresponds to the sum of 9 kisms.

Technically, Giza may not be an incorporated municipal unit (and therefore not a city) at all. In a typical Egyptian fashion, there are two districts within the Governorate with the same name: a kism/qasm and associated markiz. Some 9 urban kisms of Giza Governorate form collectively a contiguous area of 98.4km² directly opposite side of the Nile from Cairo, and recorded a preliminary count of 4,146,340 in 2017 census count,[4] not including the Al-Ḥawāmidiyah kism separated by Giza markiz. It is unclear if the 9 urban kisms represent a single entity; the structure may be similar to that of 23 wards of Tokyo in that all local units are simply subordinate to the Prefecture of Tokyo without any intermediate municipal structure.

Region	Population (2006)	Population (2018 proj*)	area (km^2)	Density/km^2 (2018)
Giza, 9 kisms (contiguous)	2,681,863	4,521,647	98.4	45,952
Giza, 10 kisms (not contiguous)	2,822,271	4,716,617	115.7	40,766
Giza, 10 kisms + Giza markaz (contiguous)	3,063,777	5,094,164	187	27,241
Giza, 10 kisms + Giza, Kerdasa, Ossim markaz (contiguous)	-	6,083,790	338.9	17,951

Notes:2018 CAPMAS projection based on 2017 revised census figures, may differ significantly from 2017 census preliminary tabulations. The 9 kisms were reported simply as Giza city by CAPMAS in 2006 but given explosive growth definitions, likely informal, may have change or may be set to change.[4]

Giza's most famous landform and archaeological site, the Giza Plateau, holds some major monuments of Egyptian history, and is home to the Great Sphinx. Once thriving with the Nile that flowed right into the Giza Plateau, the pyramids of Giza were built overlooking the ancient Egyptian capital city of Memphis, across the river from modern day Cairo. The Giza Plateau is also home to Egyptian monuments such as the tomb of Pharaoh Djet of the First Dynasty, as well as that of Pharaoh Ninetjer of the Second Dynasty. The Great Pyramid of Giza at one time was advocated (1884) as the location for the Prime Meridian, a reference point used for determining a base longitude.[5]

Climate

Great Pyramids of Giza

Giza experiences a hot desert climate like arid climate (Köppen: BWh). Its climate is similar to Cairo, owing to its proximity. Wind storms can be frequent across Egypt in spring, bringing Saharan dust into the city during the months of March and April. High temperatures in winter range from 16 to 20 °C (61 to 68 °F), while nighttime lows drop to below 7 °C (45 °F). In summer, the highs are 40 °C (104 °F), and the lows can drop to about 20 °C (68 °F). Rain is infrequent in Giza; snow and freezing temperatures are extremely rare.

Up to August 2013, the highest recorded temperature was 46 °C (115 °F) on 13 June 1965, while the lowest recorded temperature was 2 °C (36 °F) on 8 January 1966.[6]

Climate data for Giza
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	28 (82)	30 (86)	36 (97)	41 (106)	43 (109)	46 (115)	41 (106)	43 (109)	39 (102)	40 (104)	36 (97)	30 (86)	46 (115)
Average high °C (°F)	19.3 (66.7)	20.9 (69.6)	24.2 (75.6)	28.4 (83.1)	32.0 (89.6)	34.9 (94.8)	34.5 (94.1)	34.4 (93.9)	32.4 (90.3)	30.2 (86.4)	25.4 (77.7)	21.1 (70.0)	28.1 (82.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)	13.0 (55.4)	14.0 (57.2)	17.2 (63.0)	20.5 (68.9)	24.0 (75.2)	27.1 (80.8)	27.5 (81.5)	27.5 (81.5)	25.6 (78.1)	23.5 (74.3)	19.2 (66.6)	15.0 (59.0)	21.2 (70.1)
Average low °C (°F)	6.8 (44.2)	7.2 (45.0)	10.3 (50.5)	12.7 (54.9)	16.1 (61.0)	19.3 (66.7)	20.6 (69.1)	20.7 (69.3)	18.9 (66.0)	16.8 (62.2)	13.0 (55.4)	8.9 (48.0)	14.3 (57.7)
Record low °C (°F)	2 (36)	4 (39)	5 (41)	8 (46)	11 (52)	16 (61)	17 (63)	17 (63)	16 (61)	11 (52)	4 (39)	4 (39)	2 (36)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	4 (0.2)	3 (0.1)	2 (0.1)	1 (0.0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	3 (0.1)	4 (0.2)	17 (0.7)
Source 1: Climate-Data.org[7]
Source 2: Voodoo Skies[6] for record temperatures

Districts and neighbourhoods

• Dokki District: 93,660 93,025
• Agouza District: 174,460 162,851
• Giza District: 180,568 246,325, Kism Al Jizah 238,567 248,897
• Bulaq ad Dakrur: 453,884 564,791
• Imbabah: 287,357 389,049, Kism Imbabah 523,265 597,160
• Haram District: 200,076 295,704
• Omrania
• Monib
• Kafr Tuhurmus

The centre of the city is Giza Square.

• Faisal district

Nile islands:

• Qorsaya Island
• Dahab Island

History

Ancient era

The area in what is now Giza served as the necropolis of several pharaohs who ruled ancient Egypt, during the 2nd millennium BC. Three of these tombs, in the form of giant pyramids, are what is now the famed Pyramids of Giza.

Classical to medieval era

As ancient Egypt passed under several conquests under the Persians, Greeks, Romans and Byzantines, so did the area in what is now Giza. A Byzantine village named Phylake (Greek: Φυλακή) or Terso (Coptic: ϯⲣⲥⲱ, meaning "the fortress", now Tersa) was located south of Giza and should not be confused with it.[8][9][10]

Egyptians called the area Tipersis (Coptic: ϯⲡⲉⲣⲥⲓⲥ) (also Tipersis enbabylon (which most likely refers to Babylon Fortress but may as well refer to Babylon in Mesopotamia) Tipersoi, Perso), which may correspond to Persians (as the name may be literally translated as "Persians of/from Babylon").[11][12] Eutychius gives a legend about city's name and its foundation by Artaxerxes Ochus, while Abu Salih says it was found by a Persian king Hūš at the same time as Qasr ash-Sham.[13]

As Muslims of the fledgling Islamic caliphate went on with their conquest of Egypt from the Byzantine Empire beginning in 639 AD, three years after their victory at the battle of Yarmouk in 636 AD, they conquered all of the land by the time they have captured the city of Alexandria in 641 AD. A year later in 642 AD (year 21 in Islamic calendar), they founded the city of Giza. Its name, al-Jizzah in Arabic, means "the valley" or "the plateau", pertaining to the area's topography. Peust also suggests a Persian etymology of the word from Middle Persian diz (fortress, castle), which Persians could give to the pyramids or a fortress they've found in the area.[14]

Infrastructure

Giza has seen many changes over time. Changes in infrastructure during the different occupations of Egypt by various rulers, including the British in the 18th and early 20th century, focused on the construction of roads, streets, and buildings in the area. Giza is a thriving centre of Egyptian culture and is quite heavily populated, with many facilities and buildings in the current area. Giza saw much attention in particular to its vast amount of ancient Egyptian monuments found on the Giza Plateau, and has astonished thousands of visitors and tourists over the years. Giza's infrastructure saw much attention from both the British government prior to the 1952 coup d'état, as well as the current Egyptian government due to the city's importance in tourism.

The city hosts the first zoo on the entire African continent and one of the oldest in the Mediterranean region, the Giza Zoo. In addition, there are several parks, the most famous among them is Orman Park, which means "Forest Park" in the Turkish language.

Health

Giza has an advanced level of medical care just like its elder twin Cairo.

A list of famous hospitals in Giza:

• Agooza in Agouza district
• Al Salam in Mohandessin neighbourhood
• Badran in Dokki district
• El Safa
• Haram Hospital in Haram
• El Shoruk Hospital
• Cairo Medical Lab
• El Giza Hospital in Haram
• Tabarak children Hospital in Haram
• Nour El-oYoun Hospital in Haram

In addition to hospitals there are numerous medical facilities, private clinics, medical check, laboratories, etc.

Transportation

Transportation in Giza comprises an extensive road network, rail system, subway system, and maritime services. Road transport is facilitated by personal vehicles, taxi cabs, privately owned public buses and microbuses.

Giza shares with Cairo a subway system, officially called the "Metro (مترو)", a fast and efficient way of getting around. An extensive road network connects Giza with 6th of October City, Cairo and other cities. There are flyovers and bridges such as the 15th. Giza traffic is known to be overwhelming and overcrowded.

• Cairo Taxi
• Uber (Available in Cairo and Giza since 2015)[15]
• Careem (Available in Cairo and Giza since 2015)[16]
• Swvl (Available in Cairo and Giza since 2017) (A new concept of shared rides within Egypt).
• Water Taxis (Motorized Feluccas) available for transport to nearby places along the Nile River

Economy

Grass farm near the Nile.

Industries here include movies, chemicals, Giza cotton, machinery and cigarettes. In addition, Giza has many luxury apartment buildings along the Nile, making it a popular place to live.

International access

Access to the city of Giza, which has its own governorate adjacent to the Governorate of Cairo, is dependent on the Cairo International Airport. Another local airport is found in Giza, called the Imbaba Airport, but recently the Egyptian government has decided to shut down the area and turn it into a cultural or an athletic area.

Sphinx International Airport is scheduled to open in 2018.

Education

Cairo University

Giza's learning institutions include Cairo University, which was moved to Giza in 1924. The city is a hub of education and educational services not only for Egypt but also for the entire Mediterranean Region. Giza has numerous schools, kindergartens, and institutes of higher learning.

The Cairo Japanese School, a Japanese international school, is in Giza.[17] The Deutsche Evangelische Oberschule, a German international school, is located in Dokki in Giza.[18] Previously the Pakistan International School of Cairo had its campus in Giza.[19]

Sports

The city hosts the second most successful club in Egypt and Africa, El Zamalek, which is located in the Meet Okba neighbourhood near the Mohandesin neighbourhood. Beside El Zamalek there are other clubs like El Tersana and Seid Shooting Club which is one of the elite clubs in Egypt.

Twin towns and sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Egypt

Giza is twinned with:

• Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
• Bergen, Norway
• Los Angeles, United States
• Rinkeby, Stockholm, Sweden

See also

• List of cities and towns in Egypt
• Greater Cairo
• Giza Governorate
• Giza pyramid complex
• Great Sphinx of Giza
• List of Egyptian pyramids
• List of megalithic sites

References

1. "الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء". www.capmas.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
2. Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (Jr.) (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 403. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
3. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
4. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2018.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
5. "The Canary Islands and the Question of the Prime Meridian: The Search for Precision in the Measurement of the Earth", Wilcomb E. Washburn. link Archived 29 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine
6. "El-Giza, Egypt". Voodoo Skies. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
7. "Climate: Giza – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
8. "TM Places". www.trismegistos.org. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
9. موسوعة " القاموس الجغرافى للبلاد المصرية " – محمد رمزى بك (قسم ثانى ج3 – ص4): مركز وثائق وتاريخ مصر المعاصر الهيئة المصرية العامةللكتاب ط 1994
10. جغرافية مصر في العصر القبطى – الفرنسى أميلينو : الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب2013 ترجمة ميخائيل مكسى إسكندر – استدراكات العلامة محمد رمزى على الكتاب في الجزء الثالث من ص 274: نشر المعهد العلمى الفرنسى
11. Amélineau, Emile (1893). La géographie de l’Egypte à l’époque copte. Paris: Imprimerie nationale. pp. 190.
12. "Trismegistos". www.trismegistos.org. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
13. Timm, Stefan (1985). Das christlich-koptische Agypten in arabischer Zeit (Teil 3 G-L). Wiesbaden. p. 1058.
14. Peust, Carsten. "Die Toponyme vorarabischen Ursprungs im modernen Ägypten" (PDF).
15. "Ya Om El Donia. Your Uber Has Just Arrived, Cairo! - Uber Blog". Uber. 20 November 2014. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
16. "Ride or Drive with Careem in Cairo, Egypt - Careem". Careem.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
17. Home (Archive). Cairo Japanese School. Retrieved on 2 January 2014. "NAZLET EL BATRAN EL AHRAM GIZA, A.R.EGYPT"
18. "Kontakt Archived 18 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine." Deutsche Evangelische Oberschule. Retrieved on 18 January 2015. "6, El Dokki St. Dokki / Giza"
19. "Contact Us." Pakistan International School Cairo. Retrieved on 21 April 2015. "12 Midan Tehran, Dokki, Cairo."

Further reading

• Der Manuelian, Peter. 2017. Digital Giza: Visualizing the Pyramids. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
• Hawass, Zahi A. 2010. Wonders of the Pyramids: The Sound and Light of Giza. Cairo: Misr Company for Sound, Light, & Cinema.
• --. 2011. Newly-Discovered Statues From Giza, 1990-2009. Cairo: Ministry of State for Antiquities.
• Magli, G. 2016. "The Giza 'written' landscape and the double project of King Khufu." Time & Mind-the Journal of Archaeology Consciousness and Culture 9, no.1: 57–74.
• Khattab, Hind A. S., Nabil Younis, and Huda Zurayk. 1999. Women, Reproduction, and Health In Rural Egypt: The Giza Study. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press.
• Kormysheva, Ė. E., Svetlana Malykh, and Sergey Vetokhov. 2010. Giza, Eastern Necropolis: Russian Archaeological Mission In Giza. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences.
• Lawton, Ian, and Chris Ogilvie-Herald. 2000. Giza: The Truth: the People, Politics and History Behind the World's Most Famous Archaeological Site. Rev. ed. London: Virgin.
• Lehner, Mark, and Zahi A. Hawass. 2017. Giza and the Pyramids: The Definitive History. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.