Germans of Croatia

In Croatia, there are over 2,900 people who consider themselves German, most of these Danube Swabians. Germans are officially recognized as an autochthonous national minority, and as such, they elect a special representative to the Croatian Parliament, shared with members of eleven other national minorities.[2] They are mainly concentrated in the area around Osijek (German: Esseg) in eastern Slavonia.

Germans of Croatia
Hrvatski Nijemci
Kroatiendeutsche
Total population
2,965[1]
Languages
Croatian · German
Religion
Roman Catholicism
Related ethnic groups
Germans · Austrians

Ethnology

The community traditionally inhabited northern Croatia and Slavonia. In the Early modern period they had settled from other territories in the Habsburg Monarchy, and in what is today Croatia mainly settled territories of the Military Frontier.[3] The Danube Swabians that inhabited Western Slavonia were subject to strong Croatization.[4] The Croatian intelligentsia only acknowledged a German minority in 1865.[3]

History
Ethnic Germans in Austro-Hungarian lands, 1890 census

With the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the Germans of Croatia became a minority. In 1920, Germans established the cultural association Kulturbund. Kulturbund was banned on April 11, 1924 by Minister of the Interior Svetozar Pribićević.[5] The following government of Ljuba Davidović and the Democratic Party saw the ban lifted.

In 1922, they formed the German Party (Partei der Deutschen).[6] The party existed until it was banned as part of King Alexander's dictatorship in 1929.

The Croatian German population reached 85,781 in the 1900 census, while this number plummeted after the German exodus in the aftermath of World War II.[7] The Austro-Hungarian census of 1910 recorded 134,000 Germans.[8] After World War II, 100,000 Yugoslav Germans fled to Austria.[9] This population was not dealt with in the Potsdam Agreement which prevented them from being repatriated to Germany.[9] The Allies considered them Yugoslavian citizens and sought their repatriation there.[9] However, on June 4 the Communist Party of Yugoslavia released a decree that rescinded the citizenship of Yugoslavian Germans.[9] Their property was henceforth confiscated, and the majority settled in Germany and Austria. Some managed to return to Yugoslavia and returned to their homes.[9]

The historically predominantly German town of Čeminac built the parish Church of Sacred Heart of Christ in 1906-1907.[10] The German population in the town was forced to leave in 1945. After democratic changes in Croatia in 1990, former inhabitants of the town, mostly living in Germany, repaired the church. However, on April 10, 1992 the church was burnt by Serb forces as part of the Croatian War of Independence.[10] In 2001, various levels of the Croatian government contributed to its repairs, which were carried out by 2005.[10]

In 1996, Croatia and Germany signed an agreement to facilitate the marking of German graves from the World Wars in Croatia.[11] There are German military cemeteries in Pula, Split and Zagreb.[12] In 2005, the Croatian government passed a comprehensive law on the return of nationalized Austrian property to its rightful owners.[13]

Demographics

According to the 2001 Croatian census, there are 2,902 Germans in Croatia.[14]

County Number of
Germans		 Percent of
total
Osijek-Baranja 964 33.2%
City of Zagreb 288 9.9%
Split-Dalmatia 260 9.0%
Primorje-Gorski Kotar 213 7.3%
Istria 180 6.2%
Vukovar-Syrmia 171 5.9%
Zadar 139 4.8%
Dubrovnik-Neretva 99 3.4%

Geography

The main locations in Slavonia formerly settled by Germans include:

There were many German settlements in the adjacent region of Syrmia (Symrien); there is still a village called Nijemci which literally translates to "Germans". The main locations in the Croatian part of Syrmia formerly settled by Germans include:

German settlements in Western Slavonia:

Culture

Organizations

The Germans and Austrians have created the Society of Germans and Austrians of Croatia.[15] There is a German culture centre in Osijek, and a small number of German schools in the area.

Since the fall of communism and Croatian independence, the minority has held an annual academic conference titled Germans and Austrians in the Croatian cultural circle.[16]

Anthropology

Surnames

Examples of Croatianized Germanic surnames in Croatia include Ajhner (Eichner), Bahman (Bachmann), Birer (Bührer), Ceglec (Ziegler), Cukerić (Zucker), Flajs (Fleiss), Fresel (Fressl), Goldštajn (Goldstein), Gotvald (Gottwald), Helfrich (Helfricht), Hohšteter (Hochstädter), Kunštek (Kunst), Majer, Majerić, Majerović (from Mayer/Meyer/Meier), Šmit (Schmidt), Šnidarić, Šnidaršić (Schneider), Špic (Spitz), Špicmiler (Spitzmüller), Šturmer (Stürmer), Šuflaj (Schufflei), Šuper (Schupper), Švarc (Schwarz), Tabajner (Tappeiner), Tišlarić (Tischler), Tunkel (Dunkel), Vinšer (Wünscher), Vitman (Wittman), etc.[17] Among surnames that have retained their original form, Mayer/Meyer, Schmidt, Hermann, Bauer, Wolf, Fischer, Schneider, Schwarz, Richter, Müller, Zimmermann, Wagner, are examples of those found in greater numbers.[17]

Notable people
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See also

References
  1. "Stanovništvo prema narodnosti, popisi 1971. - 2011" (in Croatian). Retrieved 21 December 2012.
  2. "Pravo pripadnika nacionalnih manjina u Republici Hrvatskoj na zastupljenost u Hrvatskom saboru". Zakon o izborima zastupnika u Hrvatski sabor (in Croatian). Croatian Parliament. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
  3. Oberkersch.
  4. Institutul de Istorie "A.D. Xenopol" (2004). East-Central Europe and the great powers politics: 19th-20th centuries. Editura Junimea. ISBN 978-973-37-0167-5.
  5. Zoran Janjetović. The ethnic Germans in the political life of Yugoslavia (1918-1941) Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  6. Vladimir Geiger. Njemačka manjina u Kraljevini Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca/Jugoslaviji (1918.-1941.) Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine
  7. Emigration of Italians and Germans from Croatia during and immediately after the Second World War
  8. William R. Shepherd: "Distribution of Races in Austria-Hungary", Historical Atlas, 1911
  9. Vladimir Geiger, Povratak slavonskih Nijemaca nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata iz izbjeglištva / prognaništva u zavičaj i njihova sudbina
  10. "Sacral heritage". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
  11. Zbirka međunarodnih ugovora
  12. KRATKE VIJESTI IZ HRVATSKE Archived 2009-08-31 at the Wayback Machine, Croatian Radiotelevision
  13. Eduard Šoštarić (6 December 2005). "Diplomate razbjesnio povrat imovine Austrijancima" [Diplomats angered by restoration of property to Austrians] (in Croatian). Nacional (weekly). Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  14. Population by nationality, by cities/municipalities, 2001
  15. Austrians in Croatia Archived 2008-12-21 at the Wayback Machine, Croatian Radiotelevision
  16. 16. Znanstveni skup 'Nijemci i Austrijanci u hrvatskom kulturnom krugu'
  17. Ščukanec 2010.

Sources
  • Oberkersch, Valentin (2006). Danube Swabians... DVHH.
  • Geiger, V. (1991). "Nijemci u Hrvatskoj". Migracijske i etničke teme. 7 (3–4): 319–334.
  • Geiger, V. (2001). "Nijemci u Đakovu i Đakovštini". Scrinia Slavonica. Hrvatski institut za povijest.
  • Geiger, V. (2006). "Folksdojčeri u Hrvatskoj 1945". 1945.-Razdjelnica hrvatske povijest. Hrvatski institut za povijest: 271–287.
  • Richembergh, G. B. (2010). "Nijemci, Austrijanci i Hrvati: prilozi za povijest njemačko-austrijske nacionalne manjine u Hrvatskoj i Bosni i Hercegovini". Synopsis.
  • Škiljan, F. (2014). "Nacionalne manjine u hrvatskoj Baranji između čekića i nakovnja-slučaj baranjskih Nijemaca". Srpsko-hrvatski politički odnosi u 20.
  • Ščukanec, A. (2010). "Njemačka prezimena u Zagrebu i okolici i načini njihova prilagođivanja hrvatskom jezičnom sustavu". Folia onomastica Croatica. 18: 149–169.
  • Geiger, V., 2008. Josip Broz Tito i sudbina jugoslavenskih Nijemaca. Časopis za suvremenu povijest, 40(3), pp.789-818.
  • Mira Kolar-Dimitrijević, Skrivene biografije nekih Nijemaca i Austrijanaca u Hrvatskoj 19. i 20. stoljeća, Osijek, 2001.
  • Kolar-Dimitrijević, M., 1994. Nijemci u podravini. U: GB Richembergh (prir.), Nijemci u Hrvatskoj: Jučer i danas (Zbornik). Zagreb: Volksdeutsche Gemeinschaft, pp.43-50.
  • TRADICIJSKI ŽIVOT MAĐARA I NIJEMACA U RETFALI, DIJELU OSIJEKA; Vlasta Šabić ; Muzej Slavonije, Osijek, Hrvatska str. 105-120
  • Osvrt na važnije radove o Nijemcima u Požegi i Požeškoj kotlini; Vladimir Geiger str. 296-307
  • Migracije njemačkog stanovništva na hrvatskom području tijekom Drugoga svjetskog rata i poraća; Marica Karakaš Obradov str. 271-294
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