Garhwal division

Garhwal (IPA: /ɡəɽʋːɔɭ/) is the western region and administrative division of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Lying in the Himalayas, it is bounded on the north by Tibet, on the east by Kumaon region, on the south by Uttar Pradesh state, and on the northwest by Himachal Pradesh state. It includes the districts of Chamoli, Dehradun, Haridwar, Pauri Garhwal, Rudraprayag, Tehri Garhwal, and Uttarkashi. The people of Garhwal are known as Garhwali and speak the Garhwali language. The administrative center for Garhwal division is the town of Pauri. The Divisional Commissioner is the administrative head of the Division, and is a senior Indian Administrative Service officer. As the administrative head of the division, the Commissioner is overall incharge of the 7 districts in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, and is aided in his duties by an Additional Commissioner and the District Magistrates. Vinod Sharma is currently the Divisional Commissioner of the Garhwal Division.

Divisions of Uttarakhand

Etymology

Garhwal is the land of many 'garh’ or forts. This region was made up of many small forts which were ruled by chieftains. Therefore, the history of Garhwal before the dynastic rule of the ‘Panwar’ rulers is very obscure. Kanak Pal was the first ruler of the state of Garhwal in 823 AD.

History
Chota Char Dham
Badrinath
Kedarnath
Gangotri
Yamunotri

The Garhwal Himalayas appear to have been a favorite locale for the voluminous mythology of the Puranic period. The traditional name of Garhwal was Uttarakhand. Excavations have revealed that it formed part of the Mauryan Empire.

The earliest reference regarding Garhwal and its pride spots are cited in the Skanda Purana and the Mahabharata in the Van Parva. Skanda Purana defines the boundaries and extend of this holy land.[1] It also finds mention in the 7th-century travelogue of Huen Tsang. However, it is with Adi Shankaracharya that the name of Garhwal will always be linked, for the great 8th-century spiritual reformer visited the remote, snow-laden heights of Garhwal, established a Joshimath and restored some of the most sacred shrines, including Badrinath and Kedarnath.

The history of Garhwal as a unified whole began in the 15th century, when king Ajai Pal merged the 52 separate principalities, each with its own garh or fortress. For 300 years, Garhwal remained one kingdom, with its capital at Srinagar (on the left bank of Alaknanda river). Then Pauri and Dehradun were perforce ceded to the Crown as payment for British help, rendered to the Garhwalis during the Gurkha invasion, in the early 19th century.[2]

The earliest ruling dynasty of Garhwal known is of the Katyuris. The Katyuri Raja of Uttarakhand (Kumaon and Garhwal) was styled 'Sri Basdeo Giriraj Chakara Churamani'. The earliest traditions record that the possessions of Joshimath Katyuris in Garhwal extended from Satluj as far as Gandaki and from the snows to plains, including the whole of Rohilkhand. Tradition gives the origin of their Raj at Joshimath in the north near Badrinath and subsequent migration to Katyur Valley in Almora district, where a city called Kartikeyapura was founded.[1]

Katyuris ruled Uttarakhand up to the 11th century and in certain pockets even after their decline. In Garhwal their disruption brought into existence 52 independent chiefs. One of the important principalities in that period was that of Parmars, who held their sway over Chandpur Garhi or Fortress.[1] Katyuris ruled Uttarakhand up to the 11th century and in certain pockets even after their decline. Kanak Pal was progenitor of this dynasty. Raja Ajay Pal, a scion of the Parmars in the 14th century is credited with having brought these chiefs under his rule.[1] After his conquest Ajay Pal's domain was recognised as Garhwal owing to exuberance of forts. It is possible that after annexing all principalities, Raja Ajay Pal must have become famous as Garhwala, the owner of forts. With the passage of time his kingdom came to be known as Garhwal.[1]

Garhwal Kingdom
Princely flag of Kingdom of Garhwal.
Main article: Garhwal Kingdom

Garhwal Kingdom was founded by Rajputs. Nearly 700 years ago, one of these chiefs, Ajai Pal, reduced all the minor principalities under him and founded the Garhwal Kingdom. He and his ancestors ruled over Garhwal and the adjacent state of Tehri-Garhwal, in an uninterrupted line till 1803, when the Gurkhas invaded Kumaon and Garhwal, driving the Garhwal chief into the plains. For 12 years the Gurkhas ruled the country with an iron rod, until a series of encroachments by them on British territory led to the Gurkha War in 1814. At the termination of the campaign, Garhwal and Kumaon were converted into British districts, while the Tehri principality was restored to a son of the former chief.

The British district of Garhwal was in the Kumaon Division of the United Provinces, and had an area of 5,629 sq mi (14,580 km2). After annexation, Garhwal rapidly advanced in material prosperity. IN 1901 the population was 429,900. Two battalions of the Indian army (the 39th Garhwal Rifles) were recruited in the district, which contained the military cantonment of Lansdowne. Grain and coarse cloth were exported, and salt, borax, livestock and wool were imported. Trade with Tibet was considerable. The administrative headquarters was at the village of Pauri, but Srinagar was the largest city. It was an important mart, as was Kotdwara, the terminus of a branch of the Oudh and Rohilkhand railway from Najibabad.

During the turn of the 19th century, the Gurkhas attacked Garhwal and drove the rulers of Garhwal down to the plains (Rishikesh, Haridwar, DehraDun). Pradyumna Shah died fighting at the battle of Khurbura. Thereafter the rulers of Garhwal took the help of the British forces in India and regained their kingdom. The rulers of Garhwal gave away 60% of their kingdom for the support the British gave them in driving back the Gurhkas.

During the Second World War, the Raja Narendra Shah contributed his troops and aircraft to the British war effort. In recognition for his services, the British gave him the title of "Maharaja", made him a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India (KCSI) and knighted him. Thus his full title was Sir Maharaja Narendra Shah KCSI.

Geography
Nanda Devi is the second-highest mountain in India.
Valley of Flowers National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site

The region consists almost entirely of rugged mountain ranges running in all directions and separated by narrow valleys, which in some cases become deep gorges or ravines. The only level portion of the district was a narrow strip of waterless forest between the southern slopes of the hills and the fertile plains of Rohilkhand. The highest mountains are in the eastern Chamoli district, the principal peaks being Nanda Devi 7,816 m (25,643 ft), Kamet 7,756 m (25,446 ft), Chaukhamba 7,138 m (23,419 ft), Trisul 7,120 m (23,360 ft), Dunagiri 7,066 m (23,182 ft), and Kedarnath 6,940 m (22,769 ft).

The Alaknanda River, one of the main sources of the Ganges, receives with its affluents the whole drainage of the district. At Devprayag the Alaknanda joins the Bhagirathi, and thenceforward the united streams bear the name of the Ganges. Cultivation is principally confined to the immediate vicinity of the rivers, which are employed for irrigation.

In June 2013 a multi-day cloudburst centered in the mountainous valleys of the area resulted in widespread damage and over 5,000 deaths.[3] It was India's worst natural disaster insofar as death toll since the 2004 tsunami.

A panorama of Garhwal Himalaya from Dhanaulti

People

The majority of the inhabitants are Garhwalis. The culture of the present Garhwal is an amalgamation of influences from the indigenous population coupled with traditions superimposed by immigrants who settled in the region. A majority of the people are involved in the agriculture, tourism and the defense industry.

Languages

Garhwali, spoken by about 2.3 million people as of to the 2011 census, is the majority language in all but the two southern districts of Haridwar and Dehradun, where the language with the largest proportion of speakers according to the census was Hindi. Native to 2.8 million people, Hindi has official status and is widely used in administration and education. Other languages with large numbers of speakers are Urdu (250,000, mostly in Haridwar and Dehradun), Jaunsari (140,000 people mostly in the Jaunsar–Bawar region of Dehradun), Nepali (86,000 speakers, with the largest concentration in Dehradun), and Punjabi (76,000, mostly in Dehradun).[4] The set of indigenous languages also includes Mahasu Pahari (found in the north-western district of Uttarkashi in the north-west), and the Sino-Tibetan languages Jad (also in Uttarkashi) and Rongpo (of Chamoli district).[5]

Garhwal division: mother-tongue of population, according to the 2011 Indian Census.[4]
Mother tongue code Mother tongue District Garhwal division
Uttarkashi Chamoli Rudraprayag Tehri Garhwal Dehradun Garhwal Hardwar People Percentage
002007Bengali 839 472 102 813 9,258 435 3,708 15,627 0.3%
004001Dogri 111 128 4 39 1,549 1,004 239 3,074 0.1%
006102Bhojpuri 1,128 1,348 371 3,427 14,805 1,020 3,201 25,300 0.4%
006195Garhwali 266,621 350,667 228,916 560,020 285,563 572,792 14,638 2,279,217 38.9%
006207Gojri/Gujjari/Gujar 0 39 0 0 608 208 2,329 3,184 0.1%
006240Hindi 24,035 19,956 10,167 37,092 1,014,363 91,360 1,649,529 2,846,502 48.6%
006265Jaunpuri/Jaunsari 3,066 59 22 6,046 126,098 126 88 135,505 2.3%
006340Kumauni 425 3,719 172 861 18,597 4,645 1,805 30,224 0.5%
006439Pahari 7,190 95 9 250 5,199 21 417 13,181 0.2%
013071Marathi 488 206 18 159 2,747 105 964 4,687 0.1%
014011Nepali 7,162 5,394 1,444 5,876 56,281 8,289 1,055 85,501 1.5%
016038Punjabi 958 433 83 541 56,927 1,377 15,570 75,889 1.3%
022015Urdu 1,317 563 155 622 64,762 2,860 182,536 252,815 4.3%
031001Bhotia (also called "Jad") 1,124 6,201 9 5 276 16 10 7,641 0.1%
053005Gujari 0 1 0 0 407 508 6,270 7,186 0.1%
115008Tibetan 20 5 0 9 9,892 8 16 9,950 0.2%
– Others 15,602 2,319 813 3,171 29,362 2,497 8,047 61,811 1.1%
Total 330,086 391,605 242,285 618,931 1,696,694 687,271 1,890,422 5,857,294 100.0%
gollark: You do know that an 8G one would require 256 CBs, right? Either that or 128.
gollark: 18 hours until the raffle drawing.
gollark: It's very mundane, but fits the scheme, and is better than `queenqueer` or just the code.
gollark: Make the adult one transparent pixel.
gollark: Traitor.

References
  1. Rawat, Ajay S. (20 November 2002). Garhwal Himalayas: A Study in Historical Perspective. Indus Publishing. ISBN 9788173871368. Retrieved 20 March 2020 – via Google Books.
  2. "eUttaranchal - Rediscover Uttarakhand - Tourism, Culture & People". www.euttaranchal.com. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  3. "India raises flood death toll to 5,700 as all missing persons now presumed dead". CBS News. 16 July 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  4. C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Uttarakhand (Report). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  5. Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). "India – Languages". Ethnologue (22nd ed.). SIL International. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019.

Garhwal travel guide from Wikivoyage

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