Gansus

Gansus is a genus of aquatic birds that lived during the Aptian age of the Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) period in what are now Gansu and Liaoning provinces, western China. The rock layers from which their fossils have been recovered are dated to 120 million years ago.[1] It was first described in 1984 on the basis of an isolated left leg.[2] It is the oldest-known member of the Ornithurae, the group which includes modern birds (Neornithes) and extinct related groups, such as Ichthyornis and Hesperornithes.[2][3]

Gansus
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous, 120 Ma
↓
Fossil specimen, Beijing Museum of Natural History.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Saurischia
Clade: Theropoda
Clade: Ornithuromorpha
Genus: †Gansus
Hou & Liu, 1984
Type species
†Gansus yumenensis
Hou & Liu, 1984
Other species
  • †Gansus zheni Liu et al., 2014

Description
Images showing the presence of melanosomes in Gansus and extant (C, D) feathers[4]

The genus Gansus contains a single species, G. yumenensis,[2] which was about the size of a pigeon and similar in appearance to loons and diving ducks.[5] It had many features common among modern birds, and also retained some primitive traits such as its clawed wings.[5]

Gansus was discovered in the form of a single fossil foot in 1981. Five more well-preserved fossils were found in 2003–2004 in mudstone at the site of an ancient lake at Changma, Gansu; the geological stratum in which the fossils were found is the Xiagou Formation. Their bodies had settled in anoxic mud and were soon covered with further extremely fine silty sediments. Without oxygen, their remains resisted decay: these specimens preserved remains of flight feathers and traces of the webbing between their toes.[5] In 2011, there were described nine additional specimens, that supported on the basis of a statistic analysis of the sternum and elements of the legs, the hypothesis that Gansus was a volant bird.[6]

You et al. (2006) concluded that the anatomical characteristics of Gansus were similar to foot-propelled diving birds, such as Hesperornis (from the Cretaceous) and the loons (Gaviidae) and grebes (Podicipedidae).[5] On the other hand, Li et al. (2011) concluded that Gansus showed a more similar morphology to ducks.[6] Two years later, Nudds et al. (2013) showed that the pectoral limb length proportions of Gansus were most similar to swifts and hummingbirds (Apodiformes), while the pelvic limb length proportions fell within the modern birds (Neornithes), showing similarities with grebes (Podicipedidae), albatross (Diomedeidae) and cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae), suggesting that Gansus was both volant and capable of diving to some degree using either foot-propelled or, perhaps, both its wings and its feet for underwater locomotion.[7]

Classification
Holotype foot, Paleozoological Museum of China

Gansus was described as the oldest known ornithuran. The Ornithurae, however, has been given several very different definitions. In the definition used by You and colleagues (that is, the clade containing all living birds plus Hesperornis and Ichthyornis), Gansus is indeed the oldest known member. However, several birds from the older Yixian Formation and contemporary Jiufotang Formation are considered ornithurans under other definitions. Under any definition, all living birds, including taxa as diverse as ostriches, hummingbirds and eagles, are descended from basal ornithurans, many of which were semi-aquatic. It is now thought possible that all modern birds descended specifically from a semi-aquatic bird similar to Gansus. Thus, while Gansus is not necessarily a direct ancestor of today's birds, it is closely related to such an ancestral species.[5] This hypothesis was corroborated by later phylogenetic studies that included this taxon.[3][8]

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gollark: Oh, it doesn't really.
gollark: Interesting.
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gollark: Secretly encode that in the broadcast from palaiologos analog radio™, yes.

References
  1. Ji, S.-A. Atterholt, J. O'Connor, J.K. Lamanna, M.C. Harris, J.D. Li, D.-Q. You, H.-L. & Dodson, P. (2011) A new, three-dimensionally preserved enantiornithine bird (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from Gansu Province, north-western China. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162(1):201–219.
  2. Hou, L. & Liu, Z. (1984) A new fossil bird from Lower Cretaceous of Gansu and early evolution of birds. Sci. Sin. Ser. B. 27:1296−1302.
  3. O’Connor, J.K & Zhou, Z. (2012) A redescription of Chaoyangia beishanensis (Aves) and a comprehensive phylogeny of Mesozoic birds. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology.
  4. Barden, H.E. et al. (2011) Morphological and Geochemical Evidence of Eumelanin Preservation in the Feathers of the Early Cretaceous Bird, Gansus yumenensis. PLoS ONE 6(10):e25494.
  5. You, H.-L. Lamanna, M.C. Harris, J.D. Chiappe, L.M. O'Connor, J.K. Ji, S.-A. Lu, J.-C. Yuan, C.-X. Li, D.-G. Zhang, X. Lacovara, K.J. Dodson, P. & Ji, Q. (2006) A Nearly Modern Amphibious Bird from the Early Cretaceous of Northwestern China. Science 312:1640-1643.
  6. Li, Y. Zhang, Y.-G. Zhou, Z.-H. Li, Z.-H. Liu, D. & Wang, X.-L. (2011) New material of Gansus and a discussion on its habit. Vert. PalAs 49:435–445.
  7. Nudds, R.L, Atterholt, J. Wang, X. You, H.-L. & Dyke, G.J. (2013) Locomotory abilities and habitat of the Cretaceous bird Gansus yumenensis inferred from limb length proportions. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 26(1):150–154.
  8. O'Connor, J.K., Gao, K.-Q. & Chiappe, L.M. (2010) A new ornithuromorph. (Aves: Ornithothoraces) bird from the Jehol Group indicative of higher− level diversity. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30:311–321.
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