Forth and Clyde Canal

The Forth and Clyde Canal is a canal opened in 1790, crossing central Scotland; it provided a route for the seagoing vessels of the day between the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde at the narrowest part of the Scottish Lowlands. This allowed navigation from Edinburgh on the east coast to the port of Glasgow on the west coast. The canal is 35 miles (56 km) long and it runs from the River Carron at Grangemouth to the River Clyde at Bowling, and had an important basin at Port Dundas in Glasgow.

The Forth and Clyde Canal, near Bonnybridge and Larbert

Successful in its day, it suffered as the seagoing vessels were built larger and could no longer pass through. The railway age further impaired the success of the canal, and in the 1930s decline had ended in dormancy. The final decision to close the canal in the early 1960s was made due to maintenance costs of bridges crossing the canal exceeding the revenues it brought in. However, subsidies to the rail network were also a cause for its decline and the closure ended the movement of the east-coast Forth River fishing fleets across the country to fish the Irish Sea. The lack of political and financial foresight also removed a historical recreational waterway and potential future revenue generator to the town of Grangemouth. Unlike the majority of major canals the route through Grangemouth was drained and backfilled before 1967 to create a new carriageway for port traffic.

The M8 motorway in the eastern approaches to Glasgow took over some of the alignment of the canal, but more recent ideas have regenerated the utility of the canal for leisure use.

Geography
Bar Hill and Twechar with Kilsyth and Croy in the background

The eastern end of the canal is connected to the River Forth by a stretch of the River Carron near Grangemouth. The canal roughly follows the course of the Roman Antonine Wall and was the biggest infrastructure project in Scotland since then. The highest section of the canal passes close to Kilsyth and it is fed there by an aqueduct which gathers water from (the purpose built) Birkenburn Reservoir in the Kilsyth Hills, stored in another purpose-built reservoir called Townhead near Banton, from where it feeds the canal via a feeder from the Shawend Burn near Craigmarloch. The canal continues past Twechar, through Kirkintilloch and Bishopbriggs to the Maryhill area north of Glasgow city centre. A branch to Port Dundas was built to secure the agreement and financial support of Glasgow merchants who feared losing business if the canal bypassed them completely. This branch flows past Murano Street Student Village, halls of residence for the University of Glasgow. The western end of the canal connects to the River Clyde at Bowling.

In 1840, a 1⁄2-mile (800 m) canal, the Forth and Cart Canal, was built to link the Forth and Clyde canal, at Whitecrook, to the River Clyde, opposite the mouth of the River Cart.

Origins

Priestley, writing in 1831, said:

The first act of parliament relating to this canal, received the royal assent on the 8th of March, 1768, and it is entitled, 'An Act for making and maintaining a navigable Canal from the Firth or River of Forth, at or near the mouth of the River Carron, in the county of Stirling, to the Firth or River of Clyde, at or near a place called Dalmuir Burnfoot, in the county of Dumbarton; and also a collateral Cut from the same to the city of Glasgow; and for making a navigable Cut or Canal of Communication from the Port or Harbour of Borrowstounness, to join the said Canal at or near the place where it will fall into the Firth of Forth.'

The subscribers were incorporated by the name of "The Company of Proprietors of the Forth and Clyde Navigation," with power to raise among themselves the sum of £150,000, in fifteen hundred shares of £100 each, and an additional sum of £50,000, if necessary.[1]

At first there were difficulties with securing the capital for the work, but soon, thanks in the main to investment by Sir Lawrence Dundas, 1st Baronet, "the execution of this canal proceeded with such rapidity, under the direction of [the engineer] Mr. Smeaton, that in two years and three quarters from the date of the first act, one half of the work was finished; when, in consequence of some misunderstanding between him and the proprietors, he declined any further connection with the work, which was shortly afterwards let to contractors, who however failed, and the canal was again placed under the direction of its original projector, who brought it to within six miles [10 km] of its proposed junction with the Clyde, when the work was stopped in 1775 for want of funds, and it continued at a stand for several years."[1]

Numerous supplementary Acts of Parliament preceded this period and more followed, but the key to unlocking the problem was some creativity, in which "the Barons of the Court of Exchequer in Scotland, are, out of the money arising from the sale of forfeited estates, directed to lend the Forth and Clyde Navigation Company the sum of £50,000, by which they were enabled to resume their labours, under the direction of Mr. Robert Whitworth, an engineer possessing a well earned reputation". The work was completed on 28 July 1790.[1]

Contemporary description

Priestley wrote in 1831,

Besides the fine rivers above-mentioned [the Forth and Clyde, the canal], is joined by the Edinburgh and Glasgow Union Canal, near Falkirk; with the Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway at its summit, near the last-mentioned village; and with the Monkland Canal and the Garnkirk and Glasgow Railway, at Port Dundas, near the city of Glasgow.

This magnificent canal commences in the River Forth, in Grangemouth Harbour, and near to where the Carron empties itself into that river. Its course is parallel with the Carron, and in nearly a westwardly direction, passing to the north of the town of Falkirk, and thence to Red Bridge, where it quits the county of Stirling, and enters a detached portion of the shire of Dumbarton. Hence it passes to the south of Kilsyth, and runs along the south bank of the River Kelvin, and over the Luggie Water, by a fine stone aqueduct, at Kirkintilloch; it then approaches within little more than two miles [3 km] of the north-west quarter of the city of Glasgow, to which there is a branch communicating with the Monkland Canal at Port Dundas, near that city. The remaining part of the line is in a westwardly direction, crossing the Kelvin River by a noble aqueduct, and thence to the Clyde, into which, after running parallel with it for some distance, it locks down at Bowling's Bay, near Dalmuir Burnfoot.

The canal is thirty-five miles [56 km] in length, viz, from Grangemouth to the east end of the summit pool, is ten miles and three quarters [17 km], with a rise, from low water in the Forth, of 155 feet [47 m], by twenty locks. The summit level is sixteen miles [26 km] in length, and in the remainder of its course, there is a fall to low water, in the Clyde, at Bowling's Bay, of 156 feet [48 m], by nineteen locks.

The branch to the Monkland Canal at Glasgow is two miles and three quarters [4.4 km]; and there is another cut into the Carron River, at Carron Shore, in order to communicate with the Carron Iron Works.

Though this canal was originally constructed for vessels drawing 7 feet [2.1 m], yet by recent improvements, sea-borne craft of 10 feet [3.0 m] draught may now pass through it, from the Irish Sea to the German Ocean. The locks are 74 feet long and 20 wide [23 m × 6 m]; and upon its course are thirty-three draw-bridges, ten large aqueducts and thirty-three smaller ones; that over the Kelvin being 429 feet [131 m] long and 65 feet [20 m] above the surface of the stream. It is supplied with water from reservoirs; one of which, at Kilmananmuir, is seventy acres [28 ha], and 22 feet [6.7 m] deep at the sluice; and that at Kilsyth is fifty acres [20 ha] in extent, with 24 feet [7.3 m] water at its head.[1]

Passenger traffic
Forth and Clyde Canal
 to Firth of Forth
 River Carron
 Grangemouth
 New entrance (open 2013)
 New sea lock
  A905  road
  M9 
 River Carron
2
 Sea lock, new lock + Kelpies
3
 Carron Cut lock
4
 Abbotshaugh lock
5-10
 Falkirk Flight (6)
  A9  Camelon bridge
11-16
 Falkirk Flight (6)
 Union Canal
 Falkirk Wheel
 Golden Jubilee lock
 Bonnybridge lifting bridge
17
 Underwood lock
18-19
 Castlecary locks
  A80  bridge
20
 Wyndford lock
 Auchinstarry basin
 Aqueduct
 Luggie aqueduct
  A806  Nicholson bridge
  A803  Glasgow Road bridge
  A807  Hungryside bridge
  A879  Lambhill bridge
 Monkland Canal
 Port Dundas Basin
 route cut by  M8 
 Spiers wharf
 Possil Road Aqueduct
 Applecross St Basin
 Bilsland Drive Aqueduct
 Port Dundas branch
  A81  Maryhill aqueduct
21-25
 Maryhill locks (5)
 Kelvin aqueduct
26-27
 Temple locks (2)
  A739  Temple Road bridge
28-32
 Clobberhill locks (5)
  A82  Gt Western Road bridges
33-35
 Boghouse locks (3)
36
 lock
 Forth and Cart Canal
36a
  A814  Dalmuir drop lock
  A898  Erskine bridge
37
 Old Kilpatrick lock
38
 Bowling Basin lock
 Bowling Basin
39
 Old Sea lock
(disused)
 Bowling Basin Sea Lock
 River Clyde

Between 1789 and 1803 the canal was used for trials of William Symington's steamboats, culminating in the Charlotte Dundas, the "first practical steamboat" built at the shipyard in Grangemouth by Alexander Hart.

Passenger boats ran on the canal from 1783, and in 1809 fast boats were introduced, running from Edinburgh to Falkirk in 3 hours 30 minutes, providing such comforts as food, drink and newspapers. By 1812 they carried 44,000 passengers, taking receipts of more than £3,450.

From 1828 there was a steamboat service, operated by Thomas Grahame's boat Cupid.[2]

Construction

The canal was designed by John Smeaton. Construction started in 1768 and after delays due to funding problems was completed in 1790. The geologist James Hutton became very involved in the canal between 1767 and 1774; he contributed his geological knowledge, made extended site inspections, and acted both as a shareholder and as a member of the management committee. The Union Canal was then constructed to link the eastern end of the canal to Edinburgh.

Changes of ownership

In 1842 an Act of Parliament was obtained authorising the Caledonian Railway to take over the Forth and Clyde Canal along with the Forth and Cart Canal, although this did not take effect until 1867.

Main article: Grangemouth branch railways

In the meantime the Canal company itself had built a railway branch line to Grangemouth Dock, which it owned.

The canal was nationalised in 1948, along with the railway companies, and control passed to the British Transport Commission. In 1962, the British Transport Commission was wound up, and control passed to the British Waterways Board; subsequently Scottish Canals took control.

The branch within Glasgow from Maryhill to Port Dundas, showing Ruchill Church.

Run down and revival

In 1963 the canal was closed rather than construct a motorway crossing, and so it became disused and semi-derelict. Canal locks in the Falkirk area on the Union Canal near the connection to the Forth and Clyde canal had been filled in and built over in the 1930s.

As part of the millennium celebrations in 2000, National Lottery funds were used to regenerate both canals. A boatlifting device, the Falkirk Wheel, was built to connect the two canals and once more allow boats to travel from the Clyde or Glasgow to Edinburgh, with a new canal connection to the River Carron and hence the River Forth. The Falkirk Wheel opened on 27 May 2002 and is now a tourist attraction.

The Port Dundas branch has been reconnected from Stockingfield Junction to Pinkston Basin, which once formed the terminus of the Monkland Canal, by the construction of 330 yards (300 m) of new canal and two locks. The project cost £5.6 million,[3] and the first lock and intermediate basin were opened on 29 September 2006. Opening of the second lock was delayed by a dispute over land ownership.[4]

Forth and Clyde Canal Society

The Forth and Clyde Canal Society is a waterway society on the Forth and Clyde Canal in the central lowlands of Scotland. It was formed in 1980[5] to "campaign for the Forth and Clyde's preservation, restoration and development"[6][7]:84

According to the Forth and Clyde Canal Society's website, their current aim is "To promote the canal and to ensure its success".[8]

The Society's campaigning included a petition of over 30,000 signatures for the reopening of the canal, which was then put in place under the Millennium Link project which commenced work in 1999.[7]:88

The society currently has four boats[9] which are used as trip-boats, charter vessels and for members cruises along the canal.[6]

Locks

There are 39 locks on the Forth & Clyde Canal, as follows:

The unique Drop Lock at Dalmuir takes boats below a fixed bridge.
At Bowling the canal widens to a basin at the sea lock to the River Clyde.
  • 1 – New River Carron Sea Lock (The Helix Canal Extension – beyond The Kelpies)
  • 2 – Basin Moorings (Sea Lock)
  • 3 – Carron Cut Lock
  • 4 – Abbotshaugh Lock
  • 5 – Bainsford Lock
  • 6 – Grahamston Iron Works Lock
  • 7 – Merchiston Lock
  • 8 – Merers Lock
  • 9 – Camelon Railway Lock
  • 10 – Camelon Lock
  • 11 – Rosebank Lock
  • 12 – Camelon Lock No. 12
  • 13 – Camelon Lock No. 13
  • 14 – Camelon Lock No. 14
  • 15 – Falkirk Wheel
  • 16 – Falkirk Bottom Lock No. 16
  • 17 – Underwood Lock No. 17
  • 18 – Allandale Lock No. 18
  • 19 – Castlecary Lock No. 19
  • 20 – Wyndford Lock No. 20 (summit level)
  • 21 – Maryhill Top Lock No. 21 (summit level)
  • 22 – Maryhill Lock
  • 23 – Maryhill Lock
  • 24 – Maryhill Lock
  • 25 – Maryhill Bottom Lock No. 25
  • 26 – Kelvindale (Temple Lock No. 26)
  • 27 – Temple Lock No. 27
  • 28 – Cloberhill Top Lock No. 28
  • 29 – Cloberhill Middle Lock No. 29
  • 30 – Cloberhill Bottom Lock No. 30
  • 31 – Cloberhill Lock No. 31
  • Maryhill Locks at sunset
    32 – Cloberhill Lock No. 32
  • 33 – Boghouse Top Lock No. 33
  • 34 – Boghouse Middle Lock No. 34
  • 35 – Boghouse Lower Lock. 35
  • 36 – No. 36
  • Drop Lock – Dalmuir Drop Lock (constructed recently to take navigation below bridge)
  • 37 – Old Kilpatrick
  • 38 – Dalnottar Lock No. 37
  • 39 – Bowling Lock No. 38

The overall ruling dimensions are length: 68 feet 7 inches (20.90 m); beam: 19 feet 9 inches (6.02 m); draught: 6 feet 0 inches (1.83 m); headroom: 9 feet 1 inch (2.77 m), but at the western end larger vessels may use the Bowling basin.

gollark: Everyone else just seems to assume it's a pizza because it's circular and yellow/reddish.
gollark: FINALLY someone doesn't assume it's a pizza.
gollark: Greetings, mortals.
gollark: I saw.
gollark: It was too quiet. I added three electrolytic separators. It's poorly designed but I didn't modify it much.

See also

Footnotes
  1. Joseph Priestley, A Historical Account of the Navigable Rivers, Canals, and Railways, of Great Britain, Longman, Rees Orme, Brown and Green, London, 1831
  2. Robertson, C. J. A. (1983). The Origins of the Scottish Railway System, 1722–1844. Edinburgh: John Donald.
  3. Work Starts on £5.6 Million Canal Link, British Waterways newsroom
  4. Waterways World, November 2006, p.52
  5. Crawford, Alan (26 May 2001). "Now we're back on the straight and narrow". Glasgow Herald  – via HighBeam (subscription required) . Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  7. Dowds, Thomas (2004). The Forth and Clyde Canal: A History. Tuckwell Press. ISBN 9781862322325.
  8. "Afternoon Tea and Cruise with Forth and Clyde Canal Society – 18th July". Scottishcanals.co.uk. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  9. "Forth & Clyde Canal Society". Forthandclyde.org.uk. Retrieved 22 February 2017.

Further reading

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