Firth of Forth

The Firth of Forth (Scottish Gaelic: Linne Foirthe) is the estuary (firth) of several Scottish rivers including the River Forth. It meets the North Sea with Fife on the north coast and Lothian on the south.[2]

For the Genesis song, see Firth of Fifth.

Firth of Forth
Aerial view of the Forth bridges
Firth of Forth
Firth of Forth
Firth of Forth
Firth of Forth
LocationScotland, United Kingdom
Coordinates56.075°N 3.750°W / 56.075; -3.750
Basin countriesScotland, United Kingdom
Designated30 October 2001
Reference no.1111[1]

Name

Firth is a cognate of fjord, a Norse word meaning a narrow inlet.

Forth stems from the name of the river; this is *Vo-rit-ia (slow running) in Proto-Celtic, yielding Foirthe in Old Gaelic and Gweryd in Welsh.[3]

It was known as Bodotria in Roman times. In the Norse sagas it was known as the Myrkvifiörd.[4] An early Welsh name is Merin Iodeo, or the "Sea of Iudeu".[5]

Geography and economy

Geologically, the Firth of Forth is a fjord, formed by the Forth Glacier in the last glacial period.[6] The drainage basin for the Firth of Forth covers a wide geographic area including places as far from the shore as Ben Lomond, Cumbernauld, Harthill, Penicuik and the edges of Gleneagles Golf Course.[7]

Many towns line the shores, as well as the petrochemical complexes at Grangemouth, commercial docks at Leith, former oil rig construction yards at Methil, the ship-breaking facility at Inverkeithing and the naval dockyard at Rosyth, along with numerous other industrial areas, including the Forth Bridgehead area, encompassing Rosyth, Inverkeithing and the southern edge of Dunfermline, Burntisland, Kirkcaldy, Bo'ness and Leven.

From left to right The Queensferry Crossing, the Forth Road Bridge and the Forth Bridge from the South Queensferry side.

The firth is bridged in two places. The Kincardine Bridge and the Clackmannanshire Bridge cross it at Kincardine, while further east the Forth Bridge, the Forth Road Bridge and the Queensferry Crossing cross from North Queensferry to South Queensferry. The Romans reportedly made a bridge of around 900 boats, probably at South Queensferry.[8]

From 1964 to 1982, a tunnel existed under the Firth of Forth, dug by coal miners to link the Kinneil colliery on the south side of the Forth with the Valleyfield colliery on the north side. This is shown in the 1968 educational film Forth - Powerhouse for Industry.[9] The shafts leading into the tunnel were filled and capped with concrete when the tunnel was closed, and it is believed to have filled with water or collapsed in places.[10]

The Fife-Edinburgh hovercraft service

In July, 2007, a hovercraft passenger service completed a two-week trial between Portobello, Edinburgh and Kirkcaldy, Fife. The trial of the service (marketed as "Forthfast") was hailed as a major operational success, with an average passenger load of 85 percent.[11] It was estimated the service would decrease congestion for commuters on the Forth road and rail bridges by carrying about 870,000 passengers each year.[12] Despite its initial success, the project was cancelled in December, 2011.[13]

The inner firth, located between the Kincardine and Forth bridges, has lost about half of its former intertidal area as a result of land reclamation, partly for agriculture, but mainly for industry and the large ash lagoons built to deposit spoil from the coal-fired Longannet Power Station near Kincardine. Historic villages line the Fife shoreline; Limekilns, Charlestown and Culross, established in the 6th century, where Saint Kentigern was born.

The Ro-Pax ferry Blue Star 1 passing under the Forth Bridge in the Firth, en route from Rosyth to Zeebrugge.

The firth is important for nature conservation and is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. The Firth of Forth Islands SPA (Special Protection Area) is home to more than 90,000 breeding seabirds every year. There is a bird observatory on the Isle of May.[14] A series of sand and gravel banks in the approaches to the firth have since 2014 been designated as a Nature Conservation Marine Protected Area under the name Firth of Forth Banks Complex.[15][16]

The youngest person to swim across the Firth of Forth was 13-year-old Joseph Feeney, who accomplished the feat in 1933.[17]

In 2008, a controversial bid to allow oil transfer between ships in the firth was refused by Forth Ports. SPT Marine Services had asked permission to transfer 7.8 million tonnes of crude oil per year between tankers, but the proposals were met with determined opposition from conservation groups.[18]

Two of the three bridges across the Firth, viewed from Dalmeny, Photo taken before construction began on the Queensferry Crossing.

Islands
Satellite photo of the Firth and the surrounding area
Main article: Islands of the Forth

Settlements on the shoreline

North shore

South shore

Map of the Firth

Places of interest
gollark: My nice SDR is receive-only (and SDRs don't have very good transmit power *anyway*), but technically my Raspberry Pi is able to transmit things due to some hardware quirks.
gollark: Yep!
gollark: I can *technically* do that, but obviously it would be illegal and also the signal would be uselessly weak without specialized equipment.
gollark: Idea: increase listener count by illegally broadcasting OIR on actual FM bands.
gollark: I think it is some form of shuffle, though.

References
  1. "Firth of Forth". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  2. "Forth area management plan 2010 – 2015" (PDF). SEPA. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  3. Field, John:Place Names of Great Britain and Ireland, page 74. London, David & Charles, 1980
  4. Anderson, Joseph; Jón A. Hjaltalín (Jón Andrésson Hjaltalín), 1840-1908; Goudie, Gilbert (3 January 1873). "The Orkneyinga saga". Edinburgh, Edmonston and Douglas. Retrieved 3 January 2018 – via Internet Archive.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. Fraser, James E. (2009). From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 171.
  6. "Firth of Forth". www.landforms.eu. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  7. "No. 87 - The Firth of Forth" (PDF). Scottish Natural Heritage. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
  8. Harrison, Jody (26 March 2018). "Secrets of the Romans' forgotten war against Scotland revealed". The Herald. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  9. Cooper, Henry (director). "Forth - Powerhouse for Industry". Moving Image Archive. Campbell Harper Films Ltd. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  10. Fraser MacDonald, "Scotland's secret tunnel under the Forth", The Guardian, 30 April 2014.
  11. "Kirkcaldy-Edinburgh hovercraft trial". The Scottish Executive. 13 July 2007. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
  12. "Plans lodged for Forth hovercraft". Edinburgh Evening News. 7 January 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
  13. "Council 'killed off' hovercraft". 9 December 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  14. "Birding the Isle of May by Darren Hemsley". Scottish Ornithologists' Club. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  15. "Firth of Forth Banks Complex Marine Protected Area (MPA)" (PDF). Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  16. "SiteLink: Firth of Forth Banks Complex MPA(NC)". Scottish Natural Heritage. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  17. "Emma, 10, aims to break 84-year-old Forth swimming record". www.scotsman.com. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  18. "Forth oil transfer plan ruled out". BBC News Online. 1 February 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
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