Wilts & Berks Canal

The Wilts & Berks Canal is a canal in the historic counties of Wiltshire and Berkshire, England, linking the Kennet and Avon Canal at Semington, near Melksham, to the River Thames at Abingdon. The North Wilts Canal merged with it to become a branch to the Thames and Severn Canal at Latton near Cricklade. Among professional trades boatmen, the canal was nicknamed the Ippey Cut, possibly short for Chippenham.

Wilts & Berks Canal
A section of the Canal near Rushey Platt, Swindon.
Specifications
Length	52 miles (84 km) (+ branches totalling 6 miles (9.7 km))
Maximum boat length	72 ft 0 in (21.95 m)
Maximum boat beam	7 ft 0 in (2.13 m)
Locks	42 (+ 3 on Calne branch)
Status	Under restoration
History
Principal engineer	Robert Whitworth
Other engineer(s)	William Whitworth
Date of act	1795
Construction began	1796
Date completed	1810
Date closed	1914
Geography
Start point	River Thames
End point	Kennet and Avon Canal
Branch(es)	Chippenham Calne Wantage Longcot
Connects to	North Wilts Canal

Wilts & Berks Canal
River Thames Abingdon (proposed) New basin - Jubilee Junction (140m) Lock Pumping Station Oday Hill Lock Oday Hill Bridge Stonehill Lock  B4107  road bridge New Cut Mill South Locks (4) New Cut Mill North Locks (4) bridge Abingdon (historic) Abingdon Lock Tythe Barn Lock  A34  road bridge Drayton Lock Steventon Lock Ardington Locks (2) Great Western main line railway bridge Grove Locks (1)  A338  Road bridge Grove Locks (5)  A417  road bridge Wantage branch Wantage wharf West Challow Bridge Childrey Brook Childrey Bridge Shippery Bridge Childrey Wharf  B4001  New Road Bridge Great Western main line railway bridge Longcot Locks (2) Longcot wharf Road bridge Longcot branch  B4000  road bridge (Shrivenham) Steppingstones Lane Bridge Marston Locks (4) route south of Swindon (proposed) Thames and Severn Canal North Wilts Branch Latton Basin aqueducts (2) across River Thames tunnel  B4553  road bridge Hayes Knoll Lock Crosslands Lock Pry Lock Mouldon Lock Moredon Breathing Places Mannington Lock Locks (5) Swindon urban route (proposed) Kingshill wharf Rushey Platt section  M4  tunnel (proposed) Hay Lane Bridge Chaddington Lane Bridge Chaddington Lane Spill Weir Chaddington Lock Woodshaw Lock Templar Firs section (1150m) spill weir Buxton Bridge Noremarsh Bridge  B4011  road bridge Dunnington Locks (2) Dunnington aqueduct (Brinkworth Brook) Breach Lane Bridge  A3102  road bridge Tockenham Reservoir Tockenham Bridge Trow Lane Bridge Seven Locks, Lyneham (7) Bowd's Lane Bridge Sodom Lane Bridge Dauntsey Lock  B4069  road bridge Dauntsey section (700m) City Bridge (Dauntsey) Wood Common Lock Foxham section (700m) Foxham Locks (2) Foxham Road Bridge Charlcutt Hill Bridge Wick Bridge Bencroft Hill Bridge Stanley Junction Calne Branch Carpenters Bridge Hazeland Bridge Fisher's Brook Aqueduct Conigre Locks (2) Conigre Tunnel (under A4) Chaveywell Bridge Calne Lock Calne wharf Stanley Locks (2) Stanley aqueduct (River Marden) Studley Hill Road Bridge Forest Gate Lock  A4  Forest Gate bridge Chippenham Branch (historic) Branch (now under Pewsham Way) Tunnel (intact but buried under   Burlands Rd and Little Englands) Chippenham Wharf (now Bus Station) Pewsham Top Lock Pewsham Top Lock Bridge Pewsham Middle Lock and Dry Dock Pewsham Bottom Lock Cocklemore Brook Spill Weir Triangle Wood Spill Weir Double Bridge Naish Hill section (1.8 km) Bell Inn Bridge Lacock Lock Queenfield Lock Melksham (proposed) Melksham Locks (3) Melksham Town Lock River Avon River Locks (2) Berryfield Lock Melksham (historic) Melksham Forest Lock  A3102  road bridge  A365  road bridge Semington Lock Kennet and Avon Canal

The 52-mile (84 km) canal was opened in 1810, but abandoned in 1914 – a fate hastened by the collapse of Stanley aqueduct in 1901. Much of the canal subsequently became unnavigable: many of the structures were deliberately damaged by army demolition exercises; parts of the route were filled in and in some cases built over. In 1977 the Wilts & Berks Canal Amenity Group was formed with a view to full restoration of the canal. Several locks and bridges have since been restored, and over 8 miles (13 km) of the canal have been rewatered.

Construction

A plan for the canal was published by Robert Whitworth Snr. along with William Whitworth, in 1793.[1] The Bill empowering construction of the canal received Royal Assent in 1795. It allowed the company to raise £111,900 through 1,119 shares at a cost of £100 each for the construction of the canal. Another Act of Parliament was passed in 1801 that allowed the company to raise a further £200,000 to complete the canal.[2]

The canal was cut during the years 1796 to 1810. Robert Whitworth Snr. remained as an engineer on the canal from 1796 to 1799.[1] William Whitworth was resident engineer during this period and, upon Robert's departure, he became engineer until the canal's completion, for which he was paid £255,262.[1]

Following completion, a further two Acts were passed in 1810 and 1813 to alter toll rates on the canal, and another Act was passed in 1815 to allow the company to raise £100,000 to pay off debts collected during the construction of the canal, and to construct a reservoir.[2]

Route

The main canal was 52 miles (84 km) long, with branches totalling 6 miles (9.7 km) to Chippenham, Calne, Wantage and Longcot. It was cut to take narrowboats 72 feet (22 m) long and 7 feet (2.1 m) wide. There were 42 locks on the main line and three on the Calne branch. There were three short tunnels.

While the main canal was opened in 1810, some branches were operating before this and others added afterwards. The North Wilts Canal from Swindon to the Thames and Severn Canal at Cricklade was opened in 1819; it had 11 locks. It was originally a separate company, but merged with the Wilts & Berks following an Act of Parliament in 1821.[2]

Operation

Coal came from the Radstock and Paulton mines in the Somerset coalfield by way of the Somersetshire Coal Canal, which joined the Kennet and Avon Canal at Dundas. In 1837 43,642 tons of coal were transported via the Wilts & Berks Canal from the Somerset coalfield, with 10,669 tons being handled at Abingdon wharf.[3] The Wilts and Berks thus became a link in the chain of canals providing a transport route between the West Country and the Midlands. Water supply was always a problem and a reservoir was constructed near Swindon to supply the canal, now known as Coate Water.[4]

The Wilts & Berks Canal was never a great commercial success due to competition from the railways, especially the Great Western Railway from 1841. In addition, long stretches of the canal were through a type of clay that is unsuitable for lining a canal, and so there was a constant need for puddling, making maintenance costs prohibitive. Despite this, the Wilts & Berks Canal operated for more than a century, though traffic had pretty much ceased by 1901. In that year the Stanley Aqueduct over the River Marden collapsed; an event that proved to be the death knell of the canal.

Abandonment

Overgrown section of the canal, west of Wantage, in 2006.

The canal was formally abandoned by an Act of Parliament in 1914.[5] The Act was sponsored by Swindon Corporation, which gained control of all the land within its boundary. In other areas ownership returned to the owners of adjacent land.

From the early 1930s much of the canal was filled in and generally used for dumping rubbish. Chippenham Wharf, once home to Brinkworth's Coal Depot, was used by residents as a refuse tip, and council minutes from 1926 show a decision to dump pig offal in the disused waterway. A bus station was built on the site, the buried wharf being uncovered briefly during redevelopment in 2006.[6]

During the Second World War many of the locks and other canal structures were used for army exercises and damaged by explosives.

Very little of the old canal survived in usable form, but long rural stretches are clearly delineated.

Restoration

The new link to the Thames under construction

The canal near Grove frozen in December 2010

In 1977 the Wilts & Berks Canal Amenity Group was formed to protect what remained of the canal, and to restore short sections for their amenity value. Their first projects included the clearing of sections at Kingshill, Shrivenham, Dauntsey and Wootton Bassett.[7] Ten years later this became a major restoration project.

The Wilts & Berks Canal Trust was formed in 1997 as a partnership between the W & B Canal Amenity Group and the district and county councils covering the route of the canal. This included the District Councils of North Wilts, West Wilts and Vale of White Horse, the County Councils of Oxfordshire and Wiltshire, and Swindon Borough Council. The aims of the Trust were to protect, conserve and improve the canal and its branches, with the ultimate aim of restoring the whole canal to navigable status. However, the legal structure of the group was unsuitable for accessing some of the grants available for canal restoration, and so it was reformed into the Wilts & Berks Canal Partnership in 2001.[8]

Although development has taken place on some of the land of the canal, much of its route is intact, especially in rural areas. The "line" of the canal has been preserved in Local Development Plans, which means that no new building or development should now take place on the former canal.

The connection of the canal with the River Thames at Abingdon had been closed by development. On 30 August 2006 the Jubilee Junction was opened, providing a new connection with the River Thames further downstream near Culham Lock.[9] The cut initially runs for about 150 yards (140 m) to a winding hole, but will eventually link to the historic route of the canal to the west of Abingdon.[10]

The Trust is progressing with re-watering many of the rural sections, and is working with local councils to construct new sections (possibly including new tunnels) where urban development has made the original route unavailable. Not all development has been urban, however. In Uffington, for instance, a farm has been built on the old wharf site, over the filled canal.

By 2006, a number of bridges and locks had been rebuilt and at least 8 miles (13 km) of the canal were in water. On 26 May 2009, Double Bridge and a short section of rewatered canal to the south of Pewsham was officially opened by the Trust's patron, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall.[11] With the help of a grant from the Gannett Foundation and many hours of work by volunteers, this section was extended to the foot of Pewsham Locks in 2012.[12]

There are some significant engineering challenges lying ahead for the Trust, but they offer opportunities to improve the areas surrounding the canal. The M4 motorway at Swindon was built over the line of the canal. Swindon Council are supporting the restoration of the canal, and are actively planning to route it through the town centre, albeit not quite on the original route. In 2007 a feasibility study suggested that a proposal to construct a canal through Swindon would cost £50m.[13][14] Despite some objections,[15][16] Swindon Borough Council gave approval in 2008 for further investigation of the scheme proposed by the Wilts & Berks Canal Trust.[17] The Thames Valley Chamber of Commerce Group also welcomed the project "as a key element in transforming Swindon's town centre into a leisure and visitor attraction, disposing of its dreary reputation."[18]

In Melksham, where much of the route has been lost to housing,[19] Melksham Town Council agreed in principle to support plans to route the canal through the River Avon in the centre of town. A new weir would raise water levels to permit navigation and an existing weir would be demolished.[20] The plans received official sanction on 15 October 2012, when the Town Council voted to support construction of 2 miles (3.2 km) of new waterway, which will also include a towpath and cycleway, to provide for recreational activities. The plans now need to be ratified by Wiltshire County Council.[21]

The Wilts & Berks Canal Trust has the following active restoration projects:[22]

Active Restoration Projects
Project	Details	Coordinates (Links to map resources)
Childrey Wharf	Drainage works and new spill weir	51.596°N 1.485°W / 51.596; -1.485 (Childrey Wharf)
Steppingstones Lane Bridge	Bridge being rebuilt – nearing completion	51.591°N 1.661°W / 51.591; -1.661 (Steppingstone Lane Bridge)
Latton Basin		51.658°N 1.875°W / 51.658; -1.875 (Latton Basin)
Hayes Knoll Lock	Lock being rebuilt	51.615°N 1.850°W / 51.615; -1.850 (Hayes Knoll Lock)
River Ray Valley, Moredon	Joint project between the Trust and BBC Breathing Spaces[23]	51.582°N 1.820°W / 51.582; -1.820 (Moredon)
Chaddington Lane spill weir and canal	Lock and Spill weir rebuilt, dredging and reprofiling of canal in progress.	51.532°N 1.863°W / 51.532; -1.863 (Chaddington Lane)
Seven Locks, Lynham	Lock chambers 3 & 4 now rebuilt. Lock 2 and bridge to be redesigned & rebuilt.	51.526°N 1.972°W / 51.526; -1.972 (Seven Locks)
Pewsham Locks and canal	3 locks, a bridge, a dry dock, a spill weir and a culvert undergoing restoration.	51.438°N 2.092°W / 51.438; -2.092 (Pewsham Locks)

Restored & new sections in water
Location	Details	Coordinates (Links to map resources)
Jubilee Junction	150 yards (140 m) of new canal and winding hole constructed. Navigable from River Thames.[10]	51.651°N 1.282°W / 51.651; -1.282 (Jubilee Junction)
Templar's Firs section	1,250 yards (1.14 km) of canal restored	51.534°N 1.890°W / 51.534; -1.890 (Templar's Firs)
Dauntsey section	770 yards (700 m) in water	51.520°N 2.010°W / 51.520; -2.010 (Dauntsey)
Foxham section	770 yards (700 m) in water	51.502°N 2.033°W / 51.502; -2.033 (Foxham)
Double Bridge & Naish Hill section	Bridge & 550 yards (500 m) of canal restored[11]	51.429°N 2.102°W / 51.429; -2.102 (Double Bridge)

Note: Much of the route is over land in private ownership with no rights of public access, which may include restoration sites.

Restoration issues

There is some controversy about the restoration of the canal, in particular the felling of trees and the corresponding short-term disruption of wildlife habitats that have evolved in the 100 or so years since the canal was abandoned, and this has been addressed in the North Wiltshire Local Plan.[24]

The trees that most frequently have to be removed are Salix fragilis (crack willow), a fast-growing, short-lived member of the willow family. These have seeded themselves on the towpath side of the canal and may shed large branches in windy weather and are therefore hazardous. Trust work parties consisting of unpaid volunteers may be called out at short notice to deal with trees that have fallen across the towpath, blocking the way for walkers and cyclists.

The Trust aims to keep local groups and residents informed and involved with the work. Senior members of the Trust regularly give talks and guided walks along the canal. These are intended to show how a linear wildlife corridor can be created from what has formerly been stagnant water with rubbish dumped in it. The phrase used is "not even wildlife likes a stagnant canal".

Objections to a canal route through Swindon town centre are believed to arise from misconception that canals contain "stagnant water". However canals are permanently moving water slowly downstream, and are thus not stagnant. The passage of boats keeps the water stirred up making it muddy-looking, but this is essential to prevent the growth of weeds. In January 2008 Swindon Council considered a report, prepared by their consultants, on the feasibility and implications of restoring the town centre route. They endorsed the proposal, and have set up a task group to make further progress.[25]

There is concern in south Oxfordshire about the risk of flooding, and it can be argued that the canal will act as a drainage system, helping to take excess water and move it away to the Thames. The Environment Agency have expressed concerns about the proposed route of the canal at Melksham, and its effect on the floodplain, and there have been calls from local landowners to ensure that a town-centre route is re-established.[26]

Trust work parties are installing fencing, accommodation bridges and drainage as well as undertaking tree maintenance and removal where required

Name

The official name of the canal was always "Wilts & Berks Canal" as cited in the Acts of Parliament that authorised its building and abandonment. It should not be referred to as the "Wiltshire and Berkshire Canal", but as "the former Wilts & Berks Canal". Likewise the "North Wilts Canal" should not be referred to as the "North Wiltshire Canal".

Following local council boundary changes in 1973 the part of Berkshire through which the canal passes (mostly the Vale of White Horse) was transferred to Oxfordshire. However, the canal's original name is retained for historical reasons.

Map of route

Point	Coordinates (Links to map resources)	OS Grid Ref	Notes a
Jubilee Junction	51.651°N 1.282°W / 51.651; -1.282 (Jubilee Junction)	SU496949	junction with River Thames
Wantage	51.596°N 1.438°W / 51.596; -1.438 (Wantage)	SU384887
Shrivenham	51.590°N 1.662°W / 51.590; -1.662 (Shrivenham)	SU234880
Cricklade	51.657°N 1.876°W / 51.657; -1.876 (Cricklade)	SU104945	junction with Thames and Severn Canal
approximate midpoint	51.549°N 1.805°W / 51.549; -1.805 (approximate midpoint)	SU135834	junction with North Wilts Canal
Seven Locks	51.526°N 1.971°W / 51.526; -1.971 (Seven Locks)	SU201808
Stanley Junction	51.452°N 2.058°W / 51.452; -2.058 (Stanley Junction)	ST959726	junction with Calne branch
Semington Junction	51.348°N 2.146°W / 51.348; -2.146 (Semington Junction)	ST898610	junction with Kennet & Avon Canal

See also

• Canals of Great Britain
• History of the British canal system

References

1. A. W. Skempton (2002). A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland. Thomas Telford. ISBN 0-7277-2939-X.
2. Joseph Priestley (1831) Historical Account of the Navigable Rivers, Canals, and Railways, Throughout Great Britain, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green
3. Clew, Kenneth R. (1970). The Somersetshire Coal Canal and Railways. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. ISBN 0-7153-4792-6.
4. Mark Child (2002). Swindon : An Illustrated History. United Kingdom: Breedon Books Publishing. ISBN 1-85983-322-5.
5. London Gazette, (31 July 1914), Swindon Corporation (Wilts and Berks Canal Abandonment) Act, 1914, accessed 25 August 2009
6. Parkes, Benjamin (9 November 2006). "Last glimpse of canal". The Wiltshire Gazette and Herald. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
7. Squires, Dr. Roger (1983). The New Navvies. Chichester, Sussex: Phillimore. pp. 123–124. ISBN 0-85033-364-4.
8. "About the Trust". www.wbct.org.uk. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
9. CPRE Oxfordshire Campaign Briefing 5 September 2006
10. Grand Opening of Jubilee Junction
11. "The Duchess opens a new bridge as Patron of the Wilts and Berks Canal Trust". (Double Bridge, Lacock). The Prince of Wales website. 26 May 2009. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2009.
12. "Restoration reaches Pewsham Locks". Waterways World: 40. July 2012. ISSN 0309-1422.
13. "Town centre canal will cost £50m". BBC. 10 October 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
14. Halcrow Group Ltd (2008). "Swindon Central Canal Route Study" (PDF). Retrieved 25 April 2020.
15. Wallin, James (20 April 2008). "Bid to ditch canal project". Swindon Advertiser. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
16. "You, the readers, are against canal idea". Swindon Advertiser. 27 March 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
17. "More support for town canal plan". BBC. 24 January 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
18. Wallin, James (6 May 2008). "Canal would give town a big boost". Swindon Advertiser. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
19. "Plans to route canal through town". BBC News. 4 July 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
20. Morgan, Charley (18 December 2007). "Council backs canal plan". Swindon Advertiser. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
21. Melksham Canal-River link gets go-ahead. Waterways World. December 2012. p. 36. ISSN 0309-1422.
22. • Wilts & Berks Canal Trust, Dragonfly, No. 113, Summer 2009. (No ISBN)
23. "BBC Breathing Places". Retrieved 29 July 2009.
24. "Adopted North Wiltshire Local Plan 2011 – 13. Tourism Topic Area Policies". localplan.northwilts.gov.uk. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
25. Swindon Borough Council, Canal Feasibility Study – Review, accessed 19 December 2008
26. Swindon Advertiser, (5 April 2002), Landowners back town route for canal, accessed 19 December 2008

Further reading

• Dalby, L.J. (2000) [1971]. The Wilts and Berks Canal (3rd ed.). Usk: Oakwood Press. ISBN 0-85361-562-4.
• Small, Doug (1999). The Wilts & Berks Canal. Stroud: Tempus Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7524-1619-9.
• Small, Doug (2010). Wilts and Berks Canal Revisited. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-5146-6.

External links

• Official website
• A Brief History of the Wilts & Berks Canal, Peter Scatchard, W&BCT
• "Victoria County History – Wiltshire – vol 4 pp272-279 - Canals". British History Online. University of London. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
• Trading on the Wilts & Berks Canal, Reg Wilkinson, Vale and Downland Museum

Restoration progress

• Wilts & Berks Canal Trust – Official website: overview of current projects
• W&BCT: Melksham, Calne and Chippenham Branch
• W&BCT: East Vale Branch – Jubilee Junction (River Thames) to Childrey
• W&BCT: Cricklade Branch – North Wilts Canal
• W&BCT: Swindon Branch – Illustrated description of the proposed route through Swindon

Next confluence upstream	River Thames	Next confluence downstream
River Ock (south)	Wilts & Berks Canal	River Thame (north)