Incel

Incels (/ˈɪnsɛlz/ IN-selz), a portmanteau of "involuntary celibates", are members of an online subculture who define themselves as unable to find a romantic or sexual partner despite desiring one.[1][2][3] Discussions in incel forums are often characterized by resentment, misogyny, misanthropy, self-pity and self-loathing, racism, a sense of entitlement to sex, and the endorsement of violence against sexually active people.[14] The American nonprofit Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) described the subculture as "part of the online male supremacist ecosystem" that is included in their list of hate groups.[15][16] Incels are mostly male and heterosexual,[10][12][17] and many sources report that incels are predominantly white.[18][19][20] Estimates of the overall size of the subculture vary greatly, ranging from thousands to hundreds of thousands.[21][22]

For other uses, see Incel (disambiguation).

At least six mass murders, resulting in a total of 44 deaths, have been committed since 2014 by men who have either self-identified as incels or who had mentioned incel-related names and writings in their private writings or Internet postings. Incel communities have been criticized by the media and researchers for being misogynistic, encouraging violence, spreading extremist views, and radicalizing their members.[2][23][24][20] Beginning in 2018, the incel ideology has increasingly been described as a terrorism threat, and a February 2020 attack in Toronto, Canada became the first instance of allegedly incel-related violence to be prosecuted as an act of terrorism.[20][25][26][27]

History

The first online community to use the term "incel" was started in 1993 when a Canadian university student known only by her first name, Alana, created a website in order to discuss her sexual inactivity with others.[5][28][29][30] The website, titled "Alana's Involuntary Celibacy Project", was used by people of all genders to share their thoughts and experiences.[5] In 1997, she started a mailing list on the topic that used the abbreviation INVCEL, later shortened to "incel", for "anybody of any gender who was lonely, had never had sex or who hadn't had a relationship in a long time".[31] During her college years and after, Alana realized she was bisexual and became more comfortable with her identity.[30] She stopped participating in her online project around 2000 and gave the site to a stranger.[32][29] In 2018, Alana said of her project, "It definitely wasn't a bunch of guys blaming women for their problems. That's a pretty sad version of this phenomenon that's happening today. Things have changed in the last 20 years."[31] When she read about the 2014 Isla Vista killings, and that parts of the incel subculture glorified the perpetrator, she wrote, "Like a scientist who invented something that ended up being a weapon of war, I can't uninvent this word, nor restrict it to the nicer people who need it."[33][30] She expressed regret at the change in usage from her original intent of creating an "inclusive community" for people of all genders who were sexually deprived due to social awkwardness, marginalization, or mental illness.[21]

The message board love-shy.com was founded in 2003 as a place for people who felt perpetually rejected or were extremely shy with potential partners to discuss their situations.[34][35] It was less strictly moderated than its counterpart, IncelSupport, which was also founded in the 2000s, and while IncelSupport welcomed men and women and banned misogynistic posts, love-shy.com's userbase was overwhelmingly male. Over the next decade, the membership of love-shy.com and other online communities like 4chan increasingly overlapped.[32] In the 2000s, incel communities became more extremist as they adopted behaviors common on forums like 4chan and Reddit, where extremist posts were encouraged as a way to achieve visibility. As edgy and extremist statements became more prevalent in incel communities, so too did extremist trolling and "shitposting".[20]

The /r/incels subreddit, a forum on the website Reddit, later became a particularly active incel community. It was known as a place where men blamed women for their involuntary celibacy, sometimes advocated for rape or other forms of violence, and were misogynistic and often racist.[36][37] One post titled "general question about how rapists get caught" was asked by a member pretending to be a woman, saying they wanted to know how a woman who was drugged and raped would begin finding her rapist.[36][33] On October 25, 2017, Reddit announced a new policy that banned "content that encourages, glorifies, incites, or calls for violence or physical harm against an individual or a group of people".[38] Reddit banned the /r/incels subreddit on November 7, 2017, under the policy's purview. At the time of the ban, the community had around 40,000 members.[37] After the subreddit was shut down the incel community continued to inhabit Reddit in various other subreddits; on September 30, 2019, Reddit banned another large incel subreddit, /r/braincels, after again broadening its banning policy.[4][39]

Incels came to wider public notice with the banning of /r/incels and when a series of mass murders were committed by men who either identified as incels or shared similar ideologies.[35][40] Increased interest in incel communities has been attributed to feelings of "aggrieved entitlement" among some men who feel they are being denied rights they deserve and blame women for their lack of sex.[41]

Incel communities have become more extremist and focused on violence in recent years.[42][43][9] This has been attributed to various factors, including influence from overlapping online hate groups and the rise of the alt-right and white supremacist groups.[2][44][24][42] The misogynistic and sometimes violent rhetoric of some incels has led to numerous bans from websites and webhosts.[10][36][45][19] Incel communities continue to exist on more lenient platforms, such as Reddit, 4chan, 8chan, Voat, and Gab.[34][46][20] More extremist incels have increasingly migrated to obscure locations including gaming chat services and the dark web to avoid site shutdowns and the self-censorship that has developed among some incel communities as an effort to avoid drawing scrutiny from law enforcement or website service providers.[20]

Beginning in 2018 and increasing into 2020, the incel ideology has been described by governments and researchers as a terrorism threat, and law enforcement have issued warnings about the subculture.[20][26] In May 2019, an American man was sentenced to up to five years in prison for attempting to make terrorist threats for posting on social media, "I'm planning on shooting up a public place... killing as many girls as I see."[47] In September 2019, the U.S. Army warned soldiers about the possibility of violence at movie theaters showing the Joker film, after "disturbing and very specific chatter" was found in conversations among incels on the dark web.[20] A January 2020 report by the Texas Department of Public Safety warned that incels are an "emerging domestic terrorism threat".[48][25] A 2020 paper published by Bruce Hoffman and colleagues in Studies in Conflict & Terrorism concluded that "the violent manifestations of the ideology pose a new terrorism threat, which should not be dismissed or ignored by domestic law enforcement agencies."[20] Dr. John Horgan, a psychology professor at Georgia State University who in 2019 received a $250,000 grant from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security to study the incel subculture, explained why the incel ideology equates to terrorism: "the fact that incels are aspiring to change things up in a bigger, broader ideological sense, that's, for me, what make it a classic example of terrorism. That's not saying all incels are terrorists. But violent incel activity is, unquestionably, terrorism in my view."[49] In February 2020, an attack in Toronto that was allegedly motivated by incel ideologies became the first such act of violence to be prosecuted as terrorism, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police stated that they consider the incel subculture to be an Ideologically Motivated Violent Extremist (IMVE) movement.[27]

Ideology

Many incel communities are characterized by resentment, self-pity, racism, misogyny, misanthropy, and narcissism.[14][36][37][45][19] Discussions often revolve around the belief that men are entitled to sex; other common topics include idleness, loneliness, unhappiness, suicide, sexual surrogates, and prostitutes, as well as various attributes they believe increase one's desirability as a partner such as income or personality.[35][50][6] Opposition to feminism and women's rights is commonplace, and some posters blame women's liberation for their inability to find a partner.[51] Some incels believe that there was a golden age in which couples married early, were strictly monogamous, and adhered to traditional gender roles. They believe that during this time, looks played less of a role in romantic pairings and men's "entitlement" to sex with women was never denied.[20][52] While incels who hold this belief often disagree about precisely when this golden age occurred, they concur that it was gradually destroyed by feminism, the sexual revolution, women's liberation, and technological progress.[52] Antisemitic beliefs are also regularly found on incel forums, with some posters going so far as to blame the rise of feminism on a plot masterminded by Jews to weaken the Western world.[32][20]

Incel communities are a part of the broader manosphere, a loose collection of misogynist movements that also includes men's rights activists, Men Going Their Own Way (MGTOW), pickup artists (PUA), and fathers' rights groups.[53][54] Journalists for The New York Times have said that involuntary celibacy is an adaptation of the idea of "male supremacy" and that the communities have evolved into a movement "made up of people—some celibate, some not—who believe that women should be treated as sexual objects with few rights".[55][56] The Southern Poverty Law Center also described the subculture as "part of the online male supremacist ecosystem", which they began including in their list of hate groups in 2018.[16] While incels believe that they are physically inferior to the rest of society, often referring to themselves as "subhuman", researchers have agreed that incels also espouse supremacist views: either that they are superior to women, or superior to non-incels in general.[52][6][57][58] A 2019 study published in Terrorism and Political Violence found that incels believe themselves to be the only ones who are "capable of pro-social values and intelligent enough ('high IQ') to see the truth about the social world." The study determined that incels followed a pattern that is typical of extremist groups: ascribing highly negative values to out-groups and positive values to in-groups, with the unusual caveat that despite seeing themselves as psychologically superior, incels also view themselves negatively in terms of physical appearance.[52]

Incel communities sometimes overlap with communities such as Men Going Their Own Way,[59] men's rights activism, people who believe they are experiencing "true forced loneliness" (TFL),[50] and pickup artistry,[35][60] although at least one incel website has expressed hatred for pickup artistry and accuses pickup artists and dating coaches of financially exploiting incels.[60][61][62] The incel communities have also been observed to overlap with far-right groups, with the Centre for Analysis of the Radical Right noting that incels "are part of a growing trend of radical-right movements" that are distressed by neoliberalism, especially women's empowerment and immigration.[63][20] Hoffman and colleagues, publishing in Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, stated that "a particularly worrisome trend is how seamlessly the militant incel community has been integrated into the alt-right tapestry, with common grievances and intermingling membership bringing the two extremisms closer together."[20]

2014 memorial service at Harder Stadium for the victims of the 2014 Isla Vista killings by self-identified incel Elliot Rodger

Some discussions in incel communities endorse violence against sexually active women and more sexually successful men;[37][64][65] harassment of women,[23] including activities such as catfishing;[23] and suicide among incels.[66] According to the Anti-Defamation League, incels are the most violent community within the manosphere.[67] In some communities, it is common for posts to glorify violence by self-identified incels such as Elliot Rodger (perpetrator of the 2014 Isla Vista killings) and Alek Minassian (2018 Toronto van attack suspect),[68][69] as well as by those they believe shared their ideology such as Marc Lépine (perpetrator of the 1989 École Polytechnique massacre),[23] Seung-Hui Cho (perpetrator of the 2007 Virginia Tech shooting),[70] and George Sodini (perpetrator of the 2009 Collier Township shooting).[60] Rodger is the most frequently referenced, with incels often referring to him as their "saint" and sharing memes in which his face has been superimposed onto paintings of Christian icons. Some incels consider him to be the true progenitor of today's online incel communities.[32] Some incels see violence as the only solution to what they see as societal oppression and abuse against them, and speak frequently of incel "uprisings" and "revolts". Other incels take the more nihilistic view that nothing will change society, even violent acts. Some incels support the idea of violence as revenge on society, without the hope it will lead to societal change.[52] A subgroup of incels who frequent websites run by Nathan Larson, a perennial political candidate and active participant in incel communities, work deliberately to convince other incels that they are justified in raping women if they are rejected sexually.[32] Some incels describe women's sexual rejection of them as "reverse rape", a phenomenon they consider to be equally harmful as rape.[67]

Many incels justify their prejudices using interpretations taken from concepts such as biological determinism and evolutionary psychology.[71][57] Other concepts that incels may believe in include female hypergamy; genetic superiority of men over women; the "80/20 rule" (an application of the Pareto principle) which suggests that 80% of women desire the top 20% of most attractive men; and, among non-whites, the "just be white" (JBW) theory, which suggests that Caucasians face the fewest obstacles when dating.[51][72][59] Incels also believe that single people seeking a partner participate in a cruel, mercenary, and Darwinian sexual selection, wherein incels are genetically unfit and where women hold an advantage for reasons ranging from feminism to the use of cosmetics.[73] Incels may attribute their lack of sexual success to factors such as shyness, sex-segregated work environments, negative body image,[74] penis size,[72] or their physical appearance,[75] and commonly believe that the only thing more important than looks in improving a man's eligibility as a prospective partner is wealth.[76] Some incels justify their beliefs based on the works of fringe social psychologist Brian Gilmartin and clinical psychologist Jordan Peterson.[35][71][56]

"Black pill"

The "black pill" is a set of beliefs that are commonly held amongst members of incel communities, such as biological determinism, fatalism, and defeatism for unattractive people.[77] Someone who believes in the black pill is referred to as "blackpilled".[78] The black pill has been described by Vox correspondent Zack Beauchamp as "a profoundly sexist ideology that ... amounts to a fundamental rejection of women's sexual emancipation, labeling women shallow, cruel creatures who will choose only the most attractive men if given the choice."[32]

The black pill is an extension of the "red pill" allusion that is common among manosphere communities. The "red pill" originates from the dilemma in the movie The Matrix where the protagonist must choose to remain in a world of illusion (taking the blue pill) or to see the world as it really is (taking the red pill).[79] In the context of men's rights activism, people who are "bluepilled" believe in feminism and the existence of patriarchal structures in society.[80][81][82] Conversely, "taking the red pill" means seeing a world where feminism has given women too much power over men, and male privilege does not exist.[83][82] The term "black pill" was first popularized on the blog Omega Virgin Revolt, where it represented a belief that the entire social system was broken and that one's place in the system was not something any individual could change.[59][84] To incels, "taking the black pill" means realizing that they are hopeless, and that their lack of success romantically and sexually is permanent regardless of any changes they might try to make to their physical appearance, personality, or other characteristics.[71][84][52][20]

On the former incel subreddit /r/braincels, "blackpills" were memes (usually images) that users shared to describe a user's thoughts, many of which criticized women as egocentric, cruel, and shallow.[85] Although the tone of the subreddit was similar, moderators of the forum said that they did not endorse, support, or glorify violence or violent people, a distinction they made from the subject matter of its predecessor /r/incels that resulted in its being banned from Reddit.[85] The /r/braincels subreddit was banned later, however, on September 30, 2019.[39]

Lexicology

The term "involuntary celibate" (shortened to "incel") refers to self-identifying members of an online subculture based around the inability to find a romantic or sexual partner despite desiring one, a state they describe as "inceldom" or "incelibacy".[1][2][3][86] It is sometimes used interchangeably or alongside other terms, such as "love-shy" (describing those with social anxiety or excessive shyness preventing romantic success),[34][87] "FA" (short for "forever alone"),[88] "unfuckability",[89] "omegas",[90] "betas",[91] "the undersexed",[92] or "the sexless".[12] Alana, the coiner of the term incel, initially considered using other terms such as "perpetually single" or "dating shy".[29]

Members of incel communities regularly use jargon and a distinct dialect.[59] Incels often use dehumanizing and vulgar terms for women, such as "femoids" (which they sometimes shorten to "foids") and "roasties" (a reference to the labia minora, which incels believe changes shape after a woman becomes sexually active and begins to resemble sliced roast beef).[52][93] Incels refer to attractive sexually active women as "stacys", less attractive sexually active women as "beckys", and attractive sexually active men as "chads".[36][78][94] People who are average looking and not incels are "normies".[52] "Mogging" refers to the act of eclipsing another person in terms of physical appearance and thereby undermining them. "Looksmaxing" is an attempt at enhancing one's appearance by methods including getting a haircut and dressing nicely, taking steroids and working out, or undergoing plastic surgery.[50][67][95] The abbreviation "NEET" refers to people who do not have jobs and are not attending school: "not in education, employment, or training".[91]

Members of incel communities use many variations of the term "incel" to refer to subgroups within the community, such as "volcels" (voluntary celibate; someone who chooses to forego sexual intercourse), "fakecels" (those who claim to be incel, but in reality have recently had sex or been in a relationship), and "truecels" (true incels; men who have never had any sexual or romantic encounters).[67][71][96][97] There are also a number of race-based variations of the term "incel" which refer to people who believe their race is the reason behind their inability to find a partner, including "currycels" (people of South Asian ancestry) and "ricecels" (those of Chinese or Southeast Asian backgrounds), or collectively, "ethnicels".[66][72][98][8]

The term "incel" is sometimes used as an insult to label men who are seen as undesirable, but who are not part of the online community.[99]

Demographics

Self-identified incels are mostly male and heterosexual, and are often described as young and friendless introverts.[100] Estimates of the size of incel communities vary,[35][90][101] and range from the thousands, to tens of thousands, to hundreds of thousands.[21][32][77][22]

Many sources describe incels as predominantly white. Sociologist Ross Haenfler was quoted in The Washington Post describing them as primarily white.[18] Heidi Beirich of the Southern Poverty Law Center echoed this to NBC News, saying they are "young, frustrated white males in their late teens into their early twenties who are having a hard time adjusting to adulthood".[19] Jaki and colleagues, publishing linguistic analysis of a large incel forum in The Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict in June 2019, contended that "contrary to what is often reported" there was no definitive evidence that the group is predominantly white, and that "it is impossible to say whether the majority of ... users are white men, but our data implies that this may be less true than expected. They suggested that the various mentions of race on the forum "may reflect, to some extent, the ethnic variety of the forum".[102] However, Hoffman and colleagues, publishing in Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, reported that a March 2020 survey of the same forum determined that most respondents self-identified as Caucasian.[20]

Some media outlets depict incels as unemployed ("NEET") and living with parents.[34] Incels are mainly located in North America and Europe, although there are also incel communities for people outside the Anglosphere, such as the Italian website Il Forum dei Brutti.[22][20][103] The English language forums also receive much traffic from non-anglophone countries. Research published in 2020 by the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) on the three largest incel forums found they had a total of about 20,000 users, with only about 1,000 who post actively. The FOI found that between 4.6–7.3% of the visitors to the forums originated from Sweden, though they caution this may not be accurate given the use of personal VPNs.[104]

The incel subculture includes people who are in sexless marriages (or other sexless relationships) but who wish to be sexually active. Asexual people and those who are voluntarily sexually abstinent are not considered incels.[105]

Female incels

The first incel website, Alana's Involuntary Celibacy Project, was gender-inclusive.[106] There are present day women-specific incel forums, such as /r/Femcels, /r/TruFemcels, and /r/ForeverAloneWomen.[30][107][108] Nonetheless, there is disagreement in online incel communities on whether women can be incels, with some claiming that male incels grossly outnumber female incels,[109] others claiming that it is impossible for women to be an incel at all,[35] others claiming that only women with a physical deformity can be incels,[110] and others arguing that only unattractive women belonging to the "bottom percentile in terms of appearance" can be incels.[111] According to the Anti-Defamation League, the majority of incels do not believe women can be incels.[67]

Tens of thousands of self-identifying female incels, also called "femcels", are reported to populate the internet. Their most popular site is r/TruFemcels on Reddit, with over 22,000 members.[112] Journalists have written that outside of the female incels' own communities, few believe women can genuinely experience involuntary celibacy.[112][113][114] Some female incels believe they could have casual sex, but fear it would only be from men who would abuse or disrespect them.[112][113][114]

Women who identify as incels share some similarities with their male counterparts, such as belief that physical appearance is the most important factor in finding a partner. In other ways they tend to be different; for example, according to journalist Isabelle Kohn, rather than being angry at the men who reject them, they empathize with the men for not wanting to date them. Kohn notes the tendency for female incels to turn their rage inwards, rather than outwards like males.[112] Journalist Arwa Mahdawi hypothesizes that the fact female incels do not go on violent rampages like some male incels is the most obvious reason why female incels have not received much attention in mainstream media.[113] As of February 2020, Kohn wrote that she could find "mountains" of academic papers on male incels, but none on female incels. She says the assumption that female incels do not exist adds to their pain.[112]

Mental health

"Involuntary celibacy" is not a medical or psychological condition. Some people who identify as incel have physical disabilities or psychological disorders such as depression, autism spectrum disorder, and body dysmorphic disorder.[57] Some visitors of incel forums attribute their inability to find a partner to physical or mental ailments, while some others attribute it to extreme introversion. Many incels engage in self-diagnosis of mental health issues, and members of incel communities often discourage posters who post about mental illness from seeing therapists or otherwise seeking treatment.[71][4][115] Some incels with severe depression are also suicidal, and some members of incel communities encourage suicidal members to kill themselves, sometimes recommending they commit acts of mass violence before doing so.[34][4][42][95]

Mass murders and violence
2020 Toronto machete attackHanau shootings2019 Dallas courthouse shooting2018 Tallahassee shootingToronto van attackStoneman Douglas High School shootingAztec High School shootingUmpqua Community College shooting2014 Isla Vista killings
Timeline of violence committed or suspected to have been committed by men who have self-identified as involuntarily celibate, or whose statements align with incel ideologies

Several mass murders and other violent attacks have been committed or are suspected to have been committed by men who have self-identified as involuntarily celibate, or whose statements align with incel ideologies.

2000s

On August 4, 2009, George Sodini opened fire at an LA Fitness health club in Collier Township, a suburb of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Three women were murdered and nine other people were injured before Sodini killed himself.[116][117] He purportedly expressed sexual frustration and complained of constant rejections by women on a website registered in his name.[118] In the years following the shooting, Sodini has been embraced by some incel communities.[60]

2010s

Elliot Rodger killed six people and injured fourteen others before killing himself in Isla Vista, California on May 23, 2014, near the campus of University of California, Santa Barbara. These killings drew media attention to the concept of involuntary celibacy, and particularly the misogyny and glorification of violence that are a mainstay of many incel communities. Rodger self-identified as an incel and left behind a 137-page manifesto and YouTube videos in which he detailed his involuntary celibacy and discussed how he wanted revenge for being rejected by women.[29][119][120][121] He had been an active member of a community popular among incels called PUAHate (short for "pickup artist hate"), and referenced it several times in his manifesto.[122][123][40][60][124] Although PUAHate shut down soon after the attack, Rodger became something of a martyr to some communities that remained, and to some of those that emerged later.[15][40][125] It is common to see references to "E.R." in incel forums, and mass violence by incels is regularly referred to as "going E.R."[67][20] Rodger has been referenced by the perpetrators or suspected perpetrators of several other mass killings, and is one of several attackers who are regularly praised by members of incel communities.[69][60]

Chris Harper-Mercer killed nine people and injured eight others before killing himself in a shooting at the Umpqua Community College campus on October 1, 2015 in Roseburg, Oregon. He left a manifesto at the scene, outlining his interest in other mass murders including the Isla Vista killings, his anger at not having a girlfriend, and his animus towards the world. In his journal writings, he had related with Elliot Rodger and other mass shooters, describing them as "people who stand with the gods".[19] Before the attack, when someone on an online message board had speculated Harper-Mercer was "saving himself for someone special", Harper-Mercer had replied: 'involuntarily so."[35][126][127][128] Several hours before the shooting, someone suspected to be Harper-Mercer posted a threat to a Pacific Northwest college to /r9k/, a 4chan board with many incel posters.[34][129][130]

On July 31, 2016, Sheldon Bentley robbed and killed an unconscious man in an alleyway in Edmonton, Alberta. During his trial, Bentley said he killed the man by stomping on his abdomen because he was frustrated with stress from his job as a security guard and with being involuntarily celibate for four years.[131][132]

William Atchison killed two people before killing himself on December 7, 2017 in Aztec, New Mexico, in a shooting at Aztec High School, where he had previously been a student. He had used the pseudonym "Elliot Rodger" on several online forums, and praised "the supreme gentleman" (a term Rodger had used to describe himself, which has since become a common reference among incel communities).[69][133] Atchison had also posted far-right content online.[67]

On February 14, 2018, Nikolas Cruz was accused of killing seventeen people and injured seventeen others in a shooting at Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida. Allegedly also motivated by other extremist views, Cruz had previously posted online that "Elliot Rodger will not be forgotten".[19][67][134]

After an April 23, 2018 vehicle-ramming attack in Toronto, Ontario, Alek Minassian was charged with 10 counts of first-degree murder and 16 counts of attempted murder. Shortly before the attack, Minassian had allegedly posted on Facebook that "the Incel Rebellion has already begun" and applauded Rodger.[29][55][135][136] The term "Incel Rebellion" is sometimes used interchangeably with the term "Beta Uprising", which refers to a violent response to incels' perceived sexual deprivation.[1] Following the attack, a poster on a website created to supersede /r/incels wrote about Minassian, "I hope this guy wrote a manifesto because he could be our next new saint."[15] Following the attack, police claimed that Minassian had been radicalized by incel communities. A video interview was later released in September 2019 showing Minassian being interrogated by police shortly after the attacks. In the video, Minassian is shown telling police that he was a virgin, and that he was motivated by a resentment of "Chads and Staceys", as well as women who gave "their love and affection to obnoxious brutes" rather than to him. The video also showed Minassian saying that he hoped the alleged attack would "inspire future masses to join me" in committing acts of violence as a part of the "Beta Uprising".[137]

On November 2, 2018, Scott Beierle killed two women and injured four women and a man before killing himself in a shooting at the Hot Yoga Tallahassee studio in Tallahassee, Florida.[138] He had been a follower of incel ideologies for a long time, and also had a history of arrests for grabbing women's buttocks.[20][139] In 2014 he posted several YouTube videos of himself espousing extreme hatred for women and expressing anger over not having a girlfriend, mentioning Elliot Rodger in one video. In the months leading up to the shooting, he posted numerous misogynistic, racist, violent, and homophobic songs to SoundCloud.[138][139][140]

In January 2019, Christopher Cleary was arrested for posting on Facebook that he was "planning on shooting up a public place soon and being the next mass shooter" and "killing as many girls as I see" because he had never had a girlfriend and was a virgin. He has been described as an incel in the media.[47][141][142] In May 2019, Cleary was sentenced to up to five years in prison for an attempted threat of terrorism.[143]

Bryan Isaack Clyde began what was intended to be a mass shooting at the Earle Cabell Federal Building and Courthouse in Dallas, Texas on June 17, 2019, but was shot and fatally wounded by officers from the Federal Protective Service before he injured anyone. Clyde had shared incel memes on social media, along with other posts referencing right-wing beliefs and conspiracy theories.[144][145] Following the incident, the Joint Base Andrews military base briefed its personnel on incels, with a spokesman describing them as "a very real threat to military members and civilians."[146]

Incels have also praised attackers with unclear motives who they believe to be incels. After the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, some of the incel community celebrated the shooter Stephen Paddock, who they felt was a hero who was targeting "normies".[15] After the 2018 Toronto shooting, posters on an incel message board expressed excitement with the possibility that the perpetrator might be an incel, although no motive has been identified.[23]

2020s

Tobias Rathjen committed two mass shootings in Hanau, Germany on February 19, 2020, killing ten people and himself, and leaving behind a manifesto described by Insider as "delusional". Some media sources reported that Rathjen self-identified as an incel in the manifesto; others said that he did not use the term.[147][148] The manifesto included racist and paranoid writings, where Rathjen called for the extermination of non-white people and claimed he had not had a relationship with a woman because the government had been monitoring him.[147][149]

On February 24, 2020, a female spa worker was stabbed to death in an attack that also severely injured her female coworker at an erotic massage parlor in Toronto. On May 19, the Toronto Police Service declared the attack was being treated as a terrorist incident after evidence pointed to the stabbings being motivated by incel ideology, and police laid charges against a 17-year-old male alleged to have committed the stabbings. This was the first time violence thought to be motivated by incel ideologies was prosecuted as an act of terrorism, and is also believed to be the first act of violence not perpetrated by an Islamist extremist to be prosecuted as terrorism in Canada.[27]

Armando Hernandez Jr. allegedly opened fire on May 20, 2020, at Westgate Entertainment District, a mixed-use development in Glendale, Arizona, before being arrested by police. A 19-year-old man was critically injured, while a 30-year-old woman and a 16-year-old girl suffered minor injuries. According to the Maricopa County prosecutor, Hernandez identified himself as an incel and claimed he wanted to target couples and shoot at least ten people.[150][151] The prosecutor said, "Mr. Hernandez is a self-professed incel.... He was taking out his anger at society, the feeling that he has been bullied, the feeling that women didn't want him." The prosecutor also alleged that Hernandez sent a video of the attack to a woman he wished to impress.[67]

Between January and the end of July 2020, five self-identified incels were arrested in North America for planning to kill women.[67] Among them was Cole Carini, a man who was charged with making false statements to law enforcement in June 2020 after claiming serious injuries to his hands had been caused by a lawnmower accident. Police alleged that Carini was actually injured while trying to make a bomb, and that he had written a note threatening violence against women and referencing Elliot Rodger.[152]

Criticism

Of incels

Incel communities have been widely criticized in the media and by researchers as violent, misogynist, and extremist.[1][2][17][23][24] Keegan Hankes, a senior research analyst working for the Southern Poverty Law Center, has cautioned that exposure to violent content on incel forums "play[s] a very large role" in the radicalization of incels, and describes incel forums as having "more violent rhetoric than I'm used to seeing on even white supremacist sites".[42] Journalist David Futrelle has described incel communities as "violently misogynistic", and is among critics who attribute worsening violent rhetoric on incel forums to the growth of the alt-right and white supremacy, and the overlap between incel communities and online hate groups.[42][23][24][153] Psychologist and sex researcher James Cantor has described incels as "a group of people who usually lack sufficient social skills and ... find themselves very frustrated." He has said that in incel forums "when they're surrounded by other people with similar frustrations, they kind of lose track of what typical discourse is, and they drive themselves into more and more extreme beliefs."[154] Senior research fellow at the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD), Amarnath Amarasingam, has criticized some incel communities where calls for violence are commonplace, saying "under the right set of psychological and personal circumstances, these kinds of forums can be dangerous and push people into violence".[5] Another researcher at the ISD, Jacob Davey, compared the radicalization of incels in incel forums to teenagers being urged to go to extreme measures on online forums that promote anorexia and other eating disorders, and to online campaigns convincing people to join ISIL. Speaking about incels' feelings of entitlement to sex, Davey said the attitude "can go as far as the justification of rape".[41]

While generally agreeing with critics' concerns about misogyny and other negative characteristics in the incel subculture, some commentators have been more sympathetic towards incels. In April 2018, economist Robin Hanson wrote a blog post likening access to sex with access to income, writing that he found it puzzling that similar concern had not been shown to incels as to low income individuals. Hanson was criticized by some for discussing sex as if it was a commodity; others wrote more positively about his opinions.[73] New York Times columnist Ross Douthat wrote a similarly controversial op-ed in May 2018 titled "The Redistribution of Sex" in which he suggested sex robots and sex workers would inevitably be called upon to satisfy incels' sexual desires.[155][156] Some commentators wrote articles agreeing with this view, including Toby Young, who agreed that sex robots could be a "workable solution";[22] others criticized the column for objectifying women and for legitimizing the incel ideology.[157][158]

Journalist Zack Beauchamp has expressed concern about other types of harm inflicted by incels that may be lost in the attention paid specifically to mass violence; he points to forum posts in which users brag about yelling at, catfishing, and sexually assaulting women.[32] University of Portsmouth lecturer Lisa Sugiura has described incel forums as a "networked misogyny", and urged the posts in such forums be taken seriously not only in the context of hate speech but also as a form of grooming that could radicalize "impressionable and vulnerable disillusioned young men".[41] Some sociological research on incel communities has analyzed them as a hybrid masculinity, in which privileged men distance themselves from hegemonic masculinity while simultaneously reproducing it.[53]

Of platforms providing services to incel communities

Criticism has also been directed against platforms that host or have hosted incel content, including Reddit (which banned the /r/incels community in 2017, and banned most of the remaining incel communities in September 2019, but is still home to some incels) and Twitter.[24][39] Cloudflare, which provides services including DDoS protection and caching so that webpages are still accessible when a site is offline, has also been criticized for protecting incel websites against downtime even when webhosts have terminated service.[159]

Of media reporting on incels

Reporting on incels by media outlets following the incel-related attacks during the 2010s has been criticized for its "breathless" coverage, for normalizing incel communities by describing them as "sexually frustrated", and for directing readers to incel communities.[160] Some reporting has also been criticized for giving attackers notoriety by reporting on them at length, or for victim blaming by implying that women who had rejected the attackers' romantic or sexual advances held some responsibility for provoking the attacks.[161][162] Those who have written sympathetically about incels have faced criticism for legitimizing the incel ideology, such as from Samantha Cole in Vice who condemned media outlets who "cove[r] and amplif[y] toxic internet culture as if it's valid ideology".[158]

gollark: ¿?
gollark: The renderer also does 4D or something.
gollark: Like you said, this would make a great game.
gollark: https://github.com/Limeth/euclider/blob/master/README.mdNot mine but cool.
gollark: What about "the car has crashed and the computer's mangled remains no longer work"?

See also

References
  1. Beauchamp, Zack (April 25, 2018). "Incel, the misogynist ideology that inspired the deadly Toronto attack, explained". Vox. New York City: Vox Media. Archived from the original on May 5, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  2. Taub, Amanda (May 9, 2018). "On Social Media's Fringes, Growing Extremism Targets Women". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 14, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
  3. Mezzofiore, Gianluca (April 25, 2018). "The Toronto suspect apparently posted about an 'incel rebellion.' Here's what that means". CNN. Atlanta, Georgia: Turner Broadcasting Systems. Archived from the original on April 26, 2018. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  4. Romano, Aja (June 20, 2018). "What a woman-led incel support group can teach us about men and mental health". Vox. Archived from the original on August 12, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  5. Ling, Justin; Mahoney, Jill; McGuire, Patrick; Freeze, Colin (April 24, 2018). "The 'incel' community and the dark side of the Internet". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on April 26, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  6. Dastagir, Alia E. (April 26, 2018). "Incels, Alek Minassian and the dangerous idea of being owed sex". USA Today. Archived from the original on May 6, 2018. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  7. Foster, Ally (June 6, 2018). "A look inside the group of men 'addicted' to hating women". news.com.au. Archived from the original on June 6, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
  8. Kesvani, Hussein (July 9, 2019). "'Currycels' and the Unsurprising Racism of the Incel Community". MEL Magazine. Archived from the original on December 27, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
  9. Romano, Aja (April 26, 2018). "How the alt-right's sexism lures men into white supremacy". Vox. Archived from the original on August 10, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  10. Wilson, Jason (April 25, 2018). "Toronto van attack: Facebook post may link suspect to misogynist 'incel' subculture". The Guardian. London, England: Guardian Media Group. Archived from the original on April 25, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  11. Cain, Patrick (April 24, 2018). "What we learned from Alek Minassian's Incel-linked Facebook page – and what we'd like to know". Global News. Archived from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  12. Wood, Graeme (April 24, 2018). "ISIS Tactics Have Spread to Other Violent Actors". The Atlantic. Boston, Massachusetts: Emerson Collective. Archived from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  13. Garcia-Navarro, Lulu (April 29, 2018). "What's An 'Incel'? The Online Community Behind The Toronto Van Attack". Weekend Edition Sunday. National Public Radio. Archived from the original on May 4, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  15. Janik, Rachel (April 24, 2018). ""I laugh at the death of normies": How incels are celebrating the Toronto mass killing". Hatewatch. Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on April 25, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  16. Judy, Cliff; Mendoza, Casey (February 22, 2018). "What Is 'Male Supremacy,' According To Southern Poverty Law Center?". WGBA-TV. Archived from the original on April 25, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018.

  18. Ohlheiser, Abby (April 25, 2018). "Inside the online world of 'incels,' the dark corner of the Internet linked to the Toronto suspect". The Washington Post. Washington DC: Nash Holdings LLC. Archived from the original on May 18, 2018. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
  19. Collins, Ben; Zadrozny, Brandy (April 24, 2018). "After Toronto attack, online misogynists praise suspect as 'new saint'". NBC News. Archived from the original on April 24, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  20. Hoffman, Bruce; Ware, Jacob; Shapiro, Ezra (2020). "Assessing the Threat of Incel Violence". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 43 (7): 565–587. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2020.1751459. ISSN 1057-610X.
  21. Kassam, Ashifa (April 26, 2018). "Woman behind 'incel' says angry men hijacked her word 'as a weapon of war'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on May 2, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
  22. Young, Toby (May 5, 2018). "Here's what every incel needs: a sex robot". The Spectator. Archived from the original on May 16, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  23. Cook, Jesselyn (July 24, 2018). "Inside Incels' Looksmaxing Obsession: Penis Stretching, Skull Implants And Rage". HuffPost. Archived from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  24. Cook, Jesselyn (July 27, 2018). "Internet Giants Are Banning Extremists (Just Not The Ones Targeting Women)". HuffPost. Archived from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  25. Texas Domestic Terrorism Threat Report (PDF) (Report). Texas Department of Public Safety. January 2020. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  26. DiBranco, Alex (February 10, 2020). Male Supremacist Terrorism as a Rising Threat (Report). The Hague, Netherlands: International Centre for Counter-Terrorism. Archived from the original on April 20, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
  27. Bell, Stewart; Russell, Andrew; McDonald, Catherine (May 19, 2020). "Deadly attack at Toronto erotic spa was incel terrorism, police allege". Global News. Archived from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  28. Schallhorn, Kaitlyn (April 24, 2018). "'Incel' sexual frustration 'rebellion' at center of Toronto attack". Fox News. Archived from the original on April 24, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  29. Zimmer, Ben (May 8, 2018). "How 'Incel' Got Hijacked". Politico. Archived from the original on May 8, 2018. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  30. Baker, Peter (March 1, 2016). "The Woman Who Accidentally Started the Incel Movement". Elle. Archived from the original on April 24, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  31. Taylor, Jim (August 30, 2018). "The woman who founded the 'incel' movement". BBC News. Archived from the original on August 30, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  32. Beauchamp, Zack (April 16, 2019). "The rise of incels: How a support group for the dateless became a violent internet subculture". Vox. Archived from the original on October 8, 2019. Retrieved April 24, 2019.
  33. Bell, Chris (November 9, 2017). "Reddit bans 'involuntarily celibate' community". BBC News. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  34. Dewey, Caitlin (October 7, 2015). "Incels, 4chan and the Beta Uprising: making sense of one of the Internet's most-reviled subcultures". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on November 10, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  35. Baker, Peter (February 29, 2016). "What Happens to Men Who Can't Have Sex". Elle. Archived from the original on April 25, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  36. Solon, Olivia (November 8, 2017). "'Incel': Reddit bans misogynist men's group blaming women for their celibacy". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  37. Hauser, Christine (November 9, 2017). "Reddit Bans 'Incel' Group for Inciting Violence Against Women". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 12, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  38. Hauser, Christine (October 26, 2017). "Reddit Bans Nazi Groups and Others in Crackdown on Violent Content". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 21, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  39. Robertson, Adi (September 30, 2019). "Reddit has broadened its anti-harassment rules and banned a major incel forum". The Verge. Archived from the original on October 1, 2019. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
  40. Burleigh, Nina (May 27, 2014). "Inside the terrifying, twisted online world of involuntary celibates". Salon. Archived from the original on April 26, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  41. Tait, Amelia (August 18, 2018). "Rise of the women haters: Inside the dark world of the British 'incels'". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on September 1, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
  42. Cook, Jesselyn (July 27, 2018). "A Toxic 'Brotherhood': Inside Incels' Dark Online World". HuffPost. Archived from the original on August 7, 2018. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
  43. Hudson, Laura (April 25, 2018). "The internet is enabling a community of men who want to kill women. They need to be stopped". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 12, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  44. Futrelle, David (April 1, 2019). "The 'alt-right' is fueled by toxic masculinity — and vice versa". NBC News. Archived from the original on November 24, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
  46. Hathaway, Jay (November 10, 2017). "Why Reddit finally banned one of its most misogynistic forums". The Daily Dot. Archived from the original on November 11, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  47. Bever, Lindsey (January 22, 2019). "A man cited his virginity as reason he planned to kill 'as many girls' as he could, police say". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  48. Villarreal, Daniel (May 21, 2020). "Westgate Shooting Suspect Was an 'Incel' Who Wanted to Kill Couples, Prosecutor Alleges". Newsweek. Archived from the original on May 22, 2020. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
  49. Culver, Jordan (May 22, 2020). "A Canadian teenager has been charged with terrorism inspired by the online 'incel' movement. What is an 'incel?'". USA Today. Archived from the original on May 23, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
  50. Jeltsen, Melissa (June 7, 2018). "The Unmaking Of An Incel". HuffPost. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  51. Scaptura, Maria N.; Boyle, Kaitlin M. (December 25, 2019). "Masculinity Threat, "Incel" Traits, and Violent Fantasies Among Heterosexual Men in the United States". Feminist Criminology: 155708511989641. doi:10.1177/1557085119896415. ISSN 1557-0851.
  52. Baele, Stephane J.; Brace, Lewys; Coan, Travis G. (August 2, 2019). "From 'Incel' to 'Saint': Analyzing the violent worldview behind the 2018 Toronto attack". Terrorism and Political Violence. doi:10.1080/09546553.2019.1638256. ISSN 0954-6553.
  53. Ging, Debbie (2019). "Alphas, Betas, and Incels: Theorizing the Masculinities of the Manosphere". Men and Masculinities. 22 (4): 638–657. doi:10.1177/1097184x17706401. ISSN 1097-184X.
  54. Jones, Callum; Trott, Verity; Wright, Scott (November 8, 2019). "Sluts and soyboys: MGTOW and the production of misogynistic online harassment" (PDF). New Media & Society. doi:10.1177/1461444819887141. ISSN 1461-4448. Archived from the original on July 2, 2020. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
  55. Chokshi, Niraj (April 24, 2018). "What Is an Incel? Explaining a Term Used by the Toronto Van Attack Suspect". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 25, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  56. Bowles, Nellie (2018-05-18). "Jordan Peterson, Custodian of the Patriarchy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2019-01-20. Retrieved 2019-01-21.
  57. Tait, Amelia (May 8, 2018). "We must try to understand how unwanted virginity leads self-hating incels to murder". New Statesman. Archived from the original on May 28, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
  58. Sisley, Dominique (December 13, 2019). "The Story of the Incel Is the Story of the 2010s". Vice. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  59. Sonnad, Nikhil; Squirrell, Tim (October 30, 2017). "The alt-right is creating its own dialect. Here's the dictionary". Quartz. Archived from the original on March 7, 2018. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  60. Woolf, Nicky (May 30, 2014). "'PUAhate' and 'ForeverAlone': inside Elliot Rodger's online life". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 25, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  61. Sherwell, Philip (May 31, 2014). "Elliot Rodger: How Hollywood tried and failed to save a mass killer". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
  62. Gell, Aaron (May 24, 2014). "Online Forum For Sexually Frustrated Men Reacts To News That Mass Shooter May Be One Of Their Own". Business Insider. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
  63. Gilmore, Justin (November 11, 2019). "Incels: The New Politics of Indifference". Centre for Analysis of the Radical Right. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  64. Howard, Miles (May 7, 2018). "Has Mainstream Misogyny Created Space For The 'Incel Rebellion'?". WBUR. Archived from the original on May 14, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
  65. Abcarian, Robin (May 8, 2018). "The idea of an 'incel rebellion' would be laughable if it hadn't already resulted in so many murders". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 14, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
  66. Desai, Ketaki (June 6, 2018). "Can't get a date? These Indians think it's their race women hate". The Times of India. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  67. "Incels (Involuntary celibates)". Anti-Defamation League. July 30, 2020. Archived from the original on July 31, 2020. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
  68. "Elliot Rodger: How misogynist killer became 'incel hero'". BBC News. April 26, 2018. Archived from the original on May 12, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
  69. Branson-Potts, Hailey; Winton, Richard (April 26, 2018). "How Elliot Rodger went from misfit mass murderer to 'saint' for group of misogynists — and suspected Toronto killer". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 13, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
  70. Pennacchia, Robyn (2016). "'Beta Males' Want To Kill Women Because They Can't Get Laid". Bust. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
  71. Barnés, Héctor G. (June 3, 2018). "De paseo por el infierno sexual: los hombres que se reúnen para insultar a las mujeres" [Walking through sexual hell: the men who meet to insult women]. El Confidencial (in Spanish). Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  72. Myers, Fraser (July 2018). "Incels: the ugly truth". Spiked Online. Archived from the original on July 9, 2018. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  73. Scaggs, Alexandra (May 8, 2018). "'Sex redistribution' and the means of reproduction". FT Alphaville. Archived from the original on August 9, 2018. Retrieved August 9, 2018. (registration required)
  74. "For many, sexless lifestyle is not a choice". Georgia State University. July 24, 2001. Archived from the original on May 30, 2018. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  75. "What is the Incel Movement?". The Week. April 25, 2018. Archived from the original on May 30, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  76. Guerra, Jennifer (June 1, 2018). "Il vero nemico degli incel è il maschilismo stesso" [The real enemy of incels is masculinity itself]. The Vision (in Italian). Archived from the original on December 8, 2018. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  77. Williams, Zoe (April 25, 2018). "'Raw hatred': why the 'incel' movement targets and terrorises women". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 26, 2018. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  78. Lavin, Talia (May 3, 2018). "Someone Please Tell the Times That Incels Are Terrorists". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on May 14, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
  79. Squirrell, Tim (April 26, 2018). "Don't make the mistake of thinking incels are men's rights activists – they are so much more dangerous". The Independent. Archived from the original on April 27, 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  80. Read, Max (February 8, 2019). "How The Matrix's Red Pill Became the Internet's Delusional Drug of Choice". Vulture. Archived from the original on May 23, 2020. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  81. Schmitz, Rachel; Kazyak, Emily (May 12, 2016). "Masculinities in Cyberspace: An Analysis of Portrayals of Manhood in Men's Rights Activist Websites". Social Sciences. 5 (2): 18. doi:10.3390/socsci5020018. ISSN 2076-0760. Archived from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  82. Hodapp, Christa (2017). Men's Rights, Gender, and Social Media. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. xvi. ISBN 9781498526173.
  83. Sharlet, Bruce (February 3, 2014). "What Kind of Man Joins the Men's Rights Movement?". GQ. Archived from the original on May 8, 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  84. "The Extremist Medicine Cabinet: A Guide to Online 'Pills'". Anti-Defamation League. November 6, 2019. Archived from the original on May 18, 2020. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  85. Hosford, Paul (April 26, 2018). "What is the 'incel rebellion'? And who are those behind it?". TheJournal.ie. Archived from the original on April 26, 2018. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  86. Futrelle, David (April 27, 2018). "When a Mass Murderer Has a Cult Following". The Cut. Vox Media. Archived from the original on May 6, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  87. Hudson, Jennifer L.; Rapee, Ronald M. (2000). "The Origins of Social Phobia". Behavior Modification. 24 (1): 102–129. doi:10.1177/0145445500241006. PMID 10641370.
  88. Andreatta, David (May 4, 2018). "Andreatta: Feeling lonely? You're not alone". Democrat and Chronicle. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
  89. Srinivasan, Amia (March 22, 2018). "Does anyone have the right to sex?". London Review of Books. 40 (6): 5–10. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
  90. Turner, Janice (April 28, 2018). "Self-hating 'incel' men are the new jihadists". The Times. Archived from the original on June 6, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2018. (registration required)
  91. Beran, Dale (May 3, 2018). "Who Are the 'Incels' of 4chan, and Why Are They So Angry?". Pacific Standard. Archived from the original on August 12, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  92. Long, Camilla (April 29, 2018). "Kanye West always turns out to know best. So don't patronise him for loving Trump". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on August 10, 2018. Retrieved August 9, 2018. (registration required)
  93. Waśniewska, Małgorzata (2020). "The Red Pill, Unicorns and White Knights: Cultural Symbolism and Conceptual Metaphor in the Slang of Online Incel Communities". In Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, Barbara (ed.). Cultural Conceptualizations in Language and Communication. Second Language Learning and Teaching. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. p. 76. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42734-4_4. ISBN 978-3-030-42734-4.
  94. Tacopino, Joe (April 24, 2018). "Police investigating Facebook posts allegedly made by suspected Toronto driver". New York Post. Archived from the original on April 24, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  95. Contie, Allie (June 26, 2018). "Learn to Decode the Secret Language of the Incel Subculture". Vice. Archived from the original on July 10, 2018. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  96. O'Haver, Hanson (February 13, 2017). "What Swearing Off Sex Does to Your Brain". Broadly. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  97. Nolan-Smith, Peter (April 24, 2018). "What you need to know about 'The Incel Rebellion'". Daily Hive. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  98. Jennings, Rebecca (August 6, 2018). "Incels' Obsession With Looks Is Based on Fake Math". Racked. Archived from the original on August 26, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
  99. Chen, Lauren (January 21, 2020). "The trouble with designating 'incels' a terror threat". The Spectator. Spectator USA. Archived from the original on March 5, 2020. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  100. [10][12][17][32][36][45][50]
  101. Haenfler, Ross (June 6, 2018). "How a masculine culture that favors sexual conquests gave us today's 'incels'". The Conversation. Archived from the original on June 10, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
  102. Jaki, Sylvia; De Smedt, Tom; Gwóźdź, Maja; Panchal, Rudresh; Rossa, Alexander; De Pauw, Guy (July 8, 2019). "Online hatred of women in the Incels.me Forum" (PDF). Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict. 7 (2): 240–268. doi:10.1075/jlac.00026.jak. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2019.
  103. Redazione, Di (April 26, 2018). "Chi sono gli Incel, i single che odiano le donne come l'attentatore di Toronto" [Who are the Incels, the single people who hate women like the Toronto bomber]. Esquire (in Italian). Archived from the original on April 24, 2019. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
  104. Eklund, Henning (March 4, 2020). "Sverige kan vara incel-tätast i världen". Göteborgs-Posten (in Swedish). Retrieved March 11, 2020.
  105. Donnelly, Denise; Burgess, Elisabeth; Anderson, Sally; Davis, Regina; Dillard, Joy (2001). "Involuntary Celibacy: A life course analysis". The Journal of Sex Research. 38 (2): 159–169. doi:10.1080/00224490109552083. Archived from the original on 2019-10-02. Retrieved 2018-04-24.
  106. Farivar, Masood (May 3, 2018). "Canada Van Attack Spotlights Online Men's Movement". Voice of America. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
  107. Beairsto, Bronwyn (April 24, 2018). "Inside the dark 'incel' world of Toronto's murderous rampage". Vancouver Courier. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  108. Kohn, Isabelle (February 10, 2020). "Inside the World of 'Femcels'". MEL Magazine. Dollar Shave Club. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
  109. Horton, Helena (November 9, 2017). "Reddit bans message board where men blame women for their celibacy". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on May 24, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  110. Jennings, Rebecca (April 28, 2018). "Incels Categorize Women by Personal Style and Attractiveness". Racked. Archived from the original on May 28, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  111. Alptraum, Lux (May 3, 2018). "'Unfuckable' Women Don't Go on Killing Sprees". Splinter News. Archived from the original on May 5, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  112. Kohn, Isabelle (February 10, 2020). "Inside the World of 'Femcels'". MEL Magazine. Dollar Shave Club. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
  113. Mahdawi, Arwa (February 19, 2020). "Why do we only care about incels when they are men?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 3, 2020. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
  114. Chester, Nick (December 5, 2019). "Meet the women of the incel movement". Huck. Archived from the original on January 7, 2020. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
  115. Conti, Allie (May 11, 2018). "We Asked a Sex Therapist What It's Like to Help An Incel Get Laid". Vice. Archived from the original on August 12, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  116. "'Hell-Bent' Shooter Used 3 Guns In LA Fitness Rampage". WTAE-TV. August 4, 2009. Archived from the original on December 9, 2009. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  117. Hasch, Michael; Conte, Andrew (August 5, 2009). "Gunman kills 3, wounds 9, before killing self at Collier fitness club". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Tribune-Review Publishing Company. Archived from the original on August 8, 2009. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  118. Tatton, Abbi (August 7, 2009). "Pennsylvania gym shooter described as quiet, studious". CNN. Archived from the original on April 5, 2010. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  119. Hill, Kashmir (May 24, 2014). "The Disturbing Internet Footprint Of Santa Barbara Shooter Elliot Rodger". Forbes. Archived from the original on April 26, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  120. Nagourney, Adam; Cieply, Michael; Feuer, Alan; Lovett, Ian (June 1, 2016). "Elliot O. Rodger's Killings in California Followed Years of Withdrawal". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 3, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  121. Dewey, Caitlin (May 27, 2014). "Inside the 'manosphere' that inspired Santa Barbara shooter Elliot Rodger". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on October 29, 2019. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  122. Hermansson, Patrik; Lawrence, David; Mulhall, Joe; Murdoch, Simon (2020). The International Alt-Right: Fascism for the 21st Century?. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-62709-5. OCLC 1139373651.
  123. Wilstein, Matt (May 26, 2014). "What Is Puahate? Elliot Rodger". Mediaite. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
  124. Burleigh, Nina (May 28, 2014). "Hating Women Was His Disease". New York Observer. Archived from the original on April 26, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  125. Fearnow, Benjamin (April 24, 2018). "Elliot Rodger's father 'very sad' Toronto van suspect Alek Minassian referenced son". Newsweek. Archived from the original on April 25, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  126. Healy, Jack; Lovett, Ian (October 2, 2015). "Oregon Killer Described as Man of Few Words, Except on Topic of Guns". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 9, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  127. Nagle, Angela (June 7, 2017). Kill All Normies: Online Culture Wars From 4Chan And Tumblr To Trump And The Alt-Right. John Hunt Publishing. ISBN 9781785355448.
  128. Shapiro, T. Rees; Dewey, Caitlin; Bernstein, Lenny (October 2, 2015). "Probe in college slayings peers into Web rants and possible religious rage". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on May 4, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  129. Gilbert, David (October 2, 2015). "4chan Comments Linked to Oregon Shooter Chris Harper Mercer Under Federal Investigation". International Business Times. Archived from the original on May 4, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  130. Bowman, John (October 8, 2015). "Warning posted to anonymous forum 4chan before Oregon shooting". CBC.ca. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  131. Theobald, Claire (August 30, 2018). "Security guard who stomped man to death blames involuntary celibacy". StarMetro Edmonton. Archived from the original on August 30, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  132. Parsons, Paige (August 29, 2018). "Security guard who kicked man to death says he was 'involuntarily celibate'". Edmonton Journal. Archived from the original on August 30, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  133. Hankes, Keegan; Amend, Alex (February 5, 2018). "The Alt-Right is Killing People". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on May 11, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
  134. McLaughlin, Eliott C.; Park, Madison (February 16, 2018). "Social media paints picture of racist 'professional school shooter'". CNN. Archived from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
  135. "Toronto van attack suspect faces more attempted murder charges". BBC News. May 10, 2018. Archived from the original on May 13, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
  136. Bowden, John (April 24, 2018). "Toronto rampage suspect referenced extremist male 'incel' movement". The Hill. Archived from the original on April 25, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  137. Dickson, E. J. (September 27, 2019). "How the Toronto Van Attack Suspect Was Radicalized by Incels". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  138. Mack, David; Jamieson, Amber; Reinstein, Julia (3 November 2018). "Tallahassee Yoga Shooter Was A Far-Right Misogynist Who Railed Against Women And Minorities Online". Buzzfeed. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  139. Burlew, Jeff (3 November 2018). "Scott Beierle, gunman in Tallahassee yoga studio shooting, remembered as 'really creepy'". Tallahassee Democrat. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  140. North, Anna (3 November 2018). "How mass shooters practice their hate online". Vox. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  141. Jeltsen, Melissa (January 23, 2019). "Man Arrested For Threatening To Kill 'As Many Girls As I See' On Day Of Women's March". HuffPost. Archived from the original on January 24, 2019. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
  142. Giordano, Chiara (January 23, 2019). "Virgin threatened to 'kill as many girls as I see' because he couldn't get a girlfriend". The Independent. Archived from the original on January 24, 2019. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
  143. Donovan-Smith, Orion (May 24, 2019). "He pledged to kill 'as many girls as I see' in mass shooting. After second chances, he's going to prison". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
  144. Solomon, Dan (20 June 2019). "How Did the Dallas Courthouse Gunman Get Radicalized?". Texas Monthly. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  145. Martelle, Scott (18 June 2009). "A Thwarted Dallas Shooting goes Viral". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  146. Brumfeild, Loyd (22 June 2019). "Inspired by Dallas courthouse shooter, Air Force base circulates 'incel' warning signs". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  147. Bostock, Bill (February 20, 2020). "The mass shooter who killed 9 in Germany published a racist manifesto where he identified as an incel and accused Trump of stealing his populist slogans". Insider. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  148. Steinbuch, Yaron (February 20, 2020). "German gunman who killed 9 posted manifesto calling for genocide". New York Post. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  149. Köpke, Jörg; Sternberg, Jan (February 20, 2020). "Terror in Hanau: Die kranke rassistische Gedankenwelt des Tobias R." RedaktionsNetzwerk Deutschland (in German). Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  150. McLaughlin, Eliott C.; Rose, Andy; Toropin, Konstantin (May 21, 2020). "Suspect in Arizona shooting wanted to target couples, prosecutor says". CNN. Archived from the original on May 22, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
  151. Villarreal, Daniel (May 21, 2020). "Westgate Shooting Suspect Was an 'Incel' Who Wanted to Kill Couples, Prosecutor Alleges". Newsweek. Archived from the original on May 22, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
  152. "Man's hand blown off; note references violence against women". The Associated Press. June 6, 2020. Archived from the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
  153. Cain, Patrick (April 27, 2018). "Expert traces link between violent online alt-right fantasies and real-world attacks". Global News. Archived from the original on August 12, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  154. Rogers, Brook A. (April 27, 2018). "The online 'incel' culture is real – and dangerous". New York Post. Archived from the original on 27 December 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  155. Burton, Tara Isabella (May 4, 2018). "We're talking about "sex robots" now. We've been here before". Vox. Archived from the original on August 28, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  156. Douthat, Ross (May 2, 2018). "The Redistribution of Sex". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
  157. Donegan, Moira (May 4, 2018). "Actually We Don't Owe You Sex, and We Never Will". Cosmopolitan. Archived from the original on May 16, 2020. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  158. Cole, Samantha (May 3, 2018). "'Redistributing Sex' Is a Toxic Conversation About Toxic People". Vice. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  159. Cook, Jesselyn (July 25, 2018). "From Nazis To Incels: How One Tech Company Helps Hate Groups Thrive". HuffPost. Archived from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  160. Kobie, Nicole (April 26, 2018). "After the Toronto attack don't explain Incel ideology, ban it". Wired. Archived from the original on August 12, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  161. Cooper, Kelly-Leigh (May 31, 2018). "The problem with mass shootings and the media". BBC News. Archived from the original on October 13, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  162. Williams, Mary Elizabeth (May 21, 2018). "No, girls and women don't 'provoke' mass murderers". Salon. Archived from the original on August 10, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.

Further reading
  • "INVCEL". Reply All. Gimlet. May 10, 2018. – podcast episode about the early history of the incel subculture.
  • The dictionary definition of incel at Wiktionary
  • The thesaurus entry for incel at Wiktionary.
  • Media related to Inceldom at Wikimedia Commons
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.