Eutheria

Eutheria (/juːˈθɪəriə/; from Greek εὐ-, eu- "good" or "right" and θηρίον, thēríon "beast" hence "true beasts") is one of two mammalian clades with extant members that diverged in the Early Cretaceous or perhaps the Late Jurassic. Except for the North American Virginia opossum, which is a metatherian (marsupial), all post-Miocene mammals indigenous to Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America north of Mexico are eutherians. Extant eutherians, their last common ancestor, and all extinct descendants of that ancestor are members of Placentalia.

Further information: Evolution of mammals

Eutheria Temporal range: Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous–Holocene, 161 or 145–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Juramaia, the oldest known eutherian
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Subclass:	Theria
Clade:	Eutheria Gill, 1872
Subgroups
†Acristatherium †Adapisoriculidae †Asioryctitheria †Bobolestes †Cimolesta[1] †Didymoconidae †Deltatherium †Durlstodon †Durlstotherium †Endotherium †Juramaia †Leptictida †Montanalestes †Murtoilestes †Prokennalestes? †Protungulatum †Zalambdalestidae †Zhelestidae Placentalia (placental mammals)

Eutherians are distinguished from noneutherians by various phenotypic traits of the feet, ankles, jaws and teeth. All extant eutherians lack epipubic bones, which are present in all other living mammals (marsupials and monotremes). This allows for expansion of the abdomen during pregnancy.[2]

The oldest-known eutherian species is Juramaia sinensis, dated at 161 million years ago from the Jurassic in China.[3]

Eutheria was named in 1872 by Theodore Gill; in 1880 Thomas Henry Huxley defined it to encompass a more broadly defined group than Placentalia.[4]

Characteristics

The entocuneiform bone

Distinguishing features are:

• an enlarged malleolus ("little hammer") at the bottom of the tibia, the larger of the two shin bones[5]
• the joint between the first metatarsal bone and the entocuneiform bone (the outermost of the three cuneiform bones) in the foot is offset farther back than the joint between the second metatarsal and middle cuneiform bones—in metatherians these joints are level with each other[5]
• various features of jaws and teeth[5]

Evolutionary history

Eutheria contains several extinct genera as well as larger groups, many with complicated taxonomic histories still not fully understood. Members of the Adapisoriculidae, Cimolesta and Leptictida have been previously placed within the out-dated placental group Insectivora, while Zhelestids have been considered primitive ungulates.[6] However, more recent studies have suggested these enigmatic taxa represent stem group eutherians, more basal to Placentalia.[7][8]

The weakly favoured cladogram favours Boreoeuthearia as a basal Eutherian clade as sister to the Atlantogenata.[9][10][11]

Eutheria	Atlantogenata   Xenarthra     Afrotheria     Boreoeutheria   Laurasiatheria     Euarchontoglires

The fossil eutherian species believed to be the oldest known is Juramaia sinensis, which lived about 160 million years ago.[3] Montanalestes was found in North America, while all other nonplacental eutherian fossils have been found in Asia. The earliest-known placental fossils have also been found in Asia.[5]

Cynodonts † Other Cynodonts † Tritylodontids Mammaliaformes † Other mammaliaformes † Hadrocodium Crown-group mammals † Other crown-group mammals Australosphenids † Other Australosphenids Monotremes Theria † Other Theria Metatheria † Other Metatheria Marsupials Eutheria † Other Eutheria Placentals Cynodonts   Tritylodontids   Mammaliaformes   Other mammaliaformes       Hadrocodium   Mammals Australosphenids   Other Australosphenids     Monotremes     Theria   Metatheria     Eutheria             Simplified, non-systematic, outline of evolution of eutheria from cynodont therapsids.[5] † = extinct

References

1. Rook, Deborah L.; Hunter, John P. (April 2013). "Rooting Around the Eutherian Family Tree: the Origin and Relations of the Taeniodonta". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 21: 75–91. doi:10.1007/s10914-013-9230-9.
2. Reilly, Stephen M.; White, Thomas D. (2003-01-17). "Hypaxial Motor Patterns and the Function of Epipubic Bones in Primitive Mammals". Science. 299 (5605): 400–402. Bibcode:2003Sci...299..400R. doi:10.1126/science.1074905. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 12532019.
3. Luo, Z.; C. Yuan; Q. Meng; Q. Ji (2011). "A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals". Nature. 476 (7361): 42–45. Bibcode:2011Natur.476..442L. doi:10.1038/nature10291. PMID 21866158.
4. Eutheria (Placental Mammals) by J David Archibald, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA. PDF file from sdsu.edu
5. Ji, Q.; Luo, Z-X.; Yuan, C-X.; Wible, J.R.; Zhang, J-P. & Georgi, J.A. (April 2002). "The earliest known eutherian mammal". Nature. 416 (6883): 816–822. Bibcode:2002Natur.416..816J. doi:10.1038/416816a. PMID 11976675.
6. Rose, Kenneth D. (2006). The beginning of the age of mammals. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801892219.
7. Wible, J. R.; Rougier, G. W.; Novacek, M. J.; Asher, R. J. (2007). "Cretaceous eutherians and Laurasian origin for placental mammals near the K/T boundary". Nature. 447 (7147): 1003–1006. Bibcode:2007Natur.447.1003W. doi:10.1038/nature05854. PMID 17581585.
8. Wible, John R.; Rougier, Guillermo W.; Novacek, Michael J.; Asher, Robert J. (2009). "The Eutherian Mammal Maelestes gobiensis from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and the phylogeny of cretaceous eutheria" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 327: 1–123. doi:10.1206/623.1. hdl:2246/6001.
9. Foley, Nicole M.; Springer, Mark S.; Teeling, Emma C. (2016-07-19). "Mammal madness: is the mammal tree of life not yet resolved?". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 371 (1699): 20150140. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0140. PMC 4920340. PMID 27325836.
10. Tarver, James E.; Reis, Mario dos; Mirarab, Siavash; Moran, Raymond J.; Parker, Sean; O'Reilly, Joseph E.; King, Benjamin L.; O'Connell, Mary J.; Asher, Robert J. (2016-02-01). "The Interrelationships of Placental Mammals and the Limits of Phylogenetic Inference". Genome Biology and Evolution. 8 (2): 330–344. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv261. PMC 4779606. PMID 26733575.
11. Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Oliveros, Carl H.; Swanson, Mark T.; Faircloth, Brant C. (2017-08-26). "Investigating Difficult Nodes in the Placental Mammal Tree with Expanded Taxon Sampling and Thousands of Ultraconserved Elements". Genome Biology and Evolution. 9 (9): 2308–2321. doi:10.1093/gbe/evx168. PMC 5604124. PMID 28934378.