Eilat

Eilat (/eɪˈlɑːt/ ay-LAHT, also UK: /eɪˈlæt/ ay-LAT; Hebrew: אֵילַת‎ [eˈlat] (listen)), or Umm Al-Rashrash sometimes in Arabic (أم الرشراش), is Israel's southernmost city with a population of 52,299,[1] a busy port and popular resort at the northern tip of the Red Sea, on what is known in Israel as the Gulf of Eilat and in Jordan as the Gulf of Aqaba. The city is considered a tourist destination for domestic and international tourists heading to Israel.

This article is about the city. For other uses, see Eilat (disambiguation).
"Elat" redirects here. For the Canaanite goddess, see Asherah.

Eilat

  • אֵילַת‎
    إيلات    ‎
From upper left: Eilat coastline at night (x2), evening view of Eilat marina, view of Eilat North Beach, view from the promenade to the outskirts and the surrounding mountains of Eilat
Emblem of Eilat
Eilat
Eilat
Coordinates: 29°33′N 34°57′E
Country Israel
DistrictSouthern
Founded7000 BCE (Earliest settlements)
1951 (Israeli city)
Government
 • TypeCity (from 1959)
 • MayorMeir Yitzhak Halevi
Area
 • Total84,789 dunams (84.789 km2 or 32.737 sq mi)
Population
 (2019)[1]
 • Total52,299
 • Density620/km2 (1,600/sq mi)
Websitewww.eilat.muni.il

Eilat is part of the Southern Negev Desert, at the southern end of the Arabah, adjacent to the Egyptian village of Taba to the south, the Jordanian port city of Aqaba to the east, and within sight of Haql, Saudi Arabia, across the gulf to the southeast.

Eilat's arid desert climate and low humidity are moderated by proximity to a warm sea. Temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in summer, and 21 °C (70 °F) in winter, while water temperatures range between 20 and 26 °C (68 and 79 °F). Eilat averages 360 sunny days a year.[2]

Name
Further information: Elath and Aqaba § Name

The origin of the name Eilat, a place name found in the Hebrew Bible, is not definitively known, but likely comes from the Hebrew root A–Y–L (Hebrew: א. י. ל.‎), which is also the root for the word Elah (Hebrew: אלה‎), meaning Pistacia tree. Like numerous other localities, Eilat is mentioned in the Bible both in singular (possibly construct state) and plural form (Eilot).[3] In the Arab world, it is also referred to as Umm Al-Rashrash (Arabic: أم الرشراش‎).

Geography
Eilat aerial view

The geology and landscape are varied: igneous and metamorphic rocks, sandstone and limestone; mountains up to 892 metres (2,927 ft) above sea level; broad valleys such as the Arava, and seashore on the Gulf of Aqaba. With an annual average rainfall of 28 millimetres (1.1 in) and summer temperatures of 40 °C (104 °F) and higher, water resources and vegetation are limited. "The main elements that influenced the region's history were the copper resources and other minerals, the ancient international roads that crossed the area, and its geopolitical and strategic position. These resulted in a settlement density that defies the environmental conditions."[4]

History

Ancient city
Main articles: Elath, Aqaba § Early history, and Ayla (city)

The original settlement was probably at the northern tip of the Gulf of Eilat.[5] Archaeological excavations uncovered impressive prehistoric tombs dating to the 7th millennium BC at the western edge of Eilat, while nearby copper workings and mining operations at Timna Valley are the oldest on earth.

Ancient Egyptian records also document the extensive and lucrative mining operations and trade across the Red Sea with Egypt starting as early as the Fourth dynasty of Egypt. Eilat is mentioned in antiquity as a major trading partner with Elim, Thebes' Red Sea Port, as early as the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt. Trade between Elim and Eilat furnished frankincense and myrrh, brought up from Ethiopia and Punt; bitumen and natron, from the Dead Sea; finely woven linen, from Byblos; and copper amulets, from Timna; all mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. In antiquity Eilat bordered the states of Edom, Midian and the tribal territory of the Rephidim, the indigenous inhabitants of the Sinai Peninsula.

Eilat is first mentioned in the Hebrew Bible in the Book of Exodus. The first six stations of the Exodus are in Egypt. The 7th is the crossing of the Red Sea and the 9th–13th are in and around Eilat, after the exodus from Egypt and crossing the Red Sea. Station 12 refers to a dozen campsites in and around Timna in Modern Israel near Eilat. When King David conquered Edom,[6] which up to then had shared a common border with Midian, he took over Eilat, the border city shared by them as well. The commercial port city and copper based industrial center were maintained by Egypt until reportedly rebuilt by Solomon at a location known as Ezion-Geber (I Kings 9:26). In 2 Kings 14:21–22, many decades later, "All the people of Judah took Uzziah, who was sixteen years old, and made him king in the room of his father Amaziah. He rebuilt Elath, and restored it to Judah, after his father's death." Later, in 2 Kings 16:6, during the reign of King Ahaz: "At that time the king of Edom recovered Elath for Edom, and drove out the people of Judah and sent Edomites to live there, as they do to this day."

It was a prosperous Judean trading port from the 9th through 7th centuries BCE.[7]

During the Roman period, a road was built to link the area with the Nabataean city of Petra (in modern-day Jordan). An Islamic copper smelting and trading community of 250–400 residents flourished during the Umayyad Period (700–900 CE); its remains were found and excavated in 1989, at the northern edge of modern Eilat, between what is now the industrial zone and nearby Kibbutz Eilot.[8]

Modern city
The raising of the Ink Flag, when the land upon which Eilat was built was captured during Operation Uvda

The area was designated as part of the Jewish state in the 1947 UN Partition Plan. The abandoned British police post of Umm Al-Rashrash was taken without a fight on March 10, 1949, as part of Operation Uvda.[9][10] It was formally granted to Israel with the 1949 Armistice Agreements.

Construction of the city began shortly afterward. The Timna Copper Mines[11] near Timna valley were opened, the Port of Eilat and Eilat Airport were built, the Eilat Ashkelon Pipeline laid, and tourism began. The port became vital to the fledgling country's development. In the early 1950s, Eilat was a small and remote town, populated largely by port workers, soldiers, and former prisoners. A concerted effort by the Israeli government to populate Eilat began in 1955 when Jewish immigrant families from Morocco were resettled there. Eilat began to develop rapidly after the Suez Crisis in 1956, with its tourism industry in particular starting to flourish.

After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War Arab countries maintained a state of hostility with Israel, blocking all land routes; Israel's access to and trade with the rest of the world was by air and sea alone. Further, Egypt denied passage through the Suez Canal to Israeli-registered ships or to any ship carrying cargo to or from Israeli ports. This made Eilat and its sea port crucial to Israel's communications, commerce and trade with Africa and Asia, and for oil imports. Without recourse to a port on the Red Sea Israel would have been unable to develop its diplomatic, cultural and trade ties beyond the Mediterranean basin and Europe. This happened in 1956 and again in 1967, when Egypt's closure of the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping effectively blockaded the port of Eilat.

Eilat in 1963

In 1956, this led to Israel's participation alongside Britain and France in the war against Egypt sparked by the Suez Crisis, while in 1967 90% of Israeli oil passed through the Straits of Tiran.[12] Oil tankers that were due to pass through the straits were delayed.[13][14] The straits' closure was cited by Israel as an additional casus belli leading to the outbreak of the Six-Day War. Following peace treaties signed with Egypt in 1979 and Jordan in 1994, Eilat's borders with its neighbors were finally opened.

Israeli–Arab conflict

Eilat is especially defended by its own special forces unit Lotar Eilat. It is a reservist special forces unit of the IDF trained in counter-terrorism and hostage rescue in the Eilat area, which has taken part in many counter-terrorist missions in the region since its formation in 1974. The Lotar unit is composed solely of reservists, citizens who must be Eilat residents between the ages of 20 and 60, who are on call in case of a terrorist attack on the city. It is one of only three units in the IDF authorized to free hostages on its own command.[15][16]

In 2007 the Eilat bakery bombing killed three civilian bakers.[17][18] This was the first such attack in Eilat proper,[19] although other terror attacks had been carried out in the area.[20]

In 2011, terrorists infiltrated Israel across the Sinai border to execute multiple attacks on Highway 12, including a civilian bus and private car a few miles north of Eilat, in what became known as the 2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks.[21][22]

In order to prevent terrorist infiltration of Israel from the Sinai, Israel has built the Israel-Egypt barrier, a steel barrier equipped with cameras, radar and motion sensors along the country's southern border.[23] The fence was completed in January 2013.[24]

Future development plans
Eilat's north beach

In July 2012, Israel signed an agreement with China to cooperate in building the high-speed railway to Eilat, a railway line which will serve both passenger and freight trains. It will link Eilat with Beersheba and Tel Aviv, and will run through the Arava Valley and Nahal Zin.[25]

The former Eilat Airport was closed on 18 March 2019 after the opening of Ramon Airport. The land occupied by the former airport is to be redeveloped. The new Ramon Airport opened in January 2019, 18 kilometres (11 miles) north of Eilat and replaced both Eilat Airport and Ovda Airport.[26] Hotels and apartment buildings, containing a total of 2,080 hotel rooms and 1,000 apartments will be constructed on the site, as well as 275 dunams of public space and pedestrian paths. The plans also set aside space for the railway line and an underground railway station. The plan's goal is to create an urban continuum between the city center and North Beach, as well as tighten the links between the city's neighborhoods, which were separated by the airport.[27]

In addition, there are plans to move the Port of Eilat and the Eilat-Ashkelon pipeline terminal to the northern part of the city, as well as to turn it into a university town of science and research, and brand it an international sports city. All these projects are part of a plan to increase Eilat's population to 150,000 people and build 35,000 hotel rooms.[28]

Climate

Eilat has a hot desert climate (BWh[29] with hot, dry summers and warm and almost rainless winters in Köppen climate classification). Winters are usually between 11–23 °C (52–73 °F). Summers are usually between 26–40 °C (79–104 °F). There are relatively small coral reefs near Eilat; however, 50 years ago they were much larger.

Climate data for Eilat (Temperature: 1987–2010, Precipitation: 1980–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.2
(90.0)		 35.8
(96.4)		 38.7
(101.7)		 43.4
(110.1)		 45.2
(113.4)		 47.4
(117.3)		 48.3
(118.9)		 48.0
(118.4)		 45.0
(113.0)		 44.3
(111.7)		 38.1
(100.6)		 33.6
(92.5)		 48.3
(118.9)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 26.3
(79.3)		 29.3
(84.7)		 32.8
(91.0)		 38.2
(100.8)		 42.1
(107.8)		 43.6
(110.5)		 44.1
(111.4)		 43.2
(109.8)		 41.9
(107.4)		 39.7
(103.5)		 33.4
(92.1)		 28.0
(82.4)		 44.1
(111.4)
Average high °C (°F) 21.3
(70.3)		 23.0
(73.4)		 26.1
(79.0)		 31.0
(87.8)		 35.7
(96.3)		 38.9
(102.0)		 40.4
(104.7)		 40.0
(104.0)		 37.3
(99.1)		 33.1
(91.6)		 27.7
(81.9)		 23.0
(73.4)		 31.5
(88.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 15.8
(60.4)		 17.4
(63.3)		 20.5
(68.9)		 24.7
(76.5)		 29.1
(84.4)		 32.0
(89.6)		 33.8
(92.8)		 33.7
(92.7)		 31.3
(88.3)		 27.4
(81.3)		 22.0
(71.6)		 17.1
(62.8)		 25.4
(77.7)
Average low °C (°F) 10.4
(50.7)		 11.8
(53.2)		 14.6
(58.3)		 18.4
(65.1)		 22.5
(72.5)		 25.2
(77.4)		 27.3
(81.1)		 27.4
(81.3)		 25.2
(77.4)		 21.8
(71.2)		 16.3
(61.3)		 11.9
(53.4)		 19.4
(66.9)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 5.9
(42.6)		 7.4
(45.3)		 10.1
(50.2)		 13.4
(56.1)		 17.7
(63.9)		 21.5
(70.7)		 24.8
(76.6)		 24.8
(76.6)		 22.0
(71.6)		 17.4
(63.3)		 11.5
(52.7)		 7.5
(45.5)		 5.9
(42.6)
Record low °C (°F) 1.2
(34.2)		 0.9
(33.6)		 3.0
(37.4)		 8.4
(47.1)		 12.1
(53.8)		 18.5
(65.3)		 20.0
(68.0)		 19.4
(66.9)		 18.6
(65.5)		 9.2
(48.6)		 5.3
(41.5)		 2.5
(36.5)		 0.9
(33.6)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 4
(0.2)		 3
(0.1)		 3
(0.1)		 2
(0.1)		 1
(0.0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 4
(0.2)		 2
(0.1)		 5
(0.2)		 24
(1)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 2.1 1.8 1.6 0.9 0.7 0 0 0 0 0.7 0.8 1.9 10.5
Average relative humidity (%) 32 28 25 19 16 15 17 18 23 27 29 33 24
Mean monthly sunshine hours 229.4 237.3 251.1 273 319.3 324 347.2 347.2 291 282.1 246 217 3,364.6
Source: Israel Meteorological Service[30][31][32][33]
Eilat mean sea temperature[34]
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
22 °C (72 °F) 21 °C (70 °F) 21 °C (70 °F) 23 °C (73 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) 26 °C (79 °F) 28 °C (82 °F) 28 °C (82 °F) 28 °C (82 °F) 27 °C (81 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) 23 °C (73 °F)

Demographics
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1955500—    
19615,300+960.0%
197213,100+147.2%
198318,900+44.3%
199532,500+72.0%
200847,300+45.5%
201750,724+7.2%
Source: CBS[35]

The overwhelming majority of Eilat's population are Jews. Arabs constitute about 4% of the population.[36] Eilat's population includes a large number of foreign workers, estimated at over 10,000 working as caregivers, hotel workers and in the construction trades. Eilat also has a growing Israeli Arab population, as well as many affluent Jordanians and Egyptians who visit Eilat in the summer months.

In 2007, over 200 Sudanese refugees from Egypt who arrived in Israel illegally on foot were given work and allowed to stay in Eilat.[37][38][39]

Education

The educational system of Eilat accommodates more than 9,000 youngsters in eight day-care centers, 67 pre-kindergartens and kindergartens, 10 elementary schools, and 3 six-year high schools. Also, there are some special-education schools and religious schools.[40] Ben Gurion University of the Negev maintains a campus in Eilat. The Eilat branch has 1,100 students, about 75 percent from outside the city. In 2010, a new student dormitory was funded and built by the Jewish Federation of Toronto, the Rashi Foundation, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the municipality of Eilat.[41] The SPNI's Eilat Field School on the outskirts of Eilat offers special hiking tours that focus on desert ecology, the Red Sea, bird migration and other aspects of Eilat's flora and fauna.[42] The Hesder Yeshiva Ayelet Hashachar, is based in Eilat, established in 1997.[43]

Healthcare

Yoseftal Medical Center, established in 1968, is Israel's southernmost hospital, and the only hospital covering the southern Negev. With 65 beds, the hospital is Israel's smallest. Special services geared to the Red Sea region are a hyperbaric chamber to treat victims of diving accidents and kidney dialysis facilities open to vacationing tourists.[44]

Transportation
Ramon Airport
Port of Eilat

Air

Since 2019, Ramon International Airport has handled commercial domestic and international flights to Eilat (IATA: ETM, ICAO: LLER).

Former airports
  • Eilat Airport is located in the city centre and was used largely for domestic flights[45] (IATA: ETH, ICAO: LLET).
  • International flights often used Ovda International Airport some 50 kilometres (31 mi) northwest of the city[46] (IATA: VDA, ICAO: LLOV).

Road

Eilat has two main roads connecting it with the center of Israel - Route 12, which leads North West, and Route 90 which leads North East, and South West to the border crossing with Egypt. Egged, the national bus company, provides regular service to points north on an almost hourly basis as well as in-city on a half-hourly basis during daylight hours.

Border crossings with Egypt and Jordan

Maritime

The Port of Eilat and Eilat Marina allow travel by sea.

Future plans also call for a rail link, sometimes referred to as the Med-Red[47] to decrease travel times substantially from Eilat to Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, via the existing line at Beer Sheba; planning is underway.

Economy

In the 1970s tourism became increasingly important to the city's economy as other industries shut down or were drastically reduced. Today tourism is the city's major source of income, although Eilat became a free trade zone in 1985.[48]

Tourism
Eilat Sports Center, a $3 million project, was completed in 2013.

Eilat offers a wide range of accommodations, from hostels and luxury hotels to Bedouin hospitality. In recent years Eilat has been the target of militants from Egypt and Gaza causing a reduced tourist inflow to the region. Attractions include:

  • Birdwatching and ringing station: Eilat is located on the main migration route between Africa and Europe. International Birding & Research Center in Eilat.[49]
  • Camel tours
  • Coral Beach Nature Reserve, an underwater marine reserve of tropical marine flora and fauna
  • Coral World Underwater Observatory, located at the southern tip of Coral Beach, it has aquaria, a museum, simulation rides, and shark, turtle, and stingray tanks. The observatory is the biggest public aquarium in the Middle East.[50]
  • Dolphin Reef, a marine biology and research station where visitors can swim and interact with dolphins[51]
  • Freefall parachuting.
  • Yotvata Hai-Bar Nature Reserve, established in the 1960s to conserve endangered species, including Biblical animals, from this and similar regions. The reserve has a visitors' center, care and treatment enclosures, and large open area where desert animals are acclimated before re-introduction into the wild. Hai-Bar efforts have successfully re-introduced the Asian wild ass, or onager, into the Negev.[52] The Hai-Bar Nature Reserve and animal re-introduction program were described in Bill Clark's book "High Hills and Wild Goats: Life Among the Animals of the Hai-Bar Wildlife Refuge". The book also describes life in Eilat and the surrounding area.[53]
  • Marina, with some 250 yacht berths
  • Timna Valley Park, the oldest copper mines in the world; Egyptian temple of Hathor, King Solomon's Pillars sandstone formation, ancient pit mines and rock art[54]
  • "What's Up", a portable astronomical observatory with programs in the desert and on the promenade[55]
  • Ice Mall, ice skating rink and shopping mall

Dive tourism
Coral World Underwater Observatory
Eilat sea

Skin and scuba diving equipment is for hire on or near all major beaches. Scuba diving equipment rental and compressed air are available from diving clubs and schools all year round. Eilat is located in the Gulf of Aqaba, one of the most popular diving destinations in the world. The coral reefs along Eilat's coast remain relatively pristine and the area is recognized as one of the prime diving locations in the world.[56] About 250,000 dives are performed annually in Eilat's 11 km (6.84 mi) coastline, and diving represents 10% of the tourism income of this area.[57] In addition, given the proximity of many of these reefs to the shore, non-divers can encounter the Red Sea's reefs with relative ease.[56] Water conditions for SCUBA divers are good all year round, with water temperatures around 21–25 °C (70–77 °F), with little or no currents and clear waters with an average of 20–30 metres (66–98 feet) visibility.

Museums
  • Eilat City Museum
  • Eilat Art Gallery

Film

Eilat has been utilized by film and television productions - domestic and foreign - for location shooting since the 1960s, most notably in the early 90s as a tropical locale for season 2 of the Canadian production Tropical Heat.

It was also used in the films She, Madron, Ashanti and Rambo III.

Archaeology

Despite harsh conditions, the region has supported large populations as far back as 8,000 BCE.

Exploration of ancient sites began in 1861, but only 7% of the area has undergone serious archaeological excavation. Some 1,500 ancient sites are located in a 1,200-square-kilometre (460 sq mi) area. In contrast to the gaps found in settlement periods in the neighbouring Negev Highlands and Sinai, these sites show continuous settlement for the past 10,000 years.

Notable people
Shahar Tzuberi
  • Shawn Dawson (born in 1993), basketball player.
  • Gadi Eizenkot (born in 1960, grew up in Eilat), Chief of General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces.
  • Eden Harel (born in Eilat, 1976), actress.
  • Amit Ivry (born in Eilat, 1989), Olympic swimmer and national record holder.
  • Keren Karolina Avratz (born in 1971, grew up in Eilat), singer, songwriter.
  • Shaul Mofaz (born in 1948, grew up in Eilat), former Minister of Defense, former Chief of General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces.
  • Ziki Shaked (born in 1955), first Israeli ship's captain to go around the world under the Israeli flag, from Eilat to Eilat.
  • Shahar Tzuberi (born in Eilat, 1986), Israeli Olympic bronze-medal-winning windsurfer, 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing.
  • Raviv Ullman (born in Eilat, 1986), Israeli-American actor, musician.
  • Ghil'ad Zuckermann (born in 1971, grew up in Eilat), linguist, revivalist.

Neighborhoods

Eilat neighborhoods are Arava, Ganim A, Ganim B, Hadekel, Ha'eshel, Mizpe Yam, Maar'av Sheva (also known as West7), Midbar, Ophir, Shahamon, Tse'elim, Urim, Ye'elim, Zofit Elite, and Zofit Tachtit.

Twin towns – sister cities

Eilat is twinned with:[58]

Eilat has streets named after Antibes, Durban, Kamen, Kampen and Los Angeles as well as a Canada Park.

Panoramic views
Eilat coastline at night
Panorama of the Eilat Mountains
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See also

References
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  2. Discovering the World of the Bible, LaMar C. Berrett, (Cedar Fort 1996), page 204
  3. Grinzweig, Michael (1993). Cohen, Meir; Schiller, Eli (eds.). "From the Items of the Name Eilat". Ariel (in Hebrew). Ariel Publishing (93–94: Eilat – Human, Sea and Desert): 110.
  4. Avner, U. 2008. Eilat Region. In, A. Stern (ed.). The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavation in the Holy Land, Volume 5 (Supplementary). Jerusalem. 1704–1711.
  5. Dr. Muhammed Abdul Nayeem, (1990). Prehistory and Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula. Hyderabad. ISBN.
  6. "ישראל המקדשית". Gideon.022.co.il. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
  7. Na'aman, N. (August 2007). "When and How Did Jerusalem Become a Great City? The Rise of Jerusalem as Judah's Premier City in the Eighth-Seventh Centuries B.C.E.". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. JSTOR. 347 (347): 21–56. doi:10.1086/basor25067021. JSTOR 25067021.
  8. Yehudah Rapuano (2013). "An Early Islamic Settlement and a Possible Open-Air Mosque at Eilat". 'Atiqot. 75: 129–165.
  9. John S. Haupert (1964). "Development of Israel's Frontier Port of Elat". The Professional Geographer. 16 (2): 13–16. doi:10.1111/j.0033-0124.1964.00013.x.
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  12. Avi Shlaim; William Roger Louis (13 February 2012). The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: Origins and Consequences. Cambridge University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-107-00236-4. 90% of Israeli oil was imported through the Straits of Tiran
  13. Avi Shlaim; William Roger Louis (13 February 2012). The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: Origins and Consequences. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-107-00236-4.
  14. "Daily brief to the U.S president on 27 May 1967" (PDF). 27 May 1967. "diverted as was a sister ship yesterday
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