Einsatzgruppen trial

Einsatzgruppen Trial (officially, The United States of America vs. Otto Ohlendorf, et al.) was the ninth of the twelve trials for war crimes and crimes against humanity by the US authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany in Nuremberg after the end of World War II. These twelve trials were all held before US military courts, not before the International Military Tribunal. They took place in the same rooms at the Palace of Justice. The twelve US trials are collectively known as the "Subsequent Nuremberg trials" or, more formally, as the "Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals" (NMT).

Einsatzgruppen Trial
Otto Ohlendorf and Heinz Jost at the Military Tribunal
Ohlendorf testifying on his own behalf
Paul Blobel is sentenced to death

The case

The Einsatzgruppen were SS mobile death squads, operating behind the front line in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe. From 1941 to 1945, they murdered around 2 million people; 1.3 million Jews, up to 250,000 Romani, and around 500,000 so-called "partisans", people with disabilities, political commissars, Slavs, homosexuals and others.[1] The 24 defendants in this trial were all commanders of these Einsatzgruppen units and faced the charges of war crime and crimes against humanity. The tribunal stated in its judgment:

... in this case the defendants are not simply accused of planning or directing wholesale killings through channels. They are not charged with sitting in an office hundreds and thousands of miles away from the slaughter. It is asserted with particularity that these men were in the field actively superintending, controlling, directing, and taking an active part in the bloody harvest.[2]

The judges in this case, heard before Military Tribunal II-A, were Michael Musmanno (presiding judge and Naval officer) from Pennsylvania, John J. Speight from Alabama, and Richard D. Dixon from North Carolina. The Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution was Telford Taylor; the Chief Prosecutor for this case was Benjamin B. Ferencz. The indictment was filed initially on July 3 and then amended on July 29, 1947 to also include the defendants Steimle, Braune, Haensch, Strauch, Klingelhöfer, and von Radetzky. The trial lasted from September 29, 1947 until April 10, 1948.

Indictment

1. Crimes against humanity through persecutions on political, racial, and religious grounds, murder, extermination, imprisonment, and other inhumane acts committed against civilian populations, including German nationals and nationals of other countries, as part of an organized scheme of genocide.
2. War crimes for the same reasons, and for wanton destruction and devastation not justified by military necessity.
3. Membership of criminal organizations, the SS, the Sicherheitsdienst (SD), or the Gestapo, which had been declared criminal organizations previously in the international Nuremberg Military Tribunals.

All defendants were charged on all counts. All defendants pleaded "not guilty". The tribunal found all of them guilty on all counts, except Rühl and Graf, who were found guilty only on count 3.

Defendants

Name	Photo	Function	Sentence	Outcome, 1951 amnesty
Otto Ohlendorf		SS Gruppenführer; member of the SD; commanding officer of Einsatzgruppe D	Death by hanging	executed June 7, 1951[3]
Heinz Jost		SS Brigadeführer; member of the SD; commanding officer of Einsatzgruppe A	Lifetime imprisonment	commuted to 10 years; released 1951; died 1964
Erich Naumann		SS Brigadeführer; member of the SD; commanding officer of Einsatzgruppe B	Death by hanging	executed June 7, 1951[3]
Otto Rasch		SS Brigadeführer; member of the SD and the Gestapo; commanding officer of Einsatzgruppe C	Removed from the trial on February 5, 1948 due to medical reasons	died 1 November 1948
Erwin Schulz		SS Brigadeführer; member of the Gestapo; commanding officer of Einsatzkommando 5 of Einsatzgruppe C	20 years	commuted to 15 years; released 9 January 1954; died 1981
Franz Six		SS Brigadeführer; member of the SD; commanding officer of Vorkommando Moskau of Einsatzgruppe B	20 years	commuted to 15 years; released 30 September 1952; died 1975
Paul Blobel		SS Standartenführer; member of the SD; commanding officer of Sonderkommando 4a of Einsatzgruppe C	Death by hanging	executed June 7, 1951[3]
Walter Blume		SS Standartenführer; member of the SD and the Gestapo; commanding officer of Sonderkommando 7a of Einsatzgruppe B	Death by hanging	commuted to 25 years; released 1955; died 1974
Martin Sandberger		SS Standartenführer; member of the SD; commanding officer of Sonderkommando 1a of Einsatzgruppe A	Death by hanging	commuted to lifetime imprisonment; released in 1958; died 2010
Willi Seibert		SS Standartenführer; member of the SD; Deputy Chief of Einsatzgruppe D	Death by hanging	commuted to 15 years; died in 1976
Eugen Steimle		SS Standartenführer; member of the SD; commanding officer of Sonderkommando 7a of Einsatzgruppe B and of Sonderkommando 4a of Einsatzgruppe C	Death by hanging	commuted to 20 years; released June 1954; died in 1987
Ernst Biberstein		SS Obersturmbannführer; member of the SD; commanding officer of Einsatzkommando 6 of Einsatzgruppe C	Death by hanging	commuted to lifetime imprisonment; released in 1958; died 1986
Werner Braune		SS Obersturmbannführer; member of the SD and the Gestapo; commanding officer of Sonderkommando 11b of Einsatzgruppe D	Death by hanging	executed June 7, 1951[3]
Walter Haensch		SS Obersturmbannführer; member of the SD; commanding officer of Sonderkommando 4b of Einsatzgruppe C	Death by hanging	commuted to 15 years
Gustav Adolf Nosske		SS Obersturmbannführer; member of the Gestapo; commanding officer of Einsatzkommando 12 of Einsatzgruppe D	Lifetime imprisonment	commuted to 10 years; died 1990
Adolf Ott		SS Obersturmbannführer; member of the SD; commanding officer of Sonderkommando 7b of Einsatzgruppe B	Death by hanging	commuted to lifetime imprisonment; released 9 May 1958
Eduard Strauch		SS Obersturmbannführer; member of the SD; commanding officer of Einsatzkommando 2 of Einsatzgruppe A	Death by hanging; handed over to Belgian authorities; died in hospital 11 September 1955
Emil Haussmann		SS Sturmbannführer; member of the SD; officer of Einsatzkommando 12 of Einsatzgruppe D	committed suicide before the arraignment on July 31, 1947
Waldemar Klingelhöfer		SS Sturmbannführer; member of the SD; officer of Sonderkommando 7b of Einsatzgruppe B	Death by hanging	commuted to lifetime imprisonment; released 1956; died 1980
Lothar Fendler		SS Sturmbannführer; member of the SD; Deputy chief of Sonderkommando 4b of Einsatzgruppe C	10 years; reduced to 8 years	commuted to 8 years
Waldemar von Radetzky		SS Sturmbannführer; member of the SD; Deputy chief of Sonderkommando 4a of Einsatzgruppe C	20 years	released
Felix Rühl		SS Hauptsturmführer; member of the Gestapo; officer of Sonderkommando 10b of Einsatzgruppe D	10 years	released
Heinz Schubert		SS Obersturmführer; member of the SD; officer in Einsatzgruppe D	Death by hanging	commuted to 10 years; died 1987
Matthias Graf		SS Untersturmführer; member of the SD; officer in Einsatzkommando 6 of Einsatzgruppe D	commuted to time served
Notes ^ Rasch had to be removed from the courtroom during the arraignment due to his poor health; he was arraigned separately on September 22, 1947. ^ Strauch suffered an epileptic attack during the arraignment on September 15, 1947. His defense later tried to get him removed from the trial on medical grounds, but the tribunal dismissed this, stating that Strauch's testimonies (which he did give subsequently), were coherent and showed no reason why he should not be mentally capable of standing trial. ^ While Fendler was found guilty on all counts, the tribunal considered the evidence presented insufficient grounds in proving that he ordered or helped plan the killings. He seems to have held primarily an office post. ^ Rühl was found guilty only on count 3; regarding counts 1 and 2, the tribunal found him not guilty, stating that as a subaltern officer, he was not responsible for the atrocities committed by Einsatzgruppe D and in no position to prevent them, and although he knew of the killings, it could not be proved that he directly participated in them. ^ Graf was found guilty only of membership of the SD. He had actually been expelled from the SS for "general indifference to the organization"[4] and later had tried to be relieved from the SD.[4] On counts 1 and 2, he was also found not guilty, because as a noncommissioned officer, he had never held any command position, and had even refused one once.[4]

Of the 14 death sentences, only four were carried out; the others were commuted to prison terms of varying lengths in 1951. In 1958, all convicts were released from prison.

Quotes from the judgment

The Last Jew in Vinnitsa. A member of Einsatzgruppe D shoots a Jew kneeling before a filled mass grave in Vinnitsa, Ukraine, in 1942.

The Nuremberg Military Tribunal in its judgement stated the following:

[The facts] are so beyond the experience of normal man and the range of man-made phenomena that only the most complete judicial inquiry, and the most exhaustive trial, could verify and confirm them. Although the principal accusation is murder, ... the charge of purposeful homicide in this case reaches such fantastic proportions and surpasses such credible limits that believability must be bolstered with assurance a hundred times repeated.

... a crime of such unprecedented brutality and of such inconceivable savagery that the mind rebels against its own thought image and the imagination staggers in the contemplation of a human degradation beyond the power of language to adequately portray.

The number of deaths resulting from the activities with which these defendants have been connected and which the prosecution has set at one million is but an abstract number. One cannot grasp the full cumulative terror of murder one million times repeated.

It is only when this grotesque total is broken down into units capable of mental assimilation that one can understand the monstrousness of the things we are in this trial contemplating. One must visualize not one million people but only ten persons – men, women, and children, perhaps all of one family – falling before the executioner's guns. If one million is divided by ten, this scene must happen one hundred thousand times, and as one visualizes the repetitious horror, one begins to understand the meaning of the prosecution's words, "It is with sorrow and with hope that we here disclose the deliberate slaughter of more than a million innocent and defenseless men, women, and children."[2]

See also

• Commissar Order, an order stating that Soviet political commissars were to be shot on the battlefield.
• List of Einsatzgruppen with all known einsatzgruppen

Notes

1. Rhodes 2002, p. 257.
2. Nuremberg Military Tribunal, United States of America vs. Otto Ohlendorf, et. al. (Einsatzgruppen trial), Judgement (via Internet Archive).
3. "Five death sentences were confirmed: the sentence against Oswald Pohl, as well as those passed against the leaders of the Mobile Killing Units, Paul Blobel, Werner Braune, Erich Neumann, and Otto Ohrlendorf. . . . In the early morning hours of 7 June, the [] Nazi criminals were hanged in the Landesburg prison courtyard." Norbert Frei, Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration. Columbia University Press, 2002. p. 165 and p. 173
4. Nuremberg Military Tribunal, United States of America vs. Otto Ohlendorf, et. al. (Einsatzgruppen trial), Judgment, pages 585-586. Internet Archive.

References

• Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, Nürnberg, October 1946 – April 1949, Volume IV, ("Green Series) (the "Einsatzgruppen case")
• Description from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.
• Einsatzgruppen trials. Another description.
• Ferencz, Benjamin, “A Prosecutor's Personal Account: From Nuremberg to Rome", Journal of International Affairs, 52: No. 2, Columbia University, Spring 1999
• Benjamin Ferencz, Mémoires de Ben, procureur à Nuremberg et avocat de la Paix mondiale, Michalon, Paris, 2012(French).
• Heller, Kevin Jon (2011). The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-955431-7.
• Rhodes, Richard (2002). Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-375-70822-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)